高中英语命题技巧及试题考点分析方法ppt课件

1、兰 春 寿一、英语测试的质量评价n评价英语测试的质量，首先要研讨测试的有效性问题，即效度validity；n质量评价要思索的第二个问题，是测试结果的可信可靠程度，即信度reliability；n还要思索施测的可行性问题practicality；n以及区分力discriminating power。试卷构造试卷构造能否考了所要考的？能否保证考试分数的公平性？准确性准确性一致性一致性考试内容考试内容考试内容能否是大纲的重点？考试内容能否涵盖大纲的主要内容？数量数量质量质量1. 效度n简单地说，是指某一种/某一次测试能在多大的程度测出预定要丈量的东西，或者能在多大的程度完成预期的丈量义务。n我们希望

2、经过测试所丈量的是我们想要丈量的东西，而且仅仅是想要丈量的东西，绝对不是不想丈量的东西。n例如测“写作才干，不要牵扯进“阅读才干的测试或其他才干的测试。n实践上，由于种种缘由，经常不能完全如愿。n因此，效度是程度的问题，可以分成假设干等级，如高、较高、中等、较低和低。n效度只需高低之分，没有有无之别。n谈效度，不能分开详细的测试以及详细的目的。影响效度的要素n1测试的目的不当。测试目的确实定要在测试可以到达的范围之内。英语测试能提示的，不是受测者在英语学习中的全部情况，而只是那些可测的，可计数的景象。n2测试的内容不妥。必需使测试的内容尽能够准确地反映测试的目的。命题实践上是一个抽样的过程，要

3、使抽样合理，每一次测试的题项必需有代表性，偏重点要明确n n 例如：某一大题以考语法为测试目的，如何合理抽样？n以考语法为测试目的的大题，每题就要尽能够合理地覆盖想测的那些语法点，每题应该有特定义务，重点考某个语法点。n命题时要尽量防止别的内容来干扰主要内容。由于重点考语法，不是考词汇，不是考文化背景知识，涉及的词语就不宜太难，太偏，而且要用所谓的culture-free items，以防止考生仅由于不认识某些词语或不了解某种文化而做不好题。n又如，考词汇的试题，如何逃避无关内容？n同样，测试的内容n 太少、 太多、 太易、 太难 n 样本太少样本太少 缺乏反映整体缺乏反映整体题量太大题量太大

4、 变成速度测试变成速度测试测不出考生测不出考生的实践程度的实践程度测不出考生测不出考生的实践程度的实践程度n3测试方法不对。测试的方法要与测试的内容相适宜。如：考口试要用口试法。n4测试组织不好。测试需求严密、科学的组织任务，组织得好将有利于提高测试的效度和信度。n5没有合理运用分数。要正确有效地运用经过测试获得的包括分数在内的各种数据。n6考生方面的一些客观要素。如：考生的积极性，心情等等。2. 信度n信度是指考试结果的可信程度，实践上是指考试的一致性，所要了解的是考试在多大程度上具有一致性。n信度的研讨必需有比较，通常从三个方面来研讨：n1测试的稳定性测试的稳定性stability。常用的

5、方法是测试。常用的方法是测试-再测再测试法试法the test-retest method)，就是用同一套试卷在，就是用同一套试卷在尽能够类似的环境中对同一批考生测试两次。即第一次测尽能够类似的环境中对同一批考生测试两次。即第一次测后隔一段时间再测，间隔的长短按需求而定。比较两次测后隔一段时间再测，间隔的长短按需求而定。比较两次测试的成果，求出相关系数，断定测试的稳定程度。试的成果，求出相关系数，断定测试的稳定程度。n求相关系数，有求相关系数，有pearson的积矩相关系数和的积矩相关系数和spearman陈陈列次序相关系数。列次序相关系数。n用前一种方法只需知道总人数，两次的分数就可以算出来

6、。用前一种方法只需知道总人数，两次的分数就可以算出来。n用后一种方法，是研讨两次测试的次序相关用后一种方法，是研讨两次测试的次序相关rank correlation), 根据成果把考生两次测试的名次排出来，根据成果把考生两次测试的名次排出来，比较两次名次上的差别。比较两次名次上的差别。n相关系数最好高于相关系数最好高于0.9，至少不低于，至少不低于0.8。系数高，测试稳。系数高，测试稳定性就高。定性就高。n2测试的等值性equivalence。常用等值卷法the equivalent-forms method)。用同一测试的两份等值试卷对同一批人进展测试，比较两次的成果，算出相关系数，判别两次

7、测试的等值性。n3测试的内部一致性internal consistency。测内部一致性用得比较多的方法是分半法split-half method。用一份试卷施测，然后把试卷分成题数相等的两个部分，求这两部分分数的相关系数。奇数题与偶数题、前一半题与后一半题n只计算客观题，用Kuder Richardson的 KR21公式，假设是客观题，那么用Cronbach的公式。提高信度的主要方法提高信度的主要方法n1适当添加题量。题量添加，试题的覆盖面大，标题的代表性适当添加题量。题量添加，试题的覆盖面大，标题的代表性好，丈量误差就在一定程度上减少。好，丈量误差就在一定程度上减少。n2留意各题的同质性。

8、即标题的一致程度，如：题型一样、题留意各题的同质性。即标题的一致程度，如：题型一样、题量一样、覆盖面一样、指点语一样，编排一样。量一样、覆盖面一样、指点语一样，编排一样。n3控制好标题的难易程度，提高区分度。标题难易程度适当，控制好标题的难易程度，提高区分度。标题难易程度适当，区分度高，对两次或多次测试考生按照成果高低陈列次序就比较区分度高，对两次或多次测试考生按照成果高低陈列次序就比较恣意一致，测试的相关性就能够提高，信度也就提高了。恣意一致，测试的相关性就能够提高，信度也就提高了。n4尽能够消除各种干扰要素。使全体考生在非常类似的考试环尽能够消除各种干扰要素。使全体考生在非常类似的考试环境

9、中考试。境中考试。n5改良评分方法，提高评分的客观性和准确性。改良评分方法，提高评分的客观性和准确性。n n 规范化测试在以上规范化测试在以上5个方面都有真实可行的方法，因此信度高。个方面都有真实可行的方法，因此信度高。3. 可行性n测试无论规模大小，其过程分为三个阶段：预备阶段、施测阶段和评分阶段，每个阶段都有可行性问题。n对于大规模的考试，命题人员尽能够思索周到，为后续任务提供方便。n例如：试卷的版面设计要规范、方便考生、阅卷教师和任务人员；为阅卷教师提供的答案要明确、全面，评分规范要详尽，答题卡的设计要方便计算机阅卷。编排4. 区分性n测试应该要起到可以区分考生才干高低的作用。n测试要具

10、有多大的区分度，视详细情况详细分析。n普通的“过关考试，希望大部分甚至全部的人都经过考试，这时区分度就不宜太高。n高考是选拔类的考试，区分度应该怎样？对于具有选拔性功能的高考对于具有选拔性功能的高考来说，考试目的是为了择优，这就需来说，考试目的是为了择优，这就需要有很强的区分力。要有很强的区分力。难易度与区分度n测试评分终了后，应根据测试的结果进展题项分析item analysis，计算每题的难易度facility value和区分度discrimination indexn难度值：该数值与难度呈反比，范围在01，数值越高，越容易。n把试卷中每道题的难度值加起来除以题数，所得的值为整卷的难度值

11、。n区分度：反映的是试题区分力的强弱程度。区分指数为-1 - +1.n在计算区分指数时，把考生按照所得的总分的高低分成人数相等的高低两个组。n 当高分组答对某题的人数比低分组答对此题的人多时，区分指数为正数；n 当两组人数一样时，区分指数为0；n 当前者人数反比后者少时，区分指数为负数。高分组答对该题的人数区分指数区分指数低高分组答对该题的人数每组人数高分组和低分组人数应一样区分度区分度n为了提高试题的区分度，通常在试测之后要修正或删除区分度低的标题，特别是区分度0的。n把一切标题的区分度加起来除以题数就获得整份试卷的区分指数。n67. The purpose of the passage i

12、s to show you how to _.nA. play your cards right nB. use your cards abroad nC. draw cash with your cards nD. pay for goods with your cardsn一道试题至少由以下三个部分组成：n输入 题干文本、图片、音频、视频等n过程 辨析、了解、分析、推理、概括、n 产出 n输出 答案 (选择式和构建式)21. Tom: Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend. Im sure we will win

13、. Mike: _! A. Congratulations B. Cheers C. Best wishes D. Good luckn选材n设置考点n设置干扰项1. 单项填空n本大题的命制要着重调查语法和词汇知识在特定语境中的运用，要特别留意语境的设置，并保证主干知识的覆盖面。1. 单项填空n题干题干n由一个句子或一组短对话构成。题干至少包含一由一个句子或一组短对话构成。题干至少包含一个可作为考点的语法构造或意义关系。个可作为考点的语法构造或意义关系。n答案答案n答案选项通常是一个词、短语、构造或交际用语。答案选项通常是一个词、短语、构造或交际用语。它是正确了解题干中的语法构造或意义关系的必

14、然结它是正确了解题干中的语法构造或意义关系的必然结果，也就是，正确答案的选择必需基于对题干构造或果，也就是，正确答案的选择必需基于对题干构造或意义的正确了解。意义的正确了解。n干扰项干扰项n单项填空中的干扰方式主要包括单项填空中的干扰方式主要包括1词形干扰、词形干扰、2词义干扰、词义干扰、3用法干扰以及用法干扰以及4构造干扰。构造干扰。单项填空单项填空: 考点分类考点分类题干构造语法属性构造分析固定构造意义意义了解逻辑关系选择项动词变化语法辨析意义辨析语用辨析二维分类I could have been on time for the meeting, but I _ in a traffic

15、jam for over half an hour.have caughthave been caughtwas caughtcaughtFaced with Challenges, you should believe your courage is _ makes a difference.nwhatnthatnwhichnwhether考点设置突出考点设置突出: 知识链知识链干扰项设置突出：干扰项设置突出： 一样语法范畴一样语法范畴 或或 具有某一区别特征具有某一区别特征考点明确考点明确分布合理分布合理单项填空考点分析单项填空考点分析 福建福建2021高考英语高考英语n21. A. I

16、practice every day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I dont think so D. Well, its not good enough n22. A. have pollutedB. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted n23. A. ofB. forC. by D. aboutn24. A. thatB. whenC. which D. where n25. A. voices had comeB. came voicesC. voices would co

17、meD. did voices comen26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean n27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek n28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on n29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. considerationn30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardlyn31. A. will makeB. had ma

18、deC. was making D. makes n32. A. RemindingB. RemindedC. To remind D. Having remindedn33. A. when B. while C. after D. since n34. A. markingB. markedC. having marked D. being markedn35. A. would not winB. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won 单项填空考点分析单项填空考点分析 福建福建2021高考英语高考英语n21. A. I prac

19、tice every day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I dont think so D. Well, its not good enough n22. A. have pollutedB. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted n23. A. ofB. forC. by D. aboutn24. A. thatB. whenC. which D. where n25. A. voices had comeB. came voicesC. voices would comeD.

20、 did voices comen26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean n27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek n28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on n29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. considerationn30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardlyn31. A. will makeB. had madeC.

21、 was making D. makes n32. A. RemindingB. RemindedC. To remind D. Having remindedn33. A. when B. while C. after D. since n34. A. markingB. markedC. having marked D. being markedn35. A. would not winB. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won 单项填空考点分析单项填空考点分析 福建福建2021高考英语高考英语n21. A. I practice

22、 every day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I dont think so D. Well, its not good enough n22. A. have pollutedB. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted n23. A. ofB. forC. by D. aboutn24. A. thatB. whenC. which D. where n25. A. voices had comeB. came voicesC. voices would comeD. did

23、 voices comen26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean n27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek n28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on n29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. considerationn30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardlyn31. A. will makeB. had madeC. was

24、 making D. makes n32. A. RemindingB. RemindedC. To remind D. Having remindedn33. A. when B. while C. after D. since n34. A. markingB. markedC. having marked D. being markedn35. A. would not winB. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won 单项填空考点分析单项填空考点分析 福建福建2021高考英语高考英语n21. A. I practice eve

25、ry day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I dont think so D. Well, its not good enough n22. A. have pollutedB. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted n23. A. ofB. forC. by D. aboutn24. A. thatB. whenC. which D. where n25. A. voices had comeB. came voicesC. voices would comeD. did voi

26、ces comen26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean n27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek n28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on n29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. considerationn30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardlyn31. A. will makeB. had madeC. was mak

27、ing D. makes n32. A. RemindingB. RemindedC. To remind D. Having remindedn33. A. when B. while C. after D. since n34. A. markingB. markedC. having marked D. being markedn35. A. would not winB. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won 单项填空考点分析单项填空考点分析 福建福建2021高考英语高考英语n21. A. I practice every d

28、ay B. Thank you very muchC. No, I dont think so D. Well, its not good enough n22. A. have pollutedB. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted n23. A. ofB. forC. by D. aboutn24. A. thatB. whenC. which D. where n25. A. voices had comeB. came voicesC. voices would comeD. did voices

29、comen26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean n27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek n28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on n29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. considerationn30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardlyn31. A. will makeB. had madeC. was making

30、D. makes n32. A. RemindingB. RemindedC. To remind D. Having remindedn33. A. when B. while C. after D. since n34. A. markingB. markedC. having marked D. being markedn35. A. would not winB. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won 选择项选择项结构结构意义意义分类分类词类词类语法属性语法属性结构分析结构分析固定结构固定结构意义理解意义理解逻辑关系逻辑关系动

31、词变化动词变化谓语动词谓语动词22，312535非谓语动词非谓语动词3234语法辨析语法辨析情态动词情态动词冠词冠词代词代词26介词介词23连词连词从句引导词从句引导词2433语义辨析语义辨析动词动词27，28名词名词29形容词形容词副词副词30语用辨析语用辨析交际用语交际用语21n22. - Why does the Lake smell terrible?n - Because large quantities of water _. 语法属性语法属性nA. have pollutedB. is being polluted nC. has been polluted D. have be

32、en polluted n25. For a moment nothing happened Then _ all shouting together. 构构造分析造分析nA. voices had comeB. came voices nC. voices would come D. did voices comen31. According to the literary review, Shakespeare _ his charities live through their language in his plays. 语法属性语法属性nA. will makeB. had made

33、 C. was makingD. makes n32._ not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. 构造分析构造分析nA. Reminding B. RemindedC. To remind D. Having remindedn34. In April, 2021, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, _ the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy. 意

34、义了解意义了解nA. markingB. markedC. having marked D. being markedn35. But for the help of my English teacher, I _ the first prize in the English Writing Competition. 特殊构造特殊构造nA. would not win B. would not have wonnC. would win D. would have wonn23. - How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer s

35、pace!n - Its a challenge, I guess, _ man against nature. 意义了解nA. ofB. forC. byD. aboutn24. Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently. 构造分析nA. that B. whenC. whichD. wheren26. -Your mum is very kind.n -Yeah, My mum is pretty considerate, you know what _, she alw

36、ays arranges everything around me. 逻辑关系nA. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we meann33. She had just finished her homework _ her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday. 固定构造nA. when B. whileC. afterD. since n27. We are at your service. Dont _ to turn to us if you have any further

37、 problems. 意义了解意义了解nA. begnB. hesitatenC. desirenD. seekn28. The Somali robbers frequent attacks on the sea urged the United Nations to _ all nations to take immediate action. 意义了解意义了解nA. fight fornB. apply fornC. call onnD. wait onn29. The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public with

38、out any _ when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April,2021. 意义了解意义了解nA. delaynB. effortnC. schedulenD. consideration命题技巧：n(a) 考点与答对概率考点与答对概率 n Youre going to the movies, _?narent youndont wenarent theynarent InYoure going to the movies, _ you?narent ndontnarendoDont you find it surprising that such a

39、 nice house _ uninhabited by its owner ever since the time it was built?would have been leavedshould have been leftshould be leavedwould be left命题技巧：n22. - Why does the Lake smell terrible?n - Because large quantities of water _. n A. have polluted B. is being polluted nC. has been polluted D. have

40、been polluted n(b) 干扰项的相容：n 对于不懂得正确选项的考生来说，每个干扰项都应该具有似乎能够性命题技巧：n(C)答案的独一性答案的独一性nWhich do you think tastes _, the chicken or the fish?nwellngoodnbetternbest nFrankly only one of these two dishes tastes good. The other tastes awful.nWhich do you think tastes good, the chicken or the fish?nThese two di

41、shes, the chicken and the fish, both taste better than all the others.nBut we must choose one for the first prize. Which do you think tastes best, the chicken or the fish?nYouve tried my wifes two famous dishes the chicken and the fish. Which do you think tastes _?命题技巧：n(d) 消除提示正确选项的线索nSome people t

42、hink that they have a _to the problems of car crowding and pollution in large cities.nA. solution B. answer C. advice D. suggestionnHe is a brutal man and so everybody _ him. nA. dislike B. respects C. pities D. praises命题技巧：n(e)防止诡题nWhen I met Tim yesterday, it was the first time I _ him since Chris

43、tmas.nsawnhave seennhad seennhave been seeingnI would say it is not impossible for someone not as careful as you are to _ this not very important point.noverdonoverlooknoverratenoverstate命题技巧：n(f) 留意口语与书面语的运用 n-The meeting has been canceled.n-_ I would not have come.n A. Have I know earliern B. Had

44、I know earliern C. Knowing that earliern D. Know that earlier命题技巧：命题技巧：n(g) 题干与选项的简约nI _ this time yesterday.n A. am writing to my parentsn B. was writing to may parentsn C. has been writing to my parentsn D. wrote to my parents完型填空试题构造 线索词语线索词语考试词语考试词语干扰干扰短文短文答案答案考点设置：突出关联性考点设置：突出关联性考点词语考点词语选择考试词语的

45、原那么是：它必需可以根据篇章构造、意义衔接选择考试词语的原那么是：它必需可以根据篇章构造、意义衔接或其它上下文信息进展推导的词语。或其它上下文信息进展推导的词语。线索词语线索词语线索词语或构造主要来源于词语搭配、句子构造、篇章衔接和意线索词语或构造主要来源于词语搭配、句子构造、篇章衔接和意义衔接等信息。义衔接等信息。干扰项干扰项完形填空的干扰项主要从搭配、构造、意义或衔接四个层面对答完形填空的干扰项主要从搭配、构造、意义或衔接四个层面对答案进展干扰。案进展干扰。完形填空题：考点分类完形填空题：考点分类n词：词语搭配词：词语搭配n句：构造和意义句：构造和意义n篇：衔接和衔接篇：衔接和衔接考点层次

46、与焦点要素 nThe position of children in American family and society is no longer what is used to be. The 36 family in colonial North America was mainly concerned with survival and 37 that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, children were 38 in terms of their productivity, and they played the role of prod

47、ucer quite early. 39 they fulfilled this role, their position in the family was one of subordination.n36. A. poor B. ordinary C. happy D. wealthyn37. A. except B. for C. beyond D. throughn38. A. supported B. received C. encouraged D. valuedn39. A. Until B. After C. Although D. When2021试卷完形填空考点归纳阅读了解

48、 试题构造n阅读了解试题由阅读短文和假设干个阅读了解试题由阅读短文和假设干个了解问题组成，要求考生按照了解问了解问题组成，要求考生按照了解问题的要求，从阅读短文中获取适宜的题的要求，从阅读短文中获取适宜的信息，回答阅读了解的问题，即：判信息，回答阅读了解的问题，即：判别所获取的信息能否与试题提供的别所获取的信息能否与试题提供的4个选项中的某一项相匹配。个选项中的某一项相匹配。n所以，阅读了解问题的所以，阅读了解问题的4个选择项中个选择项中只需一项为哪一项基于原文信息内容只需一项为哪一项基于原文信息内容的正确了解，其他的正确了解，其他3个选项或是对原个选项或是对原文信息的错误了解，或是基于原文以

49、文信息的错误了解，或是基于原文以外的信息。外的信息。n阅读了解试题构造可以用右图表示：阅读了解试题构造可以用右图表示：阅读了解：考点分类阅读了解：考点分类信息处置信息处置单句信息单句信息句组信息句组信息全文信息全文信息信息了解信息了解意义了解意义了解 字面意义字面意义 解释意义解释意义 语境意义语境意义 隐含意义隐含意义 推理意义推理意义 概括意义概括意义 言语了解言语了解 词义猜测词义猜测 篇章构造篇章构造超篇章信息超篇章信息 作者态度作者态度 写作目的写作目的考点设置突出信息块阅读了解：干扰项阅读了解：干扰项n根本原那么：n a. 干扰信息来源于原文n b. 干扰信息要集中n c. 不要相

50、互关扰信息组合阅读了解：干扰项阅读了解：干扰项n干扰方式n 部分信息n 信息组合n 信息不符干扰项信息大于、小于或相反于原文信息n 篇外信息阅读了解：干扰项阅读了解：干扰项n干扰项写题技巧：干扰项写题技巧：n 利用语篇层面的信息了解错误利用语篇层面的信息了解错误n a) 对信息的错误联想：即：某点意思是阅读资料里本来有的，却把它和对信息的错误联想：即：某点意思是阅读资料里本来有的，却把它和资料语篇里没有的、不相关的一些别的意思联络在一同，产生错误联想。资料语篇里没有的、不相关的一些别的意思联络在一同，产生错误联想。n b) 对信息的错误判别：利用的是对信息在语篇中的意义的判别错误，表对信息的错

51、误判别：利用的是对信息在语篇中的意义的判别错误，表达为真假混淆，似是而非或似非而是考潜在信息。达为真假混淆，似是而非或似非而是考潜在信息。n c) 弄错信息间的关系：阅读试题考的是篇章包含的信息。信息与信息之弄错信息间的关系：阅读试题考的是篇章包含的信息。信息与信息之间以一定的关系相互组合如：并列、主次、先后、因果、正反、目的和间以一定的关系相互组合如：并列、主次、先后、因果、正反、目的和手段、命题和例证、前提和结论、包容和被包容的关系，如文章里有信手段、命题和例证、前提和结论、包容和被包容的关系，如文章里有信息息a、b、c、d，a是因，是因，b是果，干扰项可以把是果，干扰项可以把b说为因，等

52、。说为因，等。n d) 推理或演算错误：即：给出前提，再给出结论，让考生根据推理或演推理或演算错误：即：给出前提，再给出结论，让考生根据推理或演算来判别选项中的结论那个是正确的。算来判别选项中的结论那个是正确的。n A new study has found no evidence that sunscreen, commonly used to reduce the risk of skin cancer, actually increase the risk. Researchers from the University of Iowa based their findings on a

53、 review of 18 earlier studies that looked at the association between sunscreen use and melanoma（黑素瘤）. They said that they found flaws in studies that had reported associations between sunscreen use and higher risk of melanoma Most health experts believe that by protecting the skin from the harmful e

54、ffects of the sun, sunscreen helps prevent skin cancer, which is increasing in incidence faster than any other cancer in the United States. But questions has been raised about sunscreen and whether it may has opposite effect, perhaps by allowing people to remain exposed to the sun longer without bur

55、ning.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account that those people most at risk for skin cancer- people with fair skin and freckles, for example- are more likely to use sunscreen. As a result, it may appear that sunscreen user

56、s get cancer more often. The studies, which generally relied on volunteers to recall their sunscreen use, were also unable to prove how well the products had been applied, said the new study.72. The underlined word “flaws” in the 2nd paragraph most probably means （p=0.25） .A. evidence（局部信息，单数）13.35，

57、 -0.08 B. Facts（语境不当 12.83， 0.04 C. faults （词义猜测14.25， 0.25 D. Failures（搭配不当 11.00, 0.29 73. People with fair skin and freckles0.55 10.48 14.78 10.27 12.33 0.37 0.62 0.44 0.11 .A. seldom use sunscreen解释错误B. are more in danger of skin cancer(单句理解,解释意义C. can be free from the harm of the sun (解释错误 D. o

58、ften expose themselves to the sun(过度概括 A new study has found no evidence that sunscreen, commonly used to reduce the risk of skin cancer, actually increase the risk. Researchers from the University of Iowa based their findings on a review of 18 earlier studies that looked at the association between

59、sunscreen use and melanoma（黑素瘤）. They said that they found flaws in studies that had reported associations between sunscreen use and higher risk of melanoma Most health experts believe that by protecting the skin from the harmful effects of the sun, sunscreen helps prevent skin cancer, which is incr

60、easing in incidence faster than any other cancer in the United States. But questions has been raised about sunscreen and whether it may has opposite effect, perhaps by allowing people to remain exposed to the sun longer without burning.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier s