2016全国卷高考英语阅读七选五题型分析与解题方法

1、阅读七选五题型阅读七选五题型分析与解题方法分析与解题方法题型解读试题模式为：给出一篇缺少5个句子的文章，对应有七个选项，要求同学们根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处。 “主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。”命题依据是英语课程标准提出的“提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”的要求。 通过对2007、2008、2009宁夏、海南卷，2009辽宁卷及2010北京、吉林、黑龙江卷的分析发现，这种题型以说明文和议论文居多，这两种文体的结构都比较清晰，过程完整，适合考查标题概括、主题句和过渡句等，以达到考查学生综合阅读能力的要求；而

2、记叙文相对较小，因为文中描述的情节联系紧密，所设选项要紧扣文章的情节，少有暗示，难度稍大，题空不好设置。 能力要求 要有阅读速度； 要对所读文章的主旨要义、具体信息要有所了解； 尤其重要的是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点， 区分出论点和论据区分出论点和论据； 并且能够把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次写作结构和脉络层次； 掌握英语文章常见的几种写作结构。 文章结构描述性结构：描述性结构：主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述，因此时间、地点往往是出题重点释义性结构：释义性结构：解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐

3、述比较性结构：比较性结构：把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比原因性结构：原因性结构：这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的驳斥性结构：驳斥性结构：这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点、危害性、最后阐明自己的观点 例：_39_ This may surprise you, but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation. It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and reci

4、pes that can work well with your appetite and schedule. The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule. 答案选项：答案选项：Try new things. 主旨概括句（文章段落整体内容）主旨概括句（文章段落整体内容）选项特点选项特点1：过渡性句子（文章结构）过渡性句子（文章结构） 例：From my experience, there are three ma

5、in reasons why people dont cook more often: ability, money and time, _36_Money is a topic Ill save for another day. So today I want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spend in the kitchen. Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule. 答案选项：Ability is easi

6、ly improved. 选项特点选项特点2：注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义） Go for a walk. Mildly raised glucose (葡萄糖) levels can harm the area of the brain that helps you form memories and physical activity can help get blood glucose down to normal levels. In fact, exercise produces chemicals that are good for your brain.

7、 74 答案选项：In other words, when you take care of your body, you take care of your brain. 选项特点选项特点3：解题步骤解题步骤 1) 快速阅读全文要点词句，包括首尾段首尾段、首首尾句尾句以及独立成段的句子独立成段的句子和文章中带转折、带转折、因果等关系词的句子因果等关系词的句子等，目的是掌握文章的主要内容。Question: I have recently got a senior position within my company. One of my new tasks is to make monthl

8、y progress reports on my department in front of other senior officials. During my first meeting, I presented and then opened the floor to questions. 71 . My first reaction was to answer defensively. Later, I realized that I shouldnt feel that way. But how can I keep cool and effectively answer quest

9、ions in this type of settings?Answer: Congratulations on your new position! Presenting in front of your peers (同事) is a hard task in itself, and it becomes much more difficult when a question-and-answer period is required. Question-and-answer periods are a great way to clarify the message and streng

10、then key points. 72 .73 .When a person is asking a question, show interest and a desire to understand the question by listening and asking for clarification.Buy timeWhen facing a hard question, most people cant give an answer immediately. Buy time by repeating the question in your own words. 74 . Th

11、ese techniques allow you to quickly organize your thoughts as well as to make sure you will be correctly answering the question.Suggest a private meetingA one-on-one meeting is a calmer setting than speaking in front of your peers. 75 .A. Show your true interest.B. Restate the question with respect.

12、C. Some ideas can be quite concrete.D. There were many difficult questions.E. It can also be more effective in exchanging ideas.F. You may also ask for clarification on the question.G. Here are some ideas that can help you prepare for your next meeting. From my experience, there are three main reaso

13、ns why people dont cook more often: ability, money and time, _36_Money is a topic Ill save for another day. So today I want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spend in the kitchen. Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule 解题步骤解题步骤 2) 然后再边读边做边读边做题，重点阅读

14、各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以确定答案。做题时可以采用代入排除法。如果一题做不出或如果一题做不出或拿不准，可先放过，继续往下读，拿不准，可先放过，继续往下读，先做容易的能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。 Think ahead. The moments when I think cooking is a pain are when Im already hungry and there is nothing ready to eat. So think about of the coming week.

15、When will you have time to cook? Do you have the right materials ready?_37_ 答案选项：答案选项：A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on. _39_ This may surprise you, but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation. It gives you the chance to hit upon new ide

16、as and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule. The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule. 答案选项：答案选项：Try new things. 解题步骤解题步骤 3) 重新阅读相关词句，重点做刚才没做出的重新阅读相关词句，重点做刚才没做出的题或不确定的题，题或不确定的题，此时可将已选出的答案代入原文，利用排除法。同时检查核对已

17、选出的答案，看文章从内容上是否语义连贯合理，语篇语篇结构上是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及格式以及用语用语是否恰当贴切。如果所选的答案可以满足上述标准，则表明各个问题的答案基本正确。个人习惯：喜欢将选项填一个，划掉一个。个人习惯：喜欢将选项填一个，划掉一个。个人习惯做题方法个人习惯做题方法 1阅读各个空的前后句，标记关键词 在阅读文章的开 始部分、明确文章的基本话题以后，要阅读五个空 自的前后句，并将前后句中的解题线索，即关键词关键词 标记下来标记下来。关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词 （如带有形容词的名词词组），专有名词、时间数字、 代词、连词等； 2比

18、较并匹配上述两类关键词，确定答案 ； 3将确定的答案代入原文，看读起来是否通顺。 七选五解题的关键七选五解题的关键: 词汇词汇衔接衔接 逻辑逻辑衔接衔接 结构结构衔接衔接衔接手段衔接手段词汇衔接词汇衔接 1.代词代词:英语表达中的代词出现的频率极高，代词的作英语表达中的代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样用是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。解题。例题1：The new design was well received by the recep

19、tion staff of the hotel chain. _ 正确选项句子为：They all believe that its introduction has led to a modern , more professional corporate image and greater confidence among them. 例题分析：选项中的they是一个复数人数主格代词，对应空格前句中的staff。staff是一个集合名词（全体员工），是个复数概念。代词中有一类叫不定代词，常见的有：one, everyone, everybody, each, both, all, many

20、, these, this等，特别要注意它们所指代的名词概念的单复数性质，考生如果对此比较敏感，对解题有很大的帮助。例题2：It is important, therefore, that we should know what people using our stores want of us._ During the past two years, we have been working hard to improve the standard of our products in both these areas. 正确选项句子为： The research made by the

21、company shows that, above all else, customers expect fashion and value. 例题分析：空格后的句末in both these areas中both这个不定代词提示考生空格中一定出现两个并列的名词概念，即fashion and value。当然该题也可通过同义词对应解题：选项中的expect对应空格前的want,表“需求”。词汇衔接词汇衔接 2.同义词同义词/近义词近义词:英语英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是这是我们解

22、题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义都是特殊的同义/近义词。近义词。例题1：Laura Ashley made a fortune by looking back to past centuries, searching for old designs to decorate a variety of clothes and household furnishings. _.正确的选项是：These traditional produc

23、ts created a huge wave of demand from the States and elsewhere.例题分析：空格前句中的old和选项中的traditional是近义词，是很明显的同义对应关系。有的时候，如果选项中出现空格前后句里相同的词汇，尤其是实词（特别是名词），这往往是很好的提示。这就是所谓的同词重复现象。例题2：51 You dont show your secret personality when you are awake because you can control your behavior, but when you are asleep，you

24、r sleeping position shows the real you正确选项为Everyone has got two personalitiesthe one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real例题分析：空格后句和空格里都出现了personality，secret，在读选项的时候很容易注意到这个同词重复的解题线索。例题3：Certain key products have been subject to a thorough review, most notably menswear, wh

25、ere significant advances have been made in product design and manufacture. _.All of these have reported an increase in market share.正确的选项是：Other areas where product innovation has been particularly effective are in lingerie, （女士内衣） gifts and home ware.例题分析：空格后句开头的all of these 提示我们空格里面肯定出现大于等于三个并列的名词

26、概念，正是选项中的lingerie（女士内衣）, gifts（礼品）and home ware（家居用品），这三个名词与前句中的menswear(男士服装)属于同一范畴类的事物，都是百货商店中的常见商品类别。从这道例题我们还能得出这样一个有用的结论：很多题目的衔接可能不止一个，我们可以从不同的角度来解题或对答案进行验证。词汇衔接词汇衔接 3.上下义词上下义词/同一范畴词同一范畴词举个例子说明：举个例子说明：Fruit和和apple之间就是之间就是上下义词，因为前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个上下义词，因为前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。子集。Apple和和orange之间

27、则是同一范畴的关系，都属于之间则是同一范畴的关系，都属于fruit。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。例题1：A recently study by American management institute shows that the processing of documents takes up 60% of office works time, 40% of labor costs and up to 10% of business income. _.正确的选项是：These figures are hard

28、ly surprising since documents convey nine-tenths of all information.例题分析：选项中的these figures 提示我们前句一定出现了大于等于三个数字，figure/number/ data等都是表示“数字、数据”的意思，空格前面出现了三个百分数，属于数字的一种，是上下义词的关系。逻辑衔接逻辑衔接 1.解释关系：解释关系：前后句之间含有解释的逻辑关系，这样的前后句之间含有解释的逻辑关系，这样的逻辑关系是很隐蔽的。逻辑关系是很隐蔽的。例题_thats why I dont wear a white coat.正确选项：He h

29、as tried to create an environment where people are not afraid 例题分析：后面说不穿白大褂，前面则为解释的原因。逻辑衔接逻辑衔接 2.例证关系：例证关系：前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。观点）和推理

30、（从观点到例子）。例题：Manager should provide regular feedback to their staff._.正确选项：For example, when good work has been done it must be praised.例题分析：选项是对前句举了一个十分明显的例子。 逻辑衔接逻辑衔接 3.因果关系：因果关系：前后句的逻辑是因果关系，常见的逻辑表达有：前后句的逻辑是因果关系，常见的逻辑表达有：because,for,since,as,thereasonisthat，resultin/from,bedueto,beattributedto等等。还有

31、一些表示因果逻辑关系等等。还有一些表示因果逻辑关系的表达是比较隐蔽的，如：的表达是比较隐蔽的，如：underlie（前者构成后者的基础，实（前者构成后者的基础，实际是前者是因，后者是果），再如：际是前者是因，后者是果），再如：inresponseto(前者作为后前者作为后者的回应，即后者是因，前者是果者的回应，即后者是因，前者是果)。例题：There is no doubt that, in an increasingly competitive trading environment, we are better equipped than ever to compete and to wi

32、n and we feel increasingly optimistic._. 正确选项：This is due to our now having a clear strategy（战略） with a focus on the customer, product improvement 例题分析：选项句中有一个非常重要的形容词clear，这个词足以说明该公司的strategy(战略)是正确的，一家公司有着清晰而正确的战略思想当然会使其蒸蒸日上。空格前面一句正是讲的该公司踌躇满志，十分乐观。空格句开头的this is due to 反映出这样的因果逻辑关系。逻辑衔接逻辑衔接 4.顺逆关系：

33、顺逆关系：英语行文中后句对前句不是顺承逻辑关系就是逆转逻辑关系，这是显然的常识。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。例题： Though he is known as Glasgows most fashionable dentist,_正确选项Jerome is keen to point out that he takes his work very seriously.例题分析：空格前句作者用了一个让步状语从句表示尽管他是城里最时尚的牙医，但人家对工作可是（take seriously），不是绣花枕头。所以考生可以在备选项中搜寻转折逻辑的各种表达法，

34、很快就能找出正确的选项。结构衔接结构衔接 文章结构文章结构 主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的 描述如传记，包括人身 体特征、家庭背景、成 长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描 述，因此时间、地点往往是出题重点 解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻 类比阐述 把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比 这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观 的、直接的、间接的 这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评 论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点、危害性、最 后阐明自己的观点a)描述性结构:b)释义性结构:c)比较性结构:d)原因性结构:e)驳斥性结构:结构衔接结构衔接 出题位置出题位置 若问题若

35、问题在在段首段首 (a)通常是段落主题句。(b)与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。 (c)段落间的过渡句。 _39_ This may surprise you, but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation. It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule. The more you learn and the m

36、ore you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule. A. Try new things. B. Ability is easily improved. C. Make three or four instead. D. Understand your food better. E. Cooking is a burden for many people. 答案选项：答案选项：A. Try new things. 71 . But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage. Below are some helpful suggestions on how to make and keep friends. 答案选项：Making new friends comes easy for some people. Bollywood is a decent refreshing replacement fo