自然地理——专业英语电子教案(共51页)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Lesson OneNEW WORDS专心-专注-专业1.sleet n.冻雨，雨夹雪2. depend vi.依赖,取决于3. hail n.雹4. form vt.,vi.形成5. low a.低的6. temperature n.温度7. molecule n.分子8. cling vi.粘着9. droplet n.小水滴10. dust n.灰尘11. particle n.粒子,微粒12. nucleus n.核,原子核13.dew n.露水14.crystal n.晶体15.condensation n.冷凝,凝结16. rapid a.快的17.moi

2、sture n.湿气,水分18. freeze vi.结冰19.raindrop n.雨点20.instead ad.代替,替换21.snowflake n.雪片22.shape n.形状23. flake n.薄片24.hexagonal a.六角形的25.lens n.透镜26.strike vt.,vi.打击击中,撞27.thunderstorm n.雷雨28.swift a.迅速的29.current n.气流,潮流30.toss vt.,vi.抛,扔,颠簸31.acquire vt.取得,获得32.hailstone n.冰雹33.stick vi.粘住34.theory n.理论3

3、5.explain vt.说明,解释,阐明PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSThe more the more越 越So that 如此 以致Take place 发生As soon as 一 就High above 大大高于Well below 远远低于Take on 呈现A bit of 一点 A mass of 一块Start out 出发,着手进行 layer of 一层TEXTRAIN, SNOW, SLEET, AND HAILThe forming of rain in a cloud depends upon temperature. The lower the t

4、emperature, the more the molecules of water vapor in the cloud cling together. Then they form droplets of water. Usually droplets form around dust or other particles in the air when the dew point is reached. If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.In clouds, condensation may be

5、 so rapid that millions of droplets of water are formed. As these droplets collect more molecules and therefore become heavier, their weight makes them fall to the earth. If the temperature of the air is above freezing the drops will fall as rain.When the air high above the earth is well below freez

6、ing, the moisture in the air does not form raindrops. Instead, it forms snow. Snowflakes take on many interesting shapes. They seem to be formed around a center. Snow is made up of millions of these flakes, each a bit of water vapor that in freezing temperatures was changed into a flake of snow.Snow

7、flakes are really crystals; they are water molecules grouped in a hexagonal pattern. It is interesting to study snowflake crystals under a hand lens.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth. The raindrops may start downward through a layer

8、of warm air and then strike a mass of cold air, where each raindrop freezes. These frozen raindrops fall to the earth as sleet; skeet us frozen rain.Sometimes still another change may take place in drops of rain. During a thunderstorm, swift upward currents of air usually carry raindrops with them.

9、As the air grows colder, these raindrops may form little balls of ice. In a mass of warm air, they may get a coating of moisture, which freezes as soon as they are tossed up again into a colder mass of air. Up and down they are carried, acquiring more and more layers of ice. This goes on until the b

10、alls of ice become heavy enough to fall to the earth as hailstones. If you cut a hailstone in two, you can see the layers of ice.Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way. A hailstone nucleus, a tiny droplet of water that is frozen, may form high in the atmosphere. As it fa

11、lls through a cloud, it meets cold water droplets and snowflakes which stick to this nucleus. The hailstone may meet many of these droplets and snowflakes before it falls from the cloud to the earth. As the droplets of water stick to the hailstone, they add a clear layer of ice. As snowflakes stick

12、to it, they form a cloudy layer. This theory explains why clear and cloudy layers are found inside the hailstone when it is cut open. EXERCISESI.Complete the following sentences with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets. 1.Theof rain depends on the and the of tiny droplets of water vapour i

13、n the cloud.(form/condense/combine)2.When the droplets are heavy enough to fall, can take place.(precipitate)3.The and of water can be observed in everyday life.(evaporate/condense)4.The of ice to water and water to water vapour by heating is a good of the change of state of matter.(convert/illustra

14、te)5.The 100 equal are made after the byof the boiling point of water and the melting point of ice.(divide/determine/observe)6.The best of what takes place is the of good examples.(explain/provide)7. A lake which is used for wateris sometimes high enough for the of by gravity to transport the water

15、along the pipes to the houses below.(store/exert/press)8.In science, the Centigrade thermometer is used for the of temperature.(measure)II. Answer the following questions based on information found in the text.1.How is rain formed?2.When does the moisture in the air from snow?3.What is snow made up

16、of?4.What is the difference between rain and sleet?5.Why are clear and cloudy layers found inside a hailstone when it is cut open?III. Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.1.取决于温度2.使雨点落到地面3.呈不同形状4.冷到足以形成小冰珠5.切成两半IV.Explain the different uses of the word “form” in the following s

17、entences:1.The forming of rain is discussed in the text.2.The molecules of water vapor form droplets.3.If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.4.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth.5.Some scientists think that hai

18、lstones are formed in a different way.6.The molecules if water vapor come together, forming droplets of water.V. Replace each dash with the proper form of the verb “freeze”.1.When the air is well below,the moisture in the air forms snow.2.In temperatures water vapor will be changed into snowflakes.3

19、.In a mass of cold air each raindrop.4.Sleet is rain.5.A hailstone nucleus is a tiny droplet of water which is .VI. Translate the following sentences into English.1.水滴开始在空气中形成时的温度叫露点. 2.空气越热,它能容纳的水分越多.3.雾是靠近地面的云.4.地球表面夜晚通常要比白天冷.5.当含有水分的空气接触到寒冷的地面时,水汽开始从空气中跑出来并以水滴的形式聚集在它所接触到的任何东西上面.6.没有雨,就不能有植物,没有植物,

20、也就没有动物.XII. Translate the following passage into Chinese. In some regions, particularly the dry ones ,there is water vapor in the air, but the conditions may seldom be right for this vapor to condense and fall as rain or snow. Rain, snow, hail, dew, and are known as precipitation. Even where rainfal

21、l is usually moderate, there is at times a lack of rain. A drought may lead to serious water shortages, as it did in New York City in 1949 and 1950 and again in 1963 to 1966. In the summer of 1949, New York Citys reservoirs were down to one third of what they normally held. Several billion gallons o

22、f water were being used each day. So serious was the water shortage that people were asked to have one bathless, shaveless, and washless day a week. Cars went unwashed, lawns and parks unsprinkled. Even a glass of water was not served in restaurants unless asked for.Lesson TwoNEW WORDS1.mineral n.矿物

23、2.property n.性质,特性3.naked a.裸露的4.detail n.详情5.reveal vt.暴露6.magnify vt.放大7.magnification n.放大率8.hang vt.,vi.悬挂,吊9.particularly ad.特别,格外10.distinguish vt.区别,辨认,把区别分类11.define vt.规定,下定义12.unique a.唯一的,独特的13.grain n.颗粒14.quartz n.石英15.quality n.质量plex a.复杂的,复合的17.mixture n.混合物18.vary vi.变化,不同19.precise

24、 a.精确的20.garnet n.柘榴石position n.构成组成22.variety n.多种,异种种类23.range n.范围,领域24.proportion n.比例25.hence ad.因此26.immense a.无限的, 广大的27.bewilder vt.使为难,使手足无措28.array n.排列29.classify vt.分类30.sort vt. (out)分类,划分31.major a.较重要的,主要的32.division n.分类,划分33.divide vt. (into)划分,把分成为34.igneous a.火成的35.sedimentary a.沉

25、淀的,沉积的36.metamorphic a.变形的,变质的37.kingdom n.领域王国,界38.distinctive a.特殊的,有特色的39.earmark n.记号40.remarkable a.值得注意的,显著的41.accurate a.精确的42.dozen n.一打,若干,许许多多43.simplification n.简单化,单一化44.rare a.稀少的,少见的45.unusual a.不平常的,少见的46.subspecies n.亚种47.recognize vt.承认,认出48.sophisticate n.世故的人49.glean vt.苦心搜集,选集50.

26、explanation n.解释51.professional a.职业的,本职的52.petrologist n.岩石学家53.mineralogy n.矿物学PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSFor example例如Because of 由于,因为Regardless of不管,不顾(to) be faced with 面对着,面临(to)make order 整理despite of 不管,任凭even if 即使eitheror 或或on the one handon the other hand一方面另一方面TEXTROCKS ARE MADE UP OF MINERA

27、LS Most of a rocks properties are easily seen with the naked eye, though the details are better revealed with a low-power magnifying glass (magnification of 5 × to 10×) the hand lens that field geologists usually have hanging around their necks.From the characteristics show, particularly t

28、he physical and chemical properties we can distinguish several thousand minerals, each defined by its unique set of properties. Thus all grains or crystals of quartz have just about the same qualities, regardless of the kind of rock in which they are found. Some minerals, particularly those that hav

29、e a more complex mixture of atoms, vary slightly in their properties, depending on their precise composition. A mineral like garnet, for example, has a number of varieties, each with its own range of composition, such as the proportions of iron and other elements, and hence, properties.Rocks are not

30、 as uniquely defined by their properties as minerals are. Because of the immense number of ways in which the thousands of minerals can be combined, the geologist is faced with a bewildering array of rock types. The only way for us to make order out of this array is to classify like with like and to

31、sort out by general type. The major division of rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic is just such an aid. Within each major division there are many groups and types. Using characteristic properties, we can divide the rock kingdom into several hundred general types, each with its own more

32、 or less distinctive earmarks.Despite all of these numbers, it is remarkable how much can be done even if only a small number of the most common minerals and rocks are known. In most parts of the world a field geologist can make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and

33、 even fewer common rock types. This simplification is possible because most of the thousands of known minerals are either rare or unusual on the one hand or subspecies or varieties on the other. Thus the geologist who can recognize garnet will do well, even though a mineral sophisticate who can dist

34、inguish the many varieties of garnet by their slightly different chemical compositions might do better. Naturally, the more we can distinguish, the more the information gleaned, and the greater the power of our theories of explanation. Than is why professional petrologists have to know a great deal

35、about mineralogy. EXERCISESI.Match the words in Column A with their definitions in Column B, placing the appropriate letters in the blanks: Column AColumn B1. Reveala. Change2. Qualityb. Put into groups 3. Regardless of c. Distinguish4. Vary d. Unusual 5.depending on e. gather6. Classify f. Property

36、 7. Preciseg. Show8. Rare h. According to9. Recognizei. Negligent10. Gleanj. AccurateII.Answer the following questions in English.1.How can we distinguish different kinds of minerals?2.Why is the geologist faced with a bewildering array of rock types?3.What are the three major divisions of rocks?4.H

37、ow many types can the rock kingdom be divided into?5.How can a field geologist make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types?6.Why do professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy?III.Give the English equivalents of t

38、he following expressions.1.用肉眼可以看到2.面临一些问题3.具有相同的特性4.把相似的东西归为一类5.几十种主要矿物6.差别微小的化学组成IV. Give nouns corresponding to the following adjectives or verbs.1.magnify2.define3.depend4.precisepose6.dividebine8.simple9.explain10.accurateV. Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositions. If the nature rocks can

39、 give us a clue many the tings we want to know the earth, how do we go about it? We need an interpretive key. First all we want to find out just what the minerals are made up and how the rock is put together from its constituent minerals. its composition we should be able to say something where the

40、parent material came and what it was like. the composition and the texture the rock we should also be able to tell something of the pressures and temperatures which the rock was formed comparing them the artificial rocks and mineral made experimental petrologists the laboratory.VI. Translate the fol

41、lowing sentences into English.1.有些岩石很硬,有些轻轻一敲便成碎片. 2.不能用化学或物理方法容易地分离开来的矿物称为造岩矿物.3.岩石的矿物组成千差万别,这种差别是岩石分类的基础.4.石英结晶时,如果有足够的空间,会形成美丽的六角形晶体.5.大部分沉积岩是在海水下面形成的.6.矿物有几千种,每种有它自己的组成.VII.Translate the following passage into Chinese.Rocks and the minerals that make them up are the tangible record of geologic p

42、rocesses. The varied minerals of the earth are understood in terms of their architecture the way in which their atoms are arranged to make crystal structures. The kinds of atoms and their type of chemical bonding determine not only the crystal structures but the chemical and physical properties of m

43、inerals, all of which are used for their identification. Rocks are divided into the three major groups, igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary on the basis of origin. They are further subdivided within each group according to mineral composition and texture, which provide the data that allow us to in

44、terpret details of their origin.Lesson ThreeNEW WORDS1.volcanism n.火山活动2.crust n.地壳3.fracture vi.破碎,断裂4.molten a.熔化的5.extend vi.延伸,延展6.interior n.,a.内部的7.volcano n.火山8.behavior n.行为,举止,情况9.volcanology n.火山学10. crystallization n.结晶(作用)11. fluid n.流体,液体12.escape vi.,vt.逃走,漏出,逸出,避免13. crack n.裂隙14.volc

45、anologist n.火山学家15. refer vt.,vi将归入,认为属于,提到16.extrusive a.,n.喷出的17. toothpaste n.牙膏18. extrude vt.挤出,使喷出19. eruption n.喷发,爆发20. occur vi.发生,出现21. magma n.岩浆22. dissolve vt.,vi.溶解23. fissure n.裂缝24. atmospheric a.大气25. explosively ad.爆炸(爆发)性的26. chill vt.使冷却27. atmosphere n.大气28. froth vt.,vi.,n.(使)起

46、泡沫,泡沫29. burst vt.,vi.破裂,爆发,喷出30. bubble n.泡,泡沫31. vent n.喷口32. cone n.圆锥形(物)33.glow vi.燃烧,放光34. column n.圆柱PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS(to) be charged with 充满着less and less 越来越少at all 完全,根本(常用在否定句中)in much the same way以大体相同的方式TEXTVOLCANISMWhen the earths crust fractures, molten matter may flow from the

47、break if it extends deep enough into the interior of the earth. A volcano may form. Earth scientists have studied the behavior and composition of molten rock materials and the forms that are produced . This branch of earth science is called volcanology.Some igneous rocks are formed by crystallizatio

48、n of fluid matter that has escaped through deep cracks in the earths crust. Volcanologists refer to these rocks as extrusive rocks, or extrusives. If a tube of toothpaste has a crack in it and you press on the tube, some of the paste is pushed out. That is, the paste has been extruded. Volcanic erup

49、tions occur in much the same way. The magma within the earth may be heavily charged with gases and steam. These are under such great pressure that they are dissolved in the magma. If a fissure develops in a region where the magma is heavily charged with steam and other dissolved gases, the fluid mag

50、ma rises through the fissure. As it rises, the pressure on it becomes less and less. The gases and steam expand, producing a force that helps to move the molten materials to the surface of the earth.When they reach the surface of the earth, the only pressure against them is atmospheric pressure 14.7

51、 pounds per square inch. The steam and gases now expand suddenly and explosively , producing additional great force. The molten materials, laden with rapidly expanding gas and steam, may be thrown high into the air in a wild and noisy eruption.In this kind of an eruption, the molten materials are qu

52、ickly chilled by the much cooler atmosphere. They fall back to the earth as solid fragments of extrusive igneous rocks. During an explosive eruption the molten fluids may be so heavily charged with gas and steam that they froth. Bursting of the bubbles in the molten froth produces billions of tiny f

53、ragments of mineral matter, which were once part of the bubble walls. These tiny fragments may be carried upward into the atmosphere by the explosive force of the eruption. These they form great clouds of volcanic dust. Slightly larger fragments of the froth may fall back around the vent, or opening

54、, in the crust to make a cone-shaped pile of volcanic ash.The light produced during volcanic activity is the result of the glowing of gases and molten fluids. The “smoke” of a volcano is not smoke at all, but the column of volcanic dust, steam, and other gases that are given off from the molten flui

55、d. EXERCISESI. Explain the meaning of these words in English.1.volcanologist 2. Fracture3. crust4. Interior5.eruption6. magma7.froth8. Atmosphere9.vent10.ash II. Give the word with opposite meaning to .1.deep2.same3.dissolve4.heavily5. rise6.expand7.chill8.rapidly9.noisy10.upwardIII. Give the Englis

56、h equivalent of the following expressions .1.从裂口流出来2.深及地球内部3.通过裂缝逸出4.以同样的方式进行5.充满了溶解的气体6.每平方英寸7抛入高空8.落回地面9在爆发期间10.稍大一些的碎片IV. Answer the following questions in English .1.How does a volcano form ?2.What does volcanology deal with ?3.What happens when you press on a tube of toothpaste with a crack in it ?4.What happens when a fissure develops in a region where the magma within the earth is heavily charged with gases and steam ?5.What makes molten