大学英语四级考试作文指导(共26页)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上大学英语四级考试作文指导 第一篇 四六级考试作文简介1 基本要求 大学英语教学大纲规定：大学英语教学的目的之一是培养学生具有一定的英语写作能力。大学英语四级统考作文部分占15分, 要求学生, 根据规定的题目或提示，在30分钟内写出120字以上的短文。请参看下面四级写作评分原则和评分标准。评分原则 四六级考试从内容和语言两方面对作文进行综合评估。内容和语言是一个统一体。内容要求思想正确，主题突出。内容要考虑是否用英语清楚而准确地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍，用词和造句是否清楚而准确地表达思想。评分标准 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部

2、分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。表达思想比较清楚，文字尚连贯，但语言错误较多，其中有少量的严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好，基本上无语言错误。注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只要几个孤立的词而思想无法表达，则给0分。 此外，为引起教师和学生对作文部分的重视，全国四级考试中心还实行作文最低分制度，最低为6分。如作文为0分，总分高于60分，成绩报导时一律报59分不及格处理；若作文分大于0分小于6分时，最后报导分=原计总分-6分+实得作文分。2作

3、文命题形式及常考题型分析纵览历年的作文试题，我们可以发现论说文占绝大多数，但近年应用文有上升的势头（01.6、02.1是书信体，91.6、02.6是图表作文）。就话题而言，主要有三大类：社会热闹话题、校园话题和日常生活话题。以下是历年作文题的汇总与统计，建议大家研究一下它的出题规律并写写看。 一、 历年四级考试作文题统计社会热门话题(87.9) Women in Modern World (90.6) Make Our Cities Greener (91.1) Bicycle An Important Means of Transport in China (91.6) Changes in

4、 Peoples Diet (94.1) The world Is Getting Smaller and Smaller.(96.1) The Two-day Weekend (96.6) Global Shortage of Fresh Water (98.1) Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. 校园话题(88.6) An Early Morning Walk (记叙文)(92.6) How I overcome My Difficulties in Learning English(94.6) My Ideal Job(95.6) Advantage of

5、 Job Interview. (97.6) Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus. (99.6) Reading Selectively Or Extensively?(00.1) How I Finance My College Education. (00.6) Is A Test of Spoken English Necessary?(01.1) How to Succeed in a Job Interview? (01.6) A letter to a Schoolmate(02.1) A Letter to the Unive

6、rsity President about the Canteen Service on Campus.(02.6) Student Use of Computers.日常生活话题(89. 1) The Tape Recorder(90. 1) What Would Happen If There Were No Power(92.1) Is Failure a Bad Thing?(93.1)Positive and Negative Aspects of Sport.(95.1)Can Money Buy Happiness? (97.1) Practice Makes Perfect .

7、(98.6) Do "Lucky Numbers" Really Bring Good Luck?(99.1)Don ' t Hesitate to Say "NO". (03.1) It Pays to Be Honest我们知道, 四六级考试是一项大规模的考试，为提高其客观性，以利评分，考试对作文的命题形式是这样限制的：给出题目作文、规定情景作文、给出段首句续写、书信作文、给出关键词作文、看图作文或根据所给文章写出摘要或大意等。下面分析主要的几种类型： 1）提纲作文 这类题型是四六级作文考试到目前为止最常见的。它给出作文的英文题目以及较为详细

8、的提纲，提纲有时是英文的，但多数是用中文给出的。每段的提纲规定了文章每段的主旨，它要求考生围绕这个中心制定主题句，再顺着主题句展开段落，最后用一句总结句回应主题句。例 1999年6月全国四六级考试作文题同为一个提纲类作文，题目要求完全一样，只是字数要求不一样（四级为120字，六级为150字）。 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at le

9、ast 120 (150) words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1 有人认为读书要有选择2 有人认为应该博览群书3 我的看法2) 主题句作文IntroductionThis is the most common composition practiced in CET-4Usually the title and the topic sentences of each paragraph are givenYou are required to write exactly accor

10、ding to the titleYou must use the given topic sentences作文题例：Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about“Television ”in three paragraphsYou are given the first sentence of each paragraph to develop the idea in completing the paragraphYour composition should be abo

11、ut 120words，not including the words givenRemember to write clearly  Television  1）Television presents a vivid world in front of us _2）Television can also play an educational role in our daily life_ _3）However，television can also be harmful _3）图表作文图表作文是四六级作文考试常考题型之一，也是考生觉得较难对付的作文形式。图表形式：图表题

12、型主要分类：(1)曲线图题型(Line chart)； (2)饼状图题型(Pie chart)； (3)柱状图题型(Bar chart)； (4)表格图题型(Table)。要求考生: 通常还给出作文的标题和一些提示(1)用文字来描述图表，客观解释图表中所传递的信息并找出某种规律或趋势；(2)就图表中所反映出某种趋势或问题分析其原因或后果。(3)根据前面的分析得出你的结论或发表你的看法。一般要求写成论说文。例11991年6月四级考试作文为统计表格题： Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composit

13、ion about Changes in Peoples Diet according to the following outline in three paragraphs. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given. Remember to write clearly. You should quote as few figures as possible.Changes in Peoples Diet1 state the changes in

14、 peoples diet in the past five years2 give possible reasons for the changes3 draw your own conclusion Year Food 19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruit and Vegetable24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100% 看图表作文一般可分三段写。第一段说明该图表反映的总情况，选择能充分说明主题的典型数据进行概述

15、。第二段对数字进行仔细分析比较，归纳出增减速率，找出产生变化的原因。第三段写读图表后的想法或评论，得出自己的结论。General introductionAnalysisConclusion概要介绍分析图表和变化的原因评论或总结例2以下再举一个曲线坐标图(Graph)作文题例： Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the following graph showing the growth of the worlds population. The openi

16、ng sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition. Your part of writing should be no less than 120 words. Some useful words and phrases are provided, but you do not have to include all of them. Graph showing the growth of the worlds population. (Suggested words and phra

17、ses: birth control, death rate, population explosion, food shortage).1000200030004000500060007000million1000A.D1500A.D2000A.D198819701930Emergence of modern medicine -1850Industrial and Agricultural Revolution Began-1650The Problem of Human Population It has been estimated that a thousand years ago

18、there were less than 400 million people on earth._ 从曲线坐标图可以看到，过去人口增长速度的缓慢同现在人口的急剧增长形成了鲜明的对照。图中文字表明，Industrial and Agricultural Revolution和Emergence of Modern Medicine与人口的急剧增长不无关系。根据题目所提供的信息可制定以下提纲：1) 人口增长的情况；a. 过去人口增长的情况；b现在人口增长的情况；c 未来人口增长情况的预测。2) 人口爆炸的原因；3) 人口爆炸带来的问题。最后表达自己的看法。 4）情景作文题中给定一个情景，要求考生

19、在这个范围内充分发挥想象力，精心构思出一篇符合情景要求、意思连贯的短文。这类作文限定条件比较少，考生自由发挥程度较大，我们预测以后会考这类题型的作文。例如题中说某国大学生代表团要来你班交流联欢，请你写一篇欢迎辞在联欢会上宣读，这就要求写篇情景作文。例 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of about 120 words. Your composition should be based on the following situation. Remember to writ

20、e clearly.Situation:Imagine that you are required to write a Want Ad for the Dean (系主任). You are supposed to base this ad on the outline shown below:Wanted: Student Consultant to the DeanDuties: meeting with students; presenting oral and written reports; attending sessionsRequirements: full-time stu

21、dent with one year of student experience; a strong sense of dutySalary: $3,000 an academic yearTime Commitment: 15 h. WeeklyDeadline: December 15, 2000; to Elmer Borden 800-28175) 标题作文标题作文是一种常见的传统式命题作文。它只给出一个标题，不附带任何要求和说明，考生可取不同的角度确立主题并作阐述，文体类型也可根据自己审题和构思写成不同类型的作文。其优点是考生可以充分发挥想象，考出水平；其缺点是由于它没有限制，考生容

22、易写成“千人千面”的作文，不利评分。写这类作文时首先要对标题进行审视，限制写作范围，选取某一个面来写，再确定文章的体裁、主题和论述或描写的角度。Directions：Write a composition on the topic “Should Firecrackers Be Banned？”Your composition should be at least 120wordsRemember to support the main idea with details and make your conclusionCoherence is also important6）关键词作文 Ke

23、y Words Composition  In this kind of composition，a series of key words are given together with the titleIt requires students' imagination and association in connecting the words logically without going astray from the main topic范例：指示：在30分钟内以“City and Countryside”为题，写一篇120词左右的短文，必需包括下列关键词及表达

24、方式，要求使用正确、恰当。Key Words and Expressions：similarities   differences  environmenttransportation   education  entertainmentcolorful   boring  public health servicereduce  the gap1) The city and the countryside are similar in

25、 some ways. 2) But there still exist great differences in the fields of environment，transportation，public health service，education and entertainment3) We will try to reduce the gap between The city and the countryside. 第二篇 四级作文对策准备的三个阶段： 1）写好句子（练熟基本句型和常用句型，请看巅峰训练的58-60页的写作常用句型和英语作文和翻译经典句型100句）。

26、 2）写好一个段落（英语段落的扩展、衔接与连贯） 3）写好一篇完整四级作文（尽量利用巅峰训练的33-47页的各种作文模板和范文）在写四级作文的四个步骤：1 审题和构思审题有两个目的：1）确定写作要求，明确要表达的观点；2）确定用什么方式表达主题，是叙述文、描写文还是论说文？ 审好题后，就要开始构思，精心选材。选材要典型、具体、生动、有趣，要有利于阐发主题。2 列提纲 审题和构思完后，就要根据其结果列出提纲，它好象为你写作路上插上路标，以免丢掉要点。由于四六级考试时间仅30分钟，又是写一篇120/150字的短文，所以提纲应尽可能简单些，片言只语都行，以自己看得懂为准。3. 选材确定了文章的主题和

27、轮廓之后，我们就开始考虑要选择哪些要点来阐明主题。选材一定要围绕主题句进行，同时要考虑到全面性。4动笔 列好提纲后，就可以开始动笔写作了。一般来说，首段为立意段，只要写出三四个句子来即可（大约40个单词），任务是亮出主题，不宜太过细，否则接下来的主体段再重复一次就多余了。接下来是全文的主体段，是这篇文章的精华段，一般写七八个句子为宜（大约60-70个单词）。最后为总结段，也以三四个句子为好（大约40个单词），总结重申一下主题思想或阐发自己的观点。在遣词造句方面，要尽可能用你有把握的词语和你熟悉的句型来表达思想。如果碰见单词不会拼写，意思不会用英语表达，应设法绕开，不要生拼硬凑。修改修改的主要任

28、务是检查一下有无拼写和语法方面的错误，同时注意是否用词有过多的重复。第三篇 如何写好一个段落一英语段落的衔接与连贯 1 内容上的连贯：这里所说的连贯有两两层含义。一是指文章在内容上是连贯、统一的，文章中所有的句子都是为全文的中心服务的。就各段而言，其中的每一句话都要紧紧围绕着该段的主题句进行，不能说与主题句无关的东西。Sports benefit us in many respects. (1) When taking part in sports, we get the chance to train almost all parts of our body. There is no dou

29、bt that properly balanced physical activities keep us physically fit. (2) Furthermore, sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health. (3) Through participation, everyone can learn that on the playing field he not only competes for himself but also for his team. Sports teach us abo

30、ut consideration, cooperation and optimism, and how to cope with difficulties.第一句是本段的主题句，接下来作者从体育运动对身体的好处说了两句，第四句讲述体育运动对心理方面的益处，第五句从团队的方面加以论述，最后一句既是论据，同时也是对前面三点的概括。全段没有一句话脱离主题句。2. 连贯的第二层含义指的是表达上的连贯。文章的段落之间、段落中各句子之间要有一定的衔接。 段落结构和句与句之间的衔接应遵照一定的顺序; 段落之间的连接也应符合逻辑。这样使文章连贯紧凑，自然流畅，层次分明，脉络清晰。The weather has

31、 been changeable. On Sunday we had a high wind that blew down some trees. Monday was so cold that we had to turn on the heat and wear winter coats. And it remained gloomy the next day. To our pleasure, by Wednesday the weather cleared and the sun came out. But Thursday tuned out to be as hot and hum

32、id as an August day. Worse still, it began to rain this morning, and it looks as if well l have a cold, steady wind for a few days. 时间上的连接（时间顺序）为蓝色部分引导； 表达上和意义上的连贯为红色部分引导。表达上的连贯常用代词或有意地重复手段和是使用关联词语（或叫语义连接语）或一些修辞上的手法(如排比句或比喻等)。二 段落的展开方法1. 列举法和举例法列举事实或举出实例来说明中心思想, 是简单易行、具有说服力的写作方法。Communicating with o

33、ther people by telephone is very convenient, especially when you have something urgent. For example, if one of your family members is seriously ill at night, and you dont know how to deal with it and where to find a doctor, what can you do? A telephone is the answer. Dial 120 and you will get servic

34、es from the hospital very soon. 列举的模式通常是 主题句 -example 1-example 2-example 3举例常用表达方式： for example, for instance, such as, like, as proof, thus, takeas a good example, a case in point is that , to illustrate 列举： first(1y)，second(1y)，third(1y)，then，next，last(1y)，finally，for one thingfor another表示添加：and

35、，again，also，besides，moreover，furthermore, whats more, in addition等词语.Nonverbal communication or “body language” can be just as important to understanding as words are. Because Misunderstandings often amusing but sometimes serious can arise between people from different culture if they misinterpret n

36、onverbal signals. Take for example, the differences in meaning of gesture very common in the United States: a circle made with the thumb and index finger食指. To an American, it means that everything is ok. To a Japanese, it means that you are talking about money. In France, it means that something is

37、 worthless, and in Greece, it is an obscene gesture. Therefore, an American could unknowingly offend a Greek by using that particular hand signal.2. 分类法一般是在主题句之后，依次罗列段落指示词所表达的几个部分或几个方面。然后，选用丰富的事例对所罗列的各个部分或各个方面进行具体地说明或解释。There are three basic kinds of materials that can be found in any good library.

38、First, there are books on all subjects, both in English and in many other languages. These books are organized according to subject, title, and author in a central file in the card catalog. Books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for a period of two to four weeks. Second, th

39、ere are reference works. which include encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliography, atlases, etc., and which generally must be used in the library itself. Third, there are periodicals magazines, newspapers, pamphlets which are filed alphabetically in racks, or which have been filmed to conserve space.

40、 Like reference works, periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library. 分类常用表达方式：to begin with，to start with，first of all，first，second，third，most of all，next，moreover，in addition，besides，furthermore 来表达。常用句型：Generally/broadly speaking, there are three kinds/types of Sth. can be classified acc

41、ording to/depending on Sth. can be classified on the basis of Sth. can be divided / further divided into 3. 因果关系在段落一开头，就用主题句点明其因果关系，然后选用有关材料，客观的罗列某些原因或结果，以证阐述的中心思想。 因果关系的模式通常是：原因分析型：在主题句中先介绍某一事件，然后对该事件发生的1个或多个原因进行分析。1） 主题句（结果） - 原因 1- 原因 2- 原因 3结果分析型：在主题句中先点明所要讨论的事件，然后分析已经或将要发生的结果。2） - 原因 1- 原因 2- 原

42、因 3 （结果）主题句 3） 原因（1） （结果1 / 原因2） （结果2 / 原因3） （结果3）4）原因 结果1 结果2 结果3Growing numbers of well-to-do Americans are making the decision to move abroad. 原因（1）They find it impossible in America to walk the streets at night without fear of being raped, mugged, or murdered, 原因（2）nor do they see a way to escap

43、e the poisonous air of the cities. 原因（3）They maintain that even American food has become increasingly dangerous to eat. 原因（4）Last but not least, they insist that they are sick of the pace of American life, a pace that leaves no time for relaxation or pleasure. 因果关系常用语汇: because of, so, owing to, tha

44、nks to, thus, as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in常用句型：B results from A. B is the result of A.A results in B. A causes B.The causes of / reasons for B is the The reasons are as follows:模式3）例证因-果-因模式（Cause-Effect-Cause Pattern）：Smoking tobacco nicotin

45、e in the blood streams the blood vessels contract 4比较法主题句必须明确表明所要比较的对象和所要比较的范围，实际上就是罗列两个或两个以上比较对象的相同点。两项相似事务逐一比较： The PC and MAC are similar in several ways, even though users of either computer would rather die than admit even a small resemblance. Both machines will run graphics in much the same wa

46、y. Each employs a mouse and a graphical interface(面) or Windows-like environment in a similar fashion to run programs such as Page Maker or Microsoft Word. The final likeness is that both the PC and the MAC incorporate(合并) technology that allows them to "talk" to each other. In just a few

47、more years, the PC and MAC will become even more alike, and users will be less adamant顽固的 about the unique qualities of their computers. 两项不同事务逐一比较： The public transportation system in Paris consists of subways and buses. Paris has one of the best subway systems in the world. The subway, or metro, s

48、pans the entire city of Paris, linking one end of the city with another. Most people in Paris travel by metro because it is fast, economical, and convenient. The bus system in Paris is also quite good. For Parisians, having a car is a luxury, not a necessity. On the other hand, public transportation

49、 in American cities leaves a lot to be desired. Subways, can be expensive and inconvenient inconvenient because only very small portion of a city are served. The bus remains the only true means of public transport in most cities, but one finds poor connections, indirect routes, and high prices. So a

50、 car in the United States is not a luxury.类比法 (Analogy)Example 1Learning English is like building a house. Laying a solid foundation is the first and most important step. In other words, you should read and speak English every day. Memorizing new words and phrases is also helpful. Like building a ho

51、use, learning English takes some time. So dont be impatient. Remember, Rome wasnt built in a day.常用句型： Like A, B is/v In contrast to A, B is/v . By comparison . In spite of their similarities/differences. To compare to/with. A is not exactly/entirely/quite/the same as. A is totally different from B.

52、 A is like B in.常用表达方式：表示相似或一样：similarly, similar to, the same as, accordingly, both show a degree of similarity, and too, in the same way, in a like manner 表示对比或转折：in contrast，by contrast，contrasted with，on one handon the other hand，on the contrary，but，yet，however，nevertheless，instead，meanwhile 5叙述

53、和描述法 Description 有些段落需要叙述一个事件或描写一个事务；基本上可以用按时间顺序、空间顺序和步骤顺序来进行叙述或描述。 I jumped off the bus before it stopped and began walking down the street. As I had arrived early, I decided to look at the shop windows before going home. The idea made me quite happy, but at the same time I had the unpleasant feeli

54、ng that I had forgotten something. I stopped in the middle of the pavement and began searching my pockets. All of a sudden I remembered that I was without my briefcase! I had left it on the bus and it was full of important papers. The thought was enough to make me start running down the street, thou

55、gh, by now, the bus was out of sight. 表示时间和顺序：earlier，later，afterwards， meanwhile，in the meantime，shortly, soon，presently，currently，recently，at present，in the future/past，at first，more/most important first of all，in the first place，to begin with，to start with，first，then，next，last，at last，finally 6论证法 Argument论证是通过摆事实、讲道理阐明观点，这是学术写作和大学英语写作中常用的方法。通常先研究关于某一论题已存在的各种观点，对不同的观点进行比较和对照，然后予以评价分析，最后提出自己的观点。议论文有时结合归纳和演绎两种方法会更具有说服力。I，归纳法 inductio