外研版初中英语各册知识点

1、外研版初中英语各册知识点名词所所有格：表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's, students' rooms, father'sshoes。(2) . 如复数结尾不是s的仍加s，如：Children's Day 。(3) .在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用's , 例如：a twenty minutes' walk , ten miles' journey , a boat's length , two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth 。(

2、4) . 无生命名词的所有格则必须用 of结构，例如：a mapof China, the end of this term , the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。特殊情况：the key to the door/ the answer to the questionthe ticket for the concert(5) . 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's 。【注意】如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"，例如：John's an

3、d Mary's rooms (约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间)；Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)。两个名词并列，只有一个's ,则表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room (约翰和玛丽共有一间); Tom and Mary's mother (即TomW Mary是兄妹)。名词复数的不规则变化单复数通同形：人们说汉语和日语，瑞士人喜欢绵羊、鹿和雨fish 、sheep、deer、people > Chinese > English不规则变化：男女孩子的脚，踩住老鼠的牙Women 、 m

4、en、feet、mice、 teeth1、would的用法Would you like to do sth?你愿意干某事吗？提出建议邀请，如果同意，用YES I' d loveto./all right /A good idea.如果拒绝，也要客气的回绝。would like sth想要某物Would like sb to do sth想让某人做某事Would like to do 想去做一件事情 Would you please do sth? 请求2、表示时间的介词At 后接时间点，周末 at the weekendIn 用在年、月、季节或上午、下午、晚上等名词前On后一般跟具体的

5、某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上3、look、see、watch、readLook集中注意力看，强调看的动作，如跟宾语，要用 atSee 强调看的结果，看见，看到Watch 强调专注地看，有欣赏的意味，常用语看电视，看球赛Read 阅读，看书1、would的用法Would you like to do sth?你愿意干某事吗？提出建议邀请，如果同意，用YES, I' d loveto./all right /A good idea.如果拒绝，也要客气的回绝。would like sth想要某物Would like sb to do sth想让某人做某事Would like to do想

6、去做一件事情 Would you please do sth? 请求2、表示时间的介词At 后接时间点，周末 at the weekendIn 用在年、月、季节或上午、下午、晚上等名词前On后一般跟具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上初一下册重点知识2、形容词和副词形容词比较级用法:1 .最明显的提示词是 than ,其结构为"A+比较级+than+B”。2 .有表示程度的副词a little , a bit , a few, a lot , much, even, still , far , rather ,any等修饰时，用形容词比较级。3 .表示两者之间进行选择“哪一个更”时

7、，句型“Which/Who is+形容词比较级，A or B?'4、表示“越来越:即"比较级+and+比较级”，多音节词和部分双音节词时用“ moreand more+形容词原级”。5、表示“越就越”时，用“ the+比较级，the+比较级”结构。形容词最高级用法：1 .表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时，用最高级形式。最高级前必须加定冠词the ,句末常跟一个in/of短语来表示范围。2 .表示在三者或三者以上的人或物进行选择时，用“Which/Who is+the+最高级，A B or C?'3、表示“最的之一”时，用“ one of the+形容词最高级”结构

8、，4、形容词最高级前面可以加序数词，表示“第几最一"、词汇1、enjoyenjoy sth/doing 喜欢某物/做某件事情enjoy oneself= have a good time玩的愉快派生t: enjoyable ,令人愉快的 enjoyment, 乐趣2、dress,put on, wear,be indress后常跟人作宾语，给穿衣服 ,get dressed 或dress oneselfput on 意为穿上，强调穿的动作，宾语通常是衣服、鞋帽wear穿着，戴着，强调穿的状态，宾语可以是衣帽也可以是饰品be in也表状态，后面要加颜色，表示穿着什么颜色的衣服3 、 b

9、ring, take, carry 和 get 的用法。bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。Bring me the book, please.take意思是“拿走”，“带走”It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.carry是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思，不表明来去的方向。Do you always carry a handbag?Get是去某处将某物拿回来。Please go to my office to get some chalk.4、strict adj. be strict with sb.对某人要求严

10、格be strict in sb对某事要求严格5、6、spend人+spend+ 时间 / 金钱 + on sth/ (in) doing sthget ready forget ready for sthget ready to do sth be ready for sth be ready to do sth为做准备（强调动作） 准备去做（强调动作） 准备好（强调状态）准备好去做（强调状态）get sth ready 把 sth 准备好7、look forward to doing8、be good/bad atdo well/badly in9、hope与wish的区别：希望去做 ho

11、pe to do sth/wish to do sth希望sb去做 wish sb to do hope与wish后都可以接that从句.二、金牌句型1、 It is more difficult for old people to learn English.It is +adj.+(for sb)+to do sth.2、It is the best way to get to school.3、What' s the population of Shanghai?在询问 有多少人口用 "What' s the population of "/"

12、;How large is thepopulation of ”表示 “有多少人口" 用 " have/has a population of ”形容人口的多少用large 和small,而不用 many,much和few,little4、有关how的疑问句短语How 10ng多长时间或物体长度How soon- -过多久，用于将来时间How often频率How far多远，指距离5、What be sb like?询问某人什么样，可以是外貌或性格等；What do/does sb look like? 询问相貌。初二上册考试重点一、语法1、时态的考察，对于各种时态主要看

13、时间标志词，尤其是：just now/just/now;ago/before; five years ago/since five years ago/for five years,时态的考察以现在完成时为重点，注意非延续性动词在现在完成加时间的情况下需要变为延续性状态的词。have been to /have been in/ have gone to2、反义疑问句*祈使句Let引导的祈使句有两种情况：1) Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we?2)Let us/me. , will you 或 won't you 。Let me ha

14、ve a try, will you/won't you?3)动词原形开头的祈使句都用 will you 或won' t you*当陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose.)that.结构时，其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致，注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。例如： 若是非第一人称，则与主句的主语相一致n' t he?*当陈述部分为从句时，若主句主语为I ,反意部分的主语为从句主语 ；若不为I ,反义 部分的主语为主句主语。 I know your father is a worker, isn't he?'tshe?few, l

15、ittle, seldom , hardly, never, 等，其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。 she knows your father is a worker, doesn*当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时: not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither 例如： He is never late for school, is he?*陈述部分是there be句型时，其反意疑问句中要用there。There was a hospital here, wasn't there?* 陈述部分的主语是everything, noth

16、ing, anything 或 something 时， 反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it?我的收音机出毛病了，是吧？* 陈述部 分的主 语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 时，其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they。例如：Everyone is here, aren't they?大家都到了，是吗？3、to do 不定式1 .不定式作主语时，常用 it作

17、形式主语，而将作主语的不定式放在句子后部。It is exciting to surf the Internet.It's . of sb. to do sth.与 It's. for sb. to do sth.形容词形容人的时候用of,形容事情的时候用forIt's very kind / nice of you to help me。It's hard for the Chinese students to learn Russian.中国学生学俄语是很难的。2 .动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，要先用 it作形式宾语，而将该不定式 后置。注意

18、：一些动词之后可以接to和doing作宾语时，如stop , forget , remember, try,need等I don't think it right to do it in that way.我觉得以那种方式去做是不恰当的。I find it hard to get along with him.我发现与他相处不是件容易的事。4.作补语有些动词后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。 感官动词 使役动词help sb. do 或help sb. to do当此类句子改为被动语态时，要补上to.He is often heard to sing this song.The wor

19、kers were made to work 12 hours a day.在think, find, consider, discover等动词后常用to be +adj.结构作宾补，有时 to be可省略。We all think/ consider/ find/ discover him (to be) kind and honest.动词不定式的省略1)不定式在使役动词let, have, make和感官动词 see, watch, notice , observe, hear,smell, feel, find等后作宾补时，省略 to。help 可带to ,也可不带to -help

20、sb (to)do sth 。2) Why not 后面接不带to的不定式。常用来表建议。Why not have a break?3) but和except ： but/except前的部分出现实义动词do时，其后面出现的动词不定式可以不带to。比较：He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.Last night I did nothing but (to )watch TV.He does everything except (to) work.4)由and, or或than连接的两个不定式，第二个不定式的to可以省去。例如

21、：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.5) 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去 to be :He is supposed (to be) an honest man.4、情态动词must是重点1)表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。否定形式是needn' t,2)表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。否定形式是can' t3) musH t本身表示“禁止”，“不允许”，“不能” 二、重点词汇、句型1、XWhat/how abou

22、t doing ?XWhy not/why don' t you do .?X It is +adj.+for sb to do sth? 此句型到第九模块会重点讲解 2、X other系列词anotheradj./pron泛指多个中的另一个otheradj./pron,其他的，别的one - the other一个 另一个（屈共后两者）one-another一个另一个（总数三者以上者）other+n.=others其余的一些The other+n.=the others其余的全部a little修饰动词、形容词和副词，有点修饰不用数名词，一点，一些a bit修饰动词、形容词和副词，有

23、点 ,=a little加介词of后可修饰/、可数名词a few修饰可数名词复数形式4 、X no one 和 noneno one (=nobody)不加ofwho提问没有人单三动词none可加ofhow many 提问没有人没有物单、复数动词5、 bring, take, carry 和 get 的用法。bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。Bring me the book, please.take意思是“拿走”，“带走”，把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.c

24、arry是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思，指随身携带，有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义, 不表明来去的方向。Do you always carry a handbag?Get是去某处将某物拿回来。Please go to my office to get some chalk.6、through/across/overthrough 穿越，指从空间内穿越 through the dooracross ,横越穿过，从表面走过，或从一边到另一边 ，across the roadover翻越，跨越7、provide /offerprovide sth for sb / provide sb with st

25、hoffer sth to sb / offer sb sth（主动提供）8、happen / take placehappen指事件偶然发生，还可以表示“碰巧”之意 ，不用于被动语态 sth happen to sbsb happen to do sth.It happens that+ 句子take place多指按计划或者安排而发生，不用于被动语态9、ewith比较 e - to .比喻10、depend on sb 依赖 depend on sth依而定初二下册重点知识一、重点词汇1、 makemake + 宾语 + 动词原形 He made us stay with him.make

26、 + 宾语 + 形容词 He tried to make his mother happymake + 宾语 + 名词-He made me his friend.make + 宾语 + 介词短语 He asked us to make ourselves at home.make + 宾语 + 过去分词 What made him so frightened?2、seemSeem+ 形容词 English seems a little difficult.Seem to do He doesn ' t see m to have any friends.=It seems that

27、he doesn ' t have any friends.It seems as if they were in a dream.3、suggestsuggest+ 名词、代词suggest doing建议做某事suggest sb do建议某人做某事4、refuse to do sth拒绝做某事5、beat打败，后接运动员、球队、对手win 接比赛、战争，奖项6、avoid doing sth 避免做某事7、 dependdepend on sb 依赖depend on sth依而定8、on one' s own 独自of one ' s own 某人自己的9、ha

28、ve problem with在哪一方面有麻烦是不可数名也可把强调前面的have problem/trouble/difficulty （in）doing, 其中 trouble/difficulty词，前面用 no/much/some/little any 修饰10、出现，发生1）发芽，2）太阳升起3 ）发生，出现4 ） 被提及 A number of questions came up at the meeting.11、 in order to 、to+动词原形、so as to,so - that.so that , in order that in order to 、to+动词原形

29、、so as to引导目的状语从句，有时为了表示强调,in order to , to do 放在句首，否定形式是 in order not to,so as not to12、as well as 并且，还，可与 not only - but also 互换，但是 as well as 内容，not only - but also 强调后面的内容1) 连接两个并歹U成分He as well as his friends likes going shopping.2) as well as 还可以表示 和一样好"，well是副词，用于修饰实义动词。3) as well 可单独做副词，

30、表示 也”，位于句末。13、such adj. 如此，这样so +adj.+a/an+ 单数名词such+a/an+adj.+ 单数名词such +adj.+复数名词、不可数名词，当 adj. 是 many/much/few/little 时用 so14、倒装句So + be/ 助动词/情态动词+主语“某人或某物也一样”I will go there tomorrow. So will she.So +主语+be/助动词/情态动词"的确如此""It was very cold yesterday.""昨天很冷。""So it

31、 was.""的确如此。"对于上述两种情况，当前一句是否定句时，so须改用neither或nor。15、besides , but , except 和 except forbesides : 除了 还包括 He has another car besides this.but与except同义，但but多用在every , any, no等和由这些词构成的复合词 except : 除了 ； 例句： Except you, there is no one can help me.除了你没人能帮except for :在一类中除去另一类，Smith is a goo

32、d man, except for his bad temper二、语法知识1、宾语从句宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：I hear (that) physics isn ' t easy.I think (that) you will like this school soon.Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?Please tell me when we ' ll have the meeting.宾语从句的时态主句宾语从句一般现在时一切时态一般过去时过去范畴的某一时态 (一般过去时；过去进 行时；过去完成时；过去

33、 将来时)如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。I don ' t think （that） you are right.Please tell us where he is.Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：He asked what time it was.He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.He aske

34、d if you had written to Peter.知识拓展：宾从的主语与主句的主语（或宾语）相同时，可把从句替换为“疑问词+ to do ” .I haven ' t decided where I will go =I haven' t decided where to go .He asked me what I bought = He asked me what to buy.2、状语从句时间状语从句1 ）由when, as soon as ,before等引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来时间。2）带有till 或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里

35、，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到才”，"在以前不”，谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：The young man read till the light went out.We won条件状语从句1）条件状语从句遵循“主将从现"原则，一般现在时表示将来时间。2） “祈使句+ and （or）+ 陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。 Hurry up, or you ' ll be late. =If you don ' t hurry up, you ' ll be lat

36、e.结果状语从句结果状语从句由 sothat, such that, so that此知识点牵扯到重点词汇中的so +adj.+a/an+单数名词such+a/an+adj.+ 单数名词such +adj.+ 复数名词、不可数名词，当 adj.是 many/much/few/little 时用 so3、to do 和doing做宾语 常考的动词后加-ing.1. Enjoy doing sth2. Like doing sth3. Have fun doing sth4. Practice doing sth5. Spend doing sth6. Keep doing sth7. How a

37、bout doing sth8. What about doing sth9. Have a difficulty doing sth10. Have a good time doing sth11. Feel like doing sth12. Can't help doing sth13. start doing sth14. go on doing sth15. mind doing sth16. finish doing sth17. be busy doing sth18. see/hear sb doing19. remember doing sth20. forget d

38、oing sth21. try doing sth22. mean doing sth23. can't help doing sth24. stop doing sth.一、语法知识喜欢做某事喜欢做某事玩得开心练习做某事花费时间做某事（主语是人）保持一直做某事做某事怎么样（表建议）做某事怎么样（表建议）做某事有困难玩得开心想要做某事禁不住做某事开始做某事继续做某事介意做某事完成做某事忙于做某事看到/听到某人正在做某事记住曾做过某事忘记曾做过某事做某事试试看有何效果意味着做某事禁不住做某事停止正在做的事初三上册考试重点知识1、时态名称时间状语用法一般现在时seldom,often,us

39、ually every week, on Sundays, once a week经常性习惯性的动作、 客观真理、 条件或时间状语从句中表示 将来一般过去时ago,last week,just now In+过去的时间， the day before过去某个事件发生的动作或存在的状态现在进行时now,at this time,these days,还有其他结构：look , listen现在或现阶段进行的动作或 存在的状态， 状态动词不用于进行时过去进行时at this time yesterday,at that time, When和while 引导的状语 从句过去某个时刻或某阶段正在 发

40、生的动作一般将来时tomorrow,next week,soon,in+ # 时间， how soon,from now on将来某时要发生的动作 打算要做某事 Shall多于A人称连用， 一 般疑问句中表示请求、建议现在完成时ever,just,recently,befo re, already,yet,since+时间点 for+ 时间段，so far过去已经发生的动作对现在 的影响；过去已经开始，持续到现在； 终止性动词不能和表示一段 时间的状语连用被动语态的特殊用法：1、不及物动词带介词和介词宾语 ，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词，如The teacher is listened t

41、o carefully by the students in class.The new students are looked after in the school.The things are take good care of .2、当动词带有符合宾语时，并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”，一感，二听，三让，四看They make us do all the work. -We are made to do all the work.We often hear her sing English songs. -She is often heard to s

42、ing Englishsongs.I see him walk to school. -He is seen to walk to school.3、当动词带双宾语时，将其中一个宾语提前作被动语态的主语，另一个不动；如果是将指物或指事的宾语提前，则指人的宾语前应加上to、for如：£I am given some nice presents.its are given to me.-The children are often told some stories (by him)He often tells the children some stories. Somestories

43、 are often told to the children (byhim). 动词后力口 to : give,show,send,bring,lend,promise 等。 动词后力口 for: pay,buy,sing,make,get 等 3、定语从句 修饰人只用 who的情况： a. 先行词是 one , ones , anyone , those 时。b. there be 句型中修饰名词时。c.先行词后有一个较长的定语。1)Anyone who hasn ' t handed in his home- work should stay after school.2)The

44、re is a girl who wants to see you at the school gate.3)Did you see the man in the park yesterday afternoon who wore a red shirt? 修饰人或物只用that的情况：(1) 先行t是 all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything等不定代词时。All that he said is true.(2) 先行t被only, no, any, all, 等词修饰时。He is the only foreigner that has

45、been to that place.(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如： 修饰物只用which的情况：a.先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时b.先行词为that时1)This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived .这就是鲁迅以前住过的房子。2)What

46、' s that which you are holding in your arms?你抱着的那个是什么?定语从句可简化为短语 1.定语从句为被动语态时可简化为过去分词短语；定语从句为现在进行时可简化为现在分 词短语。2 .定语从句的谓语(be)后是介词短语，可简化为介词短语作定语。3 .定语从句的谓语动词含情态动词，可简化为不定式。eg.1)I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun.=I bought a book written by Lu Xun.2)Tell the children who are playing there no

47、t to do that.=Tell the children playing there not to do that.3)The book that is on the table is mine.=The book on the table is mine.4 ) We have nothing that we should fear.=We have nothing to fear.4、冠词和数词1、a/an用在序数词之前表示“再一次，又一次2、the用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫妇”。例如： the Browns, the Whites 等。3.表示一个具体数字时，h

48、undred, thousand, million一律不用复数；在表示一个不确定数字时则用复数。例如：There are three thousand students in our school.After the war, thousands of people became homeless.(3)表示“十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代，例如：He is in his early thirties.He died still in his fortiesThis took place in 1930s5、主谓一致1 .语法一致的原则(2)并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同

49、一概念，谓语动词用单数。例如： His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.(3)由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.(4)主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有but ,except, besides, with ,as well as等短语，谓语动词仍用单数。例如：The teacher with his students is going to

50、visit the museum.(5) 一些只有复数形式的名词，如 people, police, cattle, clothes 等作主语时，谓语 动词要用复数。The police are looking for lost boy.(7)有两部分构成的物体的名词，如 glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如： Where are my shoes? I can ' t find them.Your trousers are dirty. You ' d better change the

51、m.如果这类名词前用了a pair of 等，则往往用作单数，谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。例如： My new pair of socks is on the bed.2 .意义一致的原则(1)表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如： Twenty years is not a long time.Ten dollars is too dear.(2)有些集合名词，如 family, team等作主语时，如作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数；如指其中每个成员，则用复数。例如：My family is big one.My family are

52、 watching TV.(5) “分数或百分数/the rest+of+ 名词”构成的词组作主语时，其谓语动词要以of后面的名词而定。名词是复数，谓语动词用复数：名词是单数，谓语动词用单数。例如：It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women.Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.(8)凡是以“定冠词+形容词(或分词)”作主语，往往根据意义一致的原则决定谓语 动词的单复数形式。如果这种主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数；如果指的是一个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Th

53、e sick have been cured and the lost have been found.The dead is a famous person.3 .邻近一致的原则4 1)由连词 or, either or, neither nor, not only - but also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近 它的主语一致。例如：Either you or I am right.Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.5 2)在“ There be ”

54、句型中，谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。There are two apples and one egg in it.6 4)以here开头的句子，其谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。Here is a letter and some books for you.词汇1、 do some reviews about 表示 “对 做评论“；do an interview with 表示 ”采访".2、tooto太而不能He is too young to go to schoolso- that 如此以至于 ，enough to ，注意同义句转换3、as far as就而言，据一as long as 只要：I don't mind as long as it doesn't rain.as soon as 一就 T'll write you as soon as I get there.as well as 和一 样 He grows flowers as well as vegetables.4、please两个意思，一个是请，一个是取悦，Mark tr