高中英语名词讲义(共6页)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上高中英语语法名词一.可数名词单数变复数：A. 可数名词单数变复数的特殊情况：1.单复数同形：deer，fish，sheep，means，series，species，crossroads，aircraft，headquarters(司令部), works（作品）2. 集合名词：people，police，cattle，poultry(家禽)等作主语，V.谓总是复数。3.以-o结尾的有生命的名词加-es: tomato, potato, hero, Negro 以-o结尾的无生命的名词加-s: photo, piano, studio, radio, zoo, kilo

2、, 少数以-o结尾的加-s或加-es均可：volcano, motto4.以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时，常把f或fe变成v，再加es: leaf, half, self, wife, knife, wolf, shelf, thief, life, 以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时，直接加-s: roof, belief, chief(首领), proof(证据), cliff(悬崖), 以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时，直接加-s 或变f, fe为v，加es均可: handkerchief(手帕), scarf(围巾)5.复合名词：(1.)以-man/-woman/-child结尾的名词, 将-ma

3、n/-woman/-child变为复数：fireman, policeman, chairman, Englishman, Frenchman, grandchild, 但GermanGermans, humanhumans(2.)“man/woman+ 名词”结构，两个词均变复数：man teachermen teachersman doctormen doctorswoman pilotwomen pilots(3.)passer-bypassers-by(过路人)looker-onlookers-on(旁观者)runner-uprunners-up(亚军)mother-in -lawmo

4、thers- in-law(继母)father-in-lawfathers-in-law(继母)(4.)grown-upgrown-ups(成年人)forget-me-notforget-me-nots(勿忘我)go-betweengo-betweens(媒人，中间人)6.“二合一”复数名词:(1.)工具和仪器: glasses(眼镜)，scissors(剪刀)，scales(天平)，clippers(理发剪，指甲刀)，forceps(钳子，镊子)(2.)服饰:jeans, trousers, shorts, pants, shoes, briefs(内裤)7.其他：analysisanaly

5、ses(分析)basisbases(基础)crisiscrises(危机)diagnosisdiagnoses(诊断)bacteriumbacteria(细菌)mediummedia(媒体)phenomenonphenomena(现象)二.常考不可数名词：A.无法分割的名词：air 空气paper 纸blood 血液glass 玻璃electricity 电meat 肉pork 猪肉beef 牛肉mutton 羊肉chicken 鸡肉water 水coffee 咖啡milk 牛奶wine 果酒beer 啤酒tea 茶yogurt 酸奶oil 油bread 面包butter 黄油B.组成部分太小

6、，不易计数：hair 头发grass 草snow 雪sand 沙corn 玉米popcorn 爆米花rice 大米sugar 糖salt 盐C.表示事物类别总称的名词:clothing 衣服food 食物fruit 水果luggage 行李makeup 化妆品homework 家庭作业housework 家务jewelry 珠宝furniture 家具money/cash 钱/现金equipment 设备poetry 诗歌scenery 风景machinery 机器D.抽象名词：advice 建议knowledge 知识information 信息grammar 语法vocabulary 词汇

7、education 教育progress 进步health 健康wealth 财富traffic 交通value 价值harm 损害happiness 幸福love 爱patience 耐心music 音乐work 工作energy 能量trouble 麻烦time 时间fun 乐趣weather 天气intelligence 智力nature 自然nutrition 营养三.抽象名词具体化:1. success, failure, surprise, pleasure, honor, must, difficulty, wonder, danger意为“的人/事”前加a/an:I dont

8、think the experiment is_ failure. At least we have gained_ experience.You can be _ success, but you dont need to be_ Bill Gates.What do you think of the new manager of your department?Oh, he is_ manager whos pleasant to work with. I mean, it is_ pleasure to work with him.He suddenly appeared on a ra

9、iny day, which was_ great surprise to us.2.rain, snow, fog, wind, fire, coffee, tea, food,指“一种、一场或多种、多场”时有单复数形式。What_ heavy rain!I like_ fresh air after rain.3.抽象转具体：a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, an understanding of已成固定形式。When you finish rea

10、ding the book, you will have_ understanding of_ life.四.常考名词辨析:（完型，阅读）1.sound 声音noise 噪音voice 嗓音；歌声accent 口音laughter 笑声cry 哭声2.accident 事故affair 事件；事务business生意商业event 大事；事件incident事变小事matter物质；事情3.agreement同意；协议argument 争论；辩论debate (正式)讨论；辩论discussion 讨论application申请；运用announcement 通告；通知4.attitude 态

11、度；看法emotion 情感；情绪feeling 感觉；感情mood 心情；情绪；语气tone 语气；语调；音调mind 头脑；理智；精神5.appearanc外表feature 特征mark 标记；记号symbol 象征符号sign 标识；标志signal 信号6.advantage优势；有利条件hardship 艰辛；艰巨assistance 帮助；援助chance/opportunity机会；机遇importance 重要性significance 重要意义7.adventure 冒险；奇遇emergency 紧急情况experience 经历；经验expedition 远征；探险exp

12、loration 探索；探测exploitation 开采；开发8.attempt 试图；努力desire 愿望；欲望expectation 期待；预期purpose 目的；意图intention 目的；意图destination目的地；终点goal目标motivation动机；动力ambition 雄心；目标；抱负introduction 介绍instruction 指示；说明presentation 描述；呈现operation 操作；手术attention 注意；留心civilization 文明；教养exception 例外description 描写；描述introduction 介

13、绍9.article 文章；物品composition作文；作曲essay 散文；论文paper 论文；报告；试卷content 内容；目录expression 解释；说明10.atmosphere 气氛；氛围climate 气候condition 条件；状况situation 情形；状况circumstance 状况state 状态environment 环境surroundings周围环境周边事物position 方位；职位development 发展；发育existence 生存；存在distinction 灭亡；灭绝11.award 奖；奖品reward 报酬；酬金price 价格；价

14、钱cost 成本；代价expense 开销；开支fare 车费；票费fee 会费；学费salary 薪资；月薪debt 债务bargain 廉价货discount 折扣bill 账单；议案12.error 误差；错误fault 缺点；错误shortcoming不足；毛病strength 强项；力气weakness 不足power 力量；动力；实力force 力量；武力energy 精力；能量courage 勇气；信心determination 决心persistence/insistence坚持；毅力resistance 抵抗力；阻力13.certificate 证明；证书diploma 文凭

15、；证书document 文件；文献conclusion 结论；结局consequence 结果；后果process/procedure过程；手续；步骤14.charact性格；特征；汉子feature 特征；特色figure 人物；数字；体型personality 个性quality 品质；质量quantity 数量15.custom 习俗；风俗fashion 流行；风尚habit 习惯pattern 图案；样式regulation 规则advance/progress进步；进展16.distance 距离length 长度range 范围；行列extent程度level 水平；级别width

16、 宽度17.evidence证据identity身份recognition 认出；status 身份；地位title 头衔；标题occupation 职业；占据18.nature 自然；本质origin 起源；出身source 源泉；源头resource 资源shortage 不足；缺乏background 背景19.look 神色；脸色scene现场；场面sight 眼界；视野；视力view 远眺；风景；观点scenery 风景（总）area/region 地区；区域20.treasure财宝；财富wealth(物质；精神)财富possession财产（s）；拥有belongs 随身物品va

17、luables 贵重物品fortune 幸运；财运21.anxiety忧虑；担心concern 关心；担忧nervousness/tension 紧张fear 恐惧embarrassment 尴尬hesitation 踌躇；犹豫disappointment 失望；沮丧frustration 沮丧；挫折puzzle/confusion困惑；不解comfort 安慰appreciation 感激；鉴赏astonishment/shockexcitement吃惊regret 遗憾；后悔pleasure/delight 快乐;高兴satisfaction/content 满意；满足doubt 怀疑re

18、lief 缓解；减轻ease 轻松；舒适despair 绝望anger 愤怒loneliness 孤独sorrow 悲伤懊悔shame 羞耻；害臊confidence 自信attempt 试图；企图desire 愿望；欲望passion 热情temper 脾气challenge 挑战defence 防御；保卫22.degree 学位；度数interest 利益；兴趣experiment 实验wedding 婚礼funeral 葬礼ceremony 仪式；典礼23. clinic诊所dignity 尊贵；尊严reputation 名声；名誉challenge 挑战appointment 预约re

19、sponsibility 责任24.sympathy 同情reality 事实barrier 障碍function 功能attraction 吸引（力）victory胜利25.potential潜力pressure 压力impression 印象unemployment 失业retirement 退休career 职业生涯26.patience 耐心presence 出席intelligence 聪明convenience 方便justice 公平；正义violence 暴力27.shelter 避难所harmony 和谐statement 陈述sample 样品；样本misunderstan

20、ding误解；误会routine 日常工作；例行公事28.theory 理论concept 概念；观念conclusion 结论；结局preference 偏爱；喜欢reference 参考（书）access 机会29.standard标准religion 宗教candidate 候选人alcohol 酒精agent 代理人；特工academy 学院；30.victim 牺牲品；受害者device 装备；设备discrimination 歧视insurance 保险prospect 前景；前途prosperity 繁荣31.aspect 方面facility 设施；设备strategy 策略p

21、rofit 利润principle 原理；原则territory 领土32.tuition 学费evolution 进化appetite 胃口；食欲mission 使命income 收入vehicle 交通工具四.名词常见后缀集锦名词后缀意义例词-age抽象名词后缀，表示行为、状态、结果或总称useusage 用途 shortshortage 缺乏marrymarriage 婚姻 packpackage 包裹-ance，-ence抽象名词后缀，表示性质、状态、行为、过程acceptacceptance 接受 performperformance 表演existexistence 存在occur

22、occurrence 发生differdifference 不同 -ancy，-ency抽象名词后缀，表示性质和状态expectexpectancy 期待 tendtendency 趋势，趋向emergentemergency 紧急情况fluentfluency 流利；流畅-dom表示状况或状态freefreedom 自由wisewisdom 智慧-er，-or表示“人，者”receivereceiver 接受者；听筒carrycarrier 携带者 beginbeginner 初学者directdirector 主任 operateoperator 操作者-ian构成人称名词，表示“精通的人”techniquetechnician 技术员-ication由动词变化而来的抽象名词，常意为“化”classifyclassification 分类 communicatecommunication 交流-ics表示“学科”economiceconomics 经济学physicphysics 物理学-ion，-ation，-ition由动词构成的名词，表示行为的过程、结果、状况，意为“行为；状态”produceproduction 生产 solutesolution 解决方法organizeorganization