高一英语上册语法知识点小结

1、Tony寒假英语培训定语从句专讲（一）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。（二）定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词，它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词（关系代词或关系副词：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）

2、。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。（三）关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which 或whom.1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.知识重点与难点（一）当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，或是all, no, only等形式时，关系代词一般用that，而不能用which。1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been b

3、uilt at that time.2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.（三）定语从句的简化表达： 1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question that is being discussed is very important.说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非

4、谓语形式表达出来：1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question being discussed is very important.1 Friendship is needed by all, _ plays an important role in peoples lives. A. which B. that C. who D. it2 Uncle L

5、i _ I worked three years ago has retired now. A. who B. whom C. with whom D. to whom3 Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his wo A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained4 Teachers, _ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before. A

6、. who B. that C. which D. whose5 The houses _ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon. A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built6 She has three children, _ is working in Australia. A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them1. Susan is the very girl _ the good de

7、ed. A. whom I think did B. whom I think she did C. who I think did D. I think who did2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _ he could buy a train ticket. A. by which B. on which C. with which D. for which3. The book _ he devoted much time is to come out next month. A. where B. which C. to which

8、D. on which4. The day came finally _ I was given an opportunity to act in the play. A. when B. in that C. which D. in which5. 1. Dont you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importance. A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discuss6. Do you know the teacher _ under the big t

9、ree ? A. read B. reads C. reading D. being read【试题答案】1. C Susan 正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩。先行词the very girl在从句中做think的宾语，同时又是后面宾语从句did the good deed.的主语，所以关系词不能用whom2. C 定语从句_ he could buy a train ticket.修饰先行词money：用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前面需要加介词：with3. C 定语从句_ he devoted much time意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。devote.to sth.关系词前加介词

10、：to4. A 定语从句_ I was given an opportunity to act in the play修饰先行词the day ：先行词the day在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的机会。5. C 短语_ tomorrow做定语修饰the question，根据表达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。6. D 短语_ at the moment做the food的定语,表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定语表示：正在被的。7. C 现在分词短语reading under the big tree做定语修饰the teacher

11、 表示：正在大树下看书的那位老师。情态动词1. 情态动词的推测表达2. 情态动词表达虚拟语气3. 某些情态动词的特殊用法情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用：（一）用情态动词表达事实的推测。can，could，might，may，must可以用来表达对事实的推测。根据说话人对事实的把握性大小，must表示“肯定”，may / might / can / could表示“可能”， must只用于肯定句中，may / might的否定式may not / might not表示 “可能不”, 而can / could可以用于疑问句，表示“可能，可能吗?”，其否定式cant / couldnt 表示

12、“不可能”。用情态动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结构。（二）对现在的事实进行推测：主要结构：must / may / might +动词原形be+名词/形容词/介词短语 be + doing例句：1. You must be Jeanne. Im Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well. 2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.3. The teacher must be joking.4. Freda isnt in

13、class. She must be sick.5. There must be something wrong.6. She might be very clever, but she hasnt got much common sense.7. He may be arriving this evening.8. He may be traveling around the world.9. The keys cant be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.10. Can the news be true ?（三）对过

14、去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+have done / been+名词/形容词/介词短语例句：1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.2. He couldnt have seen Anna yesterday. Shes gone abroad.3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.4. He might have overslept again.5. Where can Tom have gone ?情态动词表达虚拟语气：表达“本来”，“不然

15、早就”。这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。表达了说话人的埋怨，后悔的语气。其结构是在一些情态动词后面加 have done 结构。根据要表达的意思，有如下结构：should have done / ought to have done：本应该shouldnt have done / oughtnt to have done：本不该could have done：本来可以neednt have done：本来没必要would like to have done：本来很想would rather not have done: 本来不愿意could / might

16、/ have done: 不然早就例句：1. You shouldnt have laughed at his mistakes.2. You could have told us earlier.3. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week.4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.6. They would like to ha

17、ve seen that film last film.7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.8. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time.知识难点：某些情态动词的特殊用法：need 和dare 的两种形式的用法need 和dare可以用做实义动词，后面接不定式（to do）结构，在疑问句和否定句中，加助动词do/does/did/或dont/doesnt/didnt。作为情态动词使用时，主要用于疑问句和否定句中。情态动词

18、neednt（没有必要，不必）相当于dont have to例句：1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you, you neednt.3. How dare you speak to parents like that ?注意：句型I dare say+从句。 意思是：我肯定 = Im sure或There is no doubt that+从句。例句：I dare say that my uncle will get the mon

19、ey if I die.will和would表示“意志”或“愿意”，would 则指过去愿意做例句：1. He said that he would help us.2. You may telephone if you will accept this job.would可以表达“过去习惯做”类似于“used to do”例句：1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river.表示请求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do? / Would you like to do?

20、例句：Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ?shall1. 用于第一，三人称，表示“请求”；“建议” 或“推荐”例句：1. Shall we start the meeting now?2. Shall I watch TV now ?3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?2. 用于第二人称，表示“命令，“要求”，“许诺”例句：1. You shall take whatever you like.2. You shall not go to the party with

21、me if you make so much noise again.在表示推测的否定句或疑问句中，常用can /cant /could / couldnt表示，意思是：“可能吗?”；“不可能”。而不能使用mustnt或must等词。【典型例题】1. Do you think he will do me a favor ?As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He _ be prepared to give you a hand, though.A. might B. must C. can D. should分析：本题考查情

22、态动词推测性用法。 根据he is the last one to help others.（他是最不可能帮助别人的人），既然如此，那么“帮助你”的可能性也就最小了。 答案为A2. Look, someone is coming. Guess who it _ be ?I think it _ be Tom.I dont think it _ be _ .A. can ; must ; can ; he B. may ; can ; must ; himC. must ; can ; must ; his D. might ; must ; can ; himself分析：根据备选答案。 ca

23、n表示推测时用于疑问句或否定句中。本题首句就应该是Guess who can it be? 第二句应该是I think it must be Tom.（说话人十分肯定）。第三句表达了说话人对前一个人的否定。即：I dont think it can be him/he.（不可能是他）。答案为A3. Do you know Ms. Wang likes walking after supper ?Sure. She _ around the campus now.A. must be walking B. must walkC. may walk D. may be walking分析：关键词S

24、ure告诉我们说话人的口气十分肯定。根据句子语境：她此刻肯定正在校园散步呢。must be doing表示肯定正在做。答案为A4. I stayed at a hotel in New York.Oh, did you ? You _ with Barbara.A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would say D. must have stayed分析：首句说：我在纽约住在一家宾馆里。在此a hotel是泛指。所以D选项不合题意。第二句在说：你本来可以和Barbara.住在一起的。Could have done表示：本来可以。答案为A5. Why

25、didnt you tell me there was no meeting today ? I _ all the way here through the heavy snow.A. neednt have driven B. cant have drivenC. mustnt have driven D. shouldnt have driven分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。Neednt have done表示本来没必要。答案为A6. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a

26、 word.A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have leftC. couldnt have left D. neednt leave分析：根据句意：我真的很担心你，你真不应该一句话都不说就离开家。“离开家”已经发生了。Should have done正好表达了本句的意思。答案为B7. A：Are you coming to Jeffs party ?B：Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead.A. must B. would C. should D. might分析：根据B的回答：我不一定去，我有可能去听音乐会。Might

27、表示推测：可能。答案为D8. A：I promise that she _ get a nice present on her birthday.B：Will it be a big surprise to her ?A. should B. must C. would D. shall分析：A说：“我答应她在生日聚会上她会得到一份生日礼物。shall表示许诺。答案为D【模拟试题】1. A：Is John coming by train ?B：He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car.A. must B. can C. need D.

28、may2. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up.A. should have arrived B. should arriveC. should have had arrived D. should be arriving3. Sorry, Im late. I _ have turned off the alarm and gone to sleep again.A. might B. should C. can D. will4. You _ be tiredYouve only been working fo

29、r an hour.A. must not B. wont C. cant D. may not5. I didnt go to work yesterday afternoon because my car broke down.You _ mine. I wasnt using it.A. might borrow B. could have borrowedC. can have borrowed D. ought to borrow6. A man answered the phone. I suppose it was her husband.It _ her husband. He

30、 has been dead for ages.A. mustnt be B. couldnt have beenC. may not have been D. mustnt have been 【试题答案】1. 分析：根据B的回答“他应该（坐火车来），但是也不一定，他喜欢开自己的车。本题考查了情态动词的推测用法。may表示不十分有把握的推测。答案为D2. 分析：根据句意：White先生本应该在8:30到这里出席会议的，可他（在8:30）没有到场。Should have done表示：本应该。答案为A3. 分析：本句是说话人在解释迟到的原因：我或许是关掉闹钟又睡了。might hav

31、e done 表示对过去的推测：可能已经答案为A4. 分析：根据后半句Youve only been working for an hour.（你才刚干了一个小时）说明You _ be tired（你不可能很累），cant 表示“不可能”答案为C5. 分析：听到对方说“昨天车坏了而没去上班”，第二个人说“你本来可以借我的车去上班。” 本来可以/能：could have done. 答案为B6. 分析：第二个人是说：那个人不可能是她丈夫，因为她丈夫已经去世多年了。根据对话的语境，是在谈论过去的事，表示过去不可能：could not have done 答案为：B 与it有关的主要句型

32、it强调句型（一）it用做形式主语或形式宾语：根据句子结构的需要，it用做形式主语或形式宾语，而真正的主语或宾语（to do 短语，doing短语，名词性从句）则放在句尾。：1. It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English . 2. Its usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs . 3. Its a pity that I didnt think of it earlier.4. Its no use going

33、 there so early.（二）其他句型1. It takes+时间段+sb.+ to do sth.2. 表示“据说，据报道，/人们认为/相信/建议等Its said that.Its reported that Its believed/thought/suggested that例句：1. It generally takes time to reach this point3. Its suggested that we should have a meeting to discuss the problem . 3. It was once predicted（预测）that

34、British and American English would become separate languages finally .（三）it在强调句型中：在英语中，为了突出强调句子的某一个成分（谓语除外），达到强调或使听话人特别注意这一部分的目的。便形成了一种强调句型。It is / was+被强调的部分+that / who+句子的其他部分。It is / was not until+时间+that+句子的其他部分。例句： It was John who/that I saw on my way to school this morning.It was on my way to

35、school that I saw John this morning.It was this morning that I saw John on my way to school.2. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.3. It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.：1. I dont think possible to master a foreign language without much memory. A. this B

36、. that C. its D. it2. Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but didnt help.A. he B. which C. she D. it 3. is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. There B. This C. That D. It4. It was in the small house _ was built with stones by his father _he spen

37、t his childhood.A. which ; that B. that ; where C. which ; which D. that ; which 翻译：（1）It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are.（2）Only when we cannot see perfectly do we realize how important our eyes are.3. It was in surgery that the results of that discov

38、ery were obtained, and it was there that the battle between the new idea and the old prejudices was fought out most dramatically.【模拟试题】一. 单项选择：1. Nobody thinks very polite to be always cutting in when another person is talking.A. that B. this C. it D. there2. I was disappointed with the film, I had

39、expected to be much better.A. this B. that C. one D. it3. He tore up my photo and upset me.A. this B. it C. which D. what4. It was with great courage the boy told the truth he had stolen the money.A. which ; that B. when ; what C. as ; that D. that ; that5. When I try to find that prevents so many p

40、eople from taking part in the program, it seems to me that there are two main causes.A. what it does B. what it is C. why it does D. why it is6. Nancy is expecting another baby and hopes will be a boy.A. he B. that C. it D. there二. 句型转换：将下列陈述句按划线的内容变为强调句。1. The children often help their parents do t

41、he farm work.2. In 1993, a tomato was developed that was very different from any grown before.3. The biggest problem of Chinese farmers is the shortage of arable land.4. Future agriculture should depend on high technology as well as traditional methods.三. 阅读理解：AIt is important to know another langua

42、ge and how to communicate without words when you are in another country. Before saying anything, people communicate with each other by using gestures（手势）. However, many gestures have different meanings, or no meaning at all, in different parts of the world.In the United States, nodding your head up

43、and down means “yes”, while in some pats of Greece and Turkey, it means “no”. In the southeast of Asia, it is a polite way of saying “I heard you”. Today in the USA, when someone puts his thumb up, it means “Everything is all right.” However, in Greece it is bad. Also putting your clasped（紧握的）hands

44、up above your head means “I am the winner.” It is the sign which players often make. In Russia it is the sign of friendship.In the USA, holding your hand up with the thumb and index finger（食指）, and the other three straight means “Everything is OK.” In France, it means “You are worth nothing.”It is a

45、lso important to make eye communication. If you look down when talking to an American, he or she may feel that you are shy, or you are trying to hide something.Besides these, you should also know there are some topics that can not be talked about, such as age, weight and marriage. You can talk about

46、 the weather, work, sports, food, where one lives and news of the day.1. Which of the following is true?A. People all over the world only communicate by words.B. Many gestures either have different meanings or no meanings at all.C. Gestures are the most common way to communicate.D. People can talk a

47、bout anything in another country.2. In Greece nodding your head means “_.”A. Yes. B. NoC. I heard you D. I am the winner3. Putting the thumb up should not be used in _.A. Greece B. the USA C. England D. China4. What does this sentence mean “.your action can speak louder than your words” ?A. What you

48、 do is better than what you say.B. You try your best to be polite.C. You are better understood by your gestures than through your words.D. What you say is better than what you do.5. The main idea of the passage is that when you are in another country, _.A. it is important to know the language.B .it

49、is important to know what you talk about to a foreigner.C. to know how to communicate without words is as important as to know the language.D. to communicate through gestures is more important than to know the language.B“In the old days,” as one wife said. “ The husband was the husband and the wife

50、was the wife.” In the past husbands each had their own way of going on. The wives jobs were to look after them.“The wives wouldnt stand for it nowadays. Husbands help with the children now. They stay more, as well as have more interest, at home.” We shall give some examples of what husbands do, firs

51、tly in sharing work with their wives; and secondly, in their largely independent domain（领域）of house repairs.“Some husbands, as well as doing much of the heavy work in the home, carrying the coals, and emptying the rubbish, act as assistants to their wives for at least part of the day.” Mr. Hammond w

52、ashes up the dishes every night and lays the breakfast for the morning. Mr. Clark said that on Sunday mornings he usually hovered（吸尘）around and read plays aloud for his wife while she did a bit of washing. Mr. Davis polishes the floors and helps to make the beds at weekend, and during weekdays, take

53、s the dog out for one of his twice-daily walks. So it goes on.1. The expression “act as assistants to their wives” means that _.A. husbands read plays aloud.B. husbands are paid by their wives.C. husbands help their wives.D. husbands look after their sick children.2. the meaning of the wifes words a

54、t the beginning of the passage were that _.A. in the past men stayed at home all day.B. in the past there was a clear division of role in the family.C. in the past most boys and girls were married at an early age.D. in the past wives and husbands lived separately.3. What does Mr. Davis do at weekend

55、s ?A. He cleans the floors and makes the beds.B. He reads plays aloud and does the weekly shopping.C. He cooks food for his wife.D. He takes the dog out for a walk.4. In the past, the womans main job was to _.A. take the children to school.B. take care of their husband.C. do the washing up.D. dig th

56、e garden.5. The passage is mainly about_.A. the division of husbands, wives and children.B. how to get on well between husbands and wives.C. the relationship between husband, wives and children.D. the relationship between husband and wives today.【试题答案】一. 单项选择：1. C，it在句中做形式宾语。句型为think it +形容词+to do something2. D，it在句中作为代词指代前面说的film3. B，it作为代词指代前面He tore up my photo这件事。4. D，这是一个带有同位语从句的强调句，“这个男孩怀着极大的勇气说出了他偷东西的真相。he had stolen the money.做the truth的同位语从句，用that引导。5. B，这是一个强调句