翻译策略和技巧培训教材

1、LOGO翻译策略和技巧翻译策略和技巧English to Chinese什么是翻译技巧（什么是翻译技巧（TechniquesTechniques）？）？所谓翻译技巧则指的是翻译的所谓翻译技巧则指的是翻译的具体手段具体手段，即翻译，即翻译SLSL时在某些场合需要对时在某些场合需要对TLTL做哪些相应的做哪些相应的调整和改调整和改变变。翻译技巧一般包括翻译技巧一般包括: :改变词类（改变词类（conversionconversion） 选词用字（选词用字（dictiondiction）词序调整（词序调整（inversioninversion） 省略（省略（omissionomission）增词（增

2、词（amplificationamplification） 重复（重复（repetitionrepetition）反译法（反译法（negationnegation） 分译法（分译法（divisiondivision）等）等LOGO具体应用举例具体应用举例词的翻译：从泛指到具体词的翻译：从泛指到具体英语里有些词，如英语里有些词，如one, person, one, person, people,thingpeople,thing等，其涵义广泛，这样等，其涵义广泛，这样的词可以称为的词可以称为“泛指词泛指词”。然而在具。然而在具体上下文中，一个泛指词只有特定的体上下文中，一个泛指词只有特定的意义，

3、当译成汉语时，需要根据其在意义，当译成汉语时，需要根据其在英文语境中的含义，使用有特定意义英文语境中的含义，使用有特定意义的词来翻译。的词来翻译。 After high school a person may prepare for a particular vocation or occupation by attending vocational courses either in a junior college or in a privately suppourted training school . Or a person may attend a college or unive

4、rsity.高中毕业后，高中毕业后，毕业生毕业生可以进入大专或者私人自主的培训学校读职业课程，为从事可以进入大专或者私人自主的培训学校读职业课程，为从事某项专业或者职业做准备。某项专业或者职业做准备。高中毕业生高中毕业生也可以进学院或者进大学。也可以进学院或者进大学。词的翻译：从泛指到具体词的翻译：从泛指到具体 Thus the people of the entire community, not just the parents of the children who attend, pay for public schools, which are free and open to ev

5、eryone.因此，整个社区的因此，整个社区的居民居民，而不仅仅是入学儿童的家长，都得为公立学校出资，而，而不仅仅是入学儿童的家长，都得为公立学校出资，而公立学校是免费的，每个人都可以上学。公立学校是免费的，每个人都可以上学。词的翻译：从泛指到具体词的翻译：从泛指到具体Practice:1. My cheap camera takes better pictures than his expensive one.2. Students who do well in examinations are the ones who ask questions in class.3. One never

6、 knows what may happen.词的翻译：从泛指到具体词的翻译：从泛指到具体词类转换法词类转换法 英译汉时词类转换的核心是根据英译汉时词类转换的核心是根据需要将具有动作性的名词转换为需要将具有动作性的名词转换为汉语的动词，或者将可表示概念汉语的动词，或者将可表示概念的动词转换为汉语名词。的动词转换为汉语名词。 For students of composition, an For students of composition, an awarenessawareness that rhetorical patterns that rhetorical patterns diff

7、er from one culture to another differ from one culture to another can can helphelp them become more quickly them become more quickly proficient proficient in a writing pattern that is in a writing pattern that is not native to them. not native to them. 学习写作的人若能学习写作的人若能意识意识到各种文化在修辞模到各种文化在修辞模式上的差别，则式上

8、的差别，则有助于有助于他们迅速他们迅速掌握掌握对他们对他们来说是外在的写作模式。来说是外在的写作模式。 词类转换法词类转换法 In those years the Republicans In those years the Republicans were inwere in. . 那些年是共和党那些年是共和党执政执政。 The music is aThe music is a gas gas. . 这音乐这音乐妙极了妙极了。 Saud was aSaud was a frustrated frustrated man at that time. man at that time. 沙特那时

9、已沙特那时已受挫折受挫折。 TraditionallyTraditionally, there had always been good , there had always been good relations between them. relations between them. 他们之间一直有着他们之间一直有着传统的传统的友好关系。友好关系。 This experiment is a great This experiment is a great successsuccess. . 这次实验是极为这次实验是极为成功的成功的。词类转换法词类转换法practice1. Every B

10、ritish citizen who is employed or self-employed is obliged to pay a weekly contribution to the national insurance and health schemes.2. A miser is characterized by greed.3. Every Englishman has some knowledges, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer.4. The two partners think differently.

11、词类转换法词类转换法 We have to analyze and solve We have to analyze and solve problemsproblems. . 我们要分析我们要分析问题问题，解决，解决问题问题。 LetLets revise our safety and sanitary s revise our safety and sanitary regulationsregulations. . 我们来修改安全我们来修改安全规则规则和卫生和卫生规则规则吧。吧。 Gentlemen may cry, Gentlemen may cry, peace, peacepeac

12、e, peace - but - but there is no there is no peacepeace. . 先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。平。 Nels had it all written out Nels had it all written out neatly.neatly. 纳尔斯把它写得纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚清清楚楚。 词类转换法词类转换法表达意义的变通 英语里有不少词和短语在汉语里找不到形式上对等的表达方式。翻译时需要根据其意义，按照汉语惯用的方式在表达意义上进行变通，形成顺畅的译文表达意义的变通 英语里有不

13、少词和短语在汉语里找不到形式上对等的表达方式。翻译时需要根据意义，按照汉语的方式在表达意义上进行变通，形成顺畅的译文。以suggest为例： Remnants of broken walls are enough to suggest the splendor of the ancient buildings.残垣断壁足以使人们想象到这幢古建筑往昔的壮观。 The sight of the birds suggested a new idea for flying machines. 人们看到鸟，便有了飞行器的新设想。 I tried to think what could have happ

14、ened, but nothing suggested itself. 我尽力回想发生了什么事，但就是什么也想不起来。表达意义的变通practice: 1. Only one name can possibly suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare.2. Those who wish may become private patients, paying for their treatment, but they still pay their contributions to the national insurance and

15、 health schemes.重视词的搭配 英语词义的理解和翻译，还要考虑词和词的搭配，这是因为英汉两种语言中词的搭配不尽相同，有时候要用多个意义相近的词来译同一个英语词语。重视词的搭配 This can mean that each generation hopes for better jobs, or more financhial security, or ownership of land or a home. 这就意味着每一代人都希望得到更好的工作、在经济上更有安全感、亦或者拥有土地或住房。重视词的搭配 英语词义的理解和翻译，还要考虑词和词的搭配，这是因为英汉两种语言中词的搭配不

16、尽相同，有时候要用多个意义相近的词来译同一个英语词语。重视词的搭配practice:None of the parties shall be entitled to make any press release or other public statement or disclosure concerning this agreement without the prior written consent of the other parties.未经其他各方事先书面同意，任何一方均无权就本协议举行新闻发布会、发表公开声明或进行披露。分辨词义的褒贬 英语和汉语里都有词义褒贬分明的词语。但是有

17、不少英语词语，其或褒或贬体现在具体语境中，翻译是需要根据上下文选择褒义词或者贬义词。分辨词义的褒贬 Some Americans have the feeling that idealism has gone out of politics and that personal ambition and money have taken place. 有些美国人觉得理想主义已经从政治中消失，取而代之的是个人野心和金钱 分辨词义的褒贬practice1. His recent discoveries have greatly added to his reputation.2. During th

18、e Second World War the aggressive Japanese soldiers won themselves a savage reputation.3. A successful businessman has to be aggressive.增词在同一个英语句子里，如果谓语动词有一个以上的宾语，一个这个动词只出现一次，但翻译时，应视需要在中文中增补。增词1. Detroit has some of the most beautiful residential neighborhoods in the USA and at the same time the mos

19、t shocking slums. 底特律有一些美国最漂亮的住宅区，而同时也有一些最令人震惊的贫民窟。2. Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-time properity to the automobile, and above all to Henry Ford. 底特律的迅速发展及其一度繁荣归功于汽车业，尤其归功于亨利福特。增词practice1. Schooling is compulsory in most states to the age of 16.2. The American people are always on the move

20、 - from one part of the country to another, from one city to another, from farm to city, from the city to the suburbs.增译法增译法 为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯格并使译文合乎表达习惯, ,必须增加一必须增加一些词语些词语, ,这就叫增译法这就叫增译法. . 增词义增加虚词为多，也可酌量增加实增词义增加虚词为多，也可酌量增加实词。词。 英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、语气

21、词等。词、概念词、语气词等。 从增补的功能来看，可以分为从增补的功能来看，可以分为结构增补结构增补、意义增补意义增补和和修辞增补修辞增补。 I am looking forward to the holidays. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我等待假日我等待假日的到来的到来。 Much of our morality is customary. Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德我们大部分的道德观念观念都有习惯性。都有习惯性。 Reading Reading makesmakes a full

22、 man; conference a ready a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. man; and writing an exact man. 读书读书使人使人充实，讨论充实，讨论使人使人机智，笔记机智，笔记使人使人精确。精确。 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; mathematic

23、s subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. contend. 读史读史使人使人明智，读诗明智，读诗使人使人灵秀，数学灵秀，数学使人使人周密，科周密，科学学使人使人深刻，伦理深刻，伦理使人使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人使人善善辩。辩。减译法减译法 增译法的反面增译法的反面 减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来, ,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意

24、因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意, ,或者在译或者在译文中是不言而喻的文中是不言而喻的; ; 减译法是删去一些可有可无的减译法是删去一些可有可无的, , 或者有了反或者有了反而累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词而累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词, , 并不是并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。把原文的某些思想内容删去。 省译和增补是相辅相成的两种翻译技巧。省省译和增补是相辅相成的两种翻译技巧。省译分为译分为结构省译结构省译和和精炼压缩精炼压缩。 所谓结构省译是由于英汉两种语言在句子结所谓结构省译是由于英汉两种语言在句子结构上的差异造成的。在英译汉时经常省略的构上的差异造成的。在英译汉时经常省略的词有词有代词、系

25、词、介词、连词、冠词、先行代词、系词、介词、连词、冠词、先行词词等。等。 作主语和定语的人称代词以及做定语作主语和定语的人称代词以及做定语的物主代词均可省译。的物主代词均可省译。 如果把结构省译看作是消极的省译手段，那如果把结构省译看作是消极的省译手段，那么精炼压缩则是积极的省译手段，前者明显，么精炼压缩则是积极的省译手段，前者明显，后者隐晦。后者隐晦。 A book is useful. A book is useful. 书（是）有用（的）。书（是）有用（的）。 TheThe earth goes around earth goes around thethe sun. sun. 地球绕太

26、阳转。地球绕太阳转。 OnOn Sundays we have no school. Sundays we have no school. 礼拜天我们不上学。礼拜天我们不上学。 IfIf you write him, the response would be you write him, the response would be absolute silence and void. absolute silence and void. 你写信给他，总是石沉大海。你写信给他，总是石沉大海。 A wise man will not marry a woman A wise man will n

27、ot marry a woman whowho has has attainments but no virtue. attainments but no virtue. 聪明人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。聪明人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。 It isnIt isnt rumt rum（oddodd） for a woman to for a woman to want her old husband back, for want her old husband back, for respectability, though for a man respectability, thoug

28、h for a man to want his old wife back to want his old wife back well, well, perhaps it is funny, rather! perhaps it is funny, rather! （一个）女人为了体面（的关系）而要（一个）女人为了体面（的关系）而要（她的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这（她的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这并不（是）奇怪（的事），虽然（一个）并不（是）奇怪（的事），虽然（一个）男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻（子）男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻（子）回来，也许是很有趣的事。回来，也许是很有趣的事。正说反译

29、、反说正译法正说反译、反说正译法反说反说 英语词句中含有英语词句中含有 “nevernever”, , “nono”, , “non-non-”, , “un-un-”, , “im-im-”, , “ir-ir-”, , “-less-less” 等成分；等成分； 汉语词句中含汉语词句中含有有 “不，没，无，未，甭，别，不，没，无，未，甭，别，休，莫，非，勿，毋休，莫，非，勿，毋” 等。等。 She She refrained refrained from laughing. from laughing. 她忍住了，她忍住了，没有发笑没有发笑。 She She was refused was

30、 refused admittance by them. admittance by them. 他们他们不许她不许她进去。进去。 An opportunity is An opportunity is not likely to repeat not likely to repeat itself. itself. 良机良机难再难再。 All is All is notnot lost. lost. 并非全失。并非全失。 But But all men are all men are notnot born to reign. born to reign. 并并非人人生来就都是作帝王的。非人

31、人生来就都是作帝王的。 All that flatter you All that flatter you too muchtoo much are not are not faithful friends. faithful friends. 吹捧你的人并非都是你的忠实朋友。吹捧你的人并非都是你的忠实朋友。 Private. Private. 闲人莫入。闲人莫入。 Keep upright. Keep upright. 切勿倒置。切勿倒置。 Wet paint. Wet paint. 油漆未干。油漆未干。 Urban clearway. Urban clearway. 市区通道，不准停车。市

32、区通道，不准停车。 Inflammables - keep away from fire. Inflammables - keep away from fire. 易燃物品，请勿近火。易燃物品，请勿近火。 No deposit will be refunded unless No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced. ticket produced. 凭票退还押金。凭票退还押金。 These visits will operate only if These visits will operate only if weather pe

33、rmits. weather permits. 以上参观项目遇雨停止或以上参观项目遇雨停止或改期。改期。 If you forward the transcripts yourself, If you forward the transcripts yourself, they can be considered official only if they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed. the school envelope has remained sealed. 如果你

34、本人递交证件，只有校方信封保持密如果你本人递交证件，只有校方信封保持密封才可以被认为是正式的。封才可以被认为是正式的。（误）（误） 如果证件由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅如果证件由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅自启封，否则证件将视为无效。（正）自启封，否则证件将视为无效。（正）语态变换法语态变换法 被动变主动主动变被动被动变主动主动变被动 英语比汉语用更多的被动语态；英语比汉语用更多的被动语态； 英语中用被动语态的句子翻译成汉语时，我英语中用被动语态的句子翻译成汉语时，我们可根据汉语的语言习惯把被动语态转换成们可根据汉语的语言习惯把被动语态转换成主动语态；主动语态； 汉语中用主动语态的句子也可根

35、据具体情况汉语中用主动语态的句子也可根据具体情况转换成被动语态。转换成被动语态。语态变换法语态变换法 1.1.英语被动句译成汉语汉语被动句英语被动句译成汉语汉语被动句一般说来，凡是以一般说来，凡是以by somebodyby somebody表表明动作执行者的被动句，可借助汉语里表示明动作执行者的被动句，可借助汉语里表示被动意义的词如被动意义的词如“被被”“”“由由”“”“受受”“”“给给”等译成被动句。等译成被动句。语态变换法语态变换法1. The public shcools 1. The public shcools are administered are administered b

36、y local school boards - a group of by local school boards - a group of people elected by the voters. people elected by the voters. 公立学校公立学校由选民选出的地方学校管理委员会管理。由选民选出的地方学校管理委员会管理。2. Actually, a great deal of the 2. Actually, a great deal of the Presidents power is Presidents power is controlled by contr

37、olled by CongressCongress. . 实际上，美国总统的很多权力实际上，美国总统的很多权力受受国会控制。国会控制。语态变换法语态变换法practicepractice1. The killer was arrested 1. The killer was arrested by the local by the local police.police.2. Black people 2. Black people were first brought towere first brought to America from Africa as slaves.America

38、from Africa as slaves.3. Many colleges and universities 3. Many colleges and universities are are privately supported.privately supported.语态变换法语态变换法2. 2. 英语被动句译成汉语主动句英语被动句译成汉语主动句由于汉语较少使用被动句形式，因此在很多由于汉语较少使用被动句形式，因此在很多时候，按照汉语表达习惯，英语被动句往往时候，按照汉语表达习惯，英语被动句往往译成隐含译成隐含“被动被动”意义的主动句形式，即不意义的主动句形式，即不使用表示被动意义的词

39、和结构使用表示被动意义的词和结构语态变换法语态变换法1. Almost every kind of climate 1. Almost every kind of climate may be may be foundfound, but the country lies mostly in , but the country lies mostly in the temporate zone. the temporate zone. 境内有各种气候境内有各种气候，但，但美国的大部分处在温带。美国的大部分处在温带。2. . although grades 7 and 8, or 7, 8 2.

40、 . although grades 7 and 8, or 7, 8 and 9 may be housed together in a and 9 may be housed together in a middle school or junior high school.middle school or junior high school.虽虽然然7 7、8 8两个年级或者两个年级或者7 7、8 8、9 9三个年级三个年级可能设可能设在在初中中学里。初中中学里。语态变换法语态变换法practicepractice1.The board . decides how school 1.T

41、he board . decides how school funds funds are allocated, are allocated, and has some voice and has some voice in establishing the curriculum.in establishing the curriculum.2. While some subjects 2. While some subjects are required of are required of everyone, some high school students, in everyone,

42、some high school students, in addition, take vocational classes .addition, take vocational classes .注意英语常用被动句型的汉语习惯译法注意英语常用被动句型的汉语习惯译法 It is hoped thatIt is hoped that 希望希望 It is reported thatIt is reported that据报道据报道 It is said thatIt is said that 据说据说 It is supposed thatIt is supposed that据推测据推测 I

43、t must be admitted thatIt must be admitted that必须承认必须承认 It must be pointed out thatIt must be pointed out that必须指必须指出出 It is asserted thatIt is asserted that有人主张有人主张 It is believed thatIt is believed that有人相信有人相信 It is well known thatIt is well known that 众所周知众所周知 It will be said thatIt will be said

44、 that 人们会说人们会说 It was told thatIt was told that人们曾说人们曾说 I was told thatI was told that 我听说我听说定语从句的翻译 限制性定语从句的翻译 非限制性定语从句的翻译 灵活处理方式限制性定语从句的翻译1. Would you please take away the magazine which is lying on my desk?2. I still remember those happy days when we were at college.非限制性定语从句的翻译1. This system, oft

45、en referred to as a free enterprise system, can be contrasted with a socialist economic system, which depends heavily on government planning and public ownership of the means of production. 这个经济制度常常被称为自由企业制度，与社会主义经济制度形成对照，社会主义经济制度在很大程度上依赖于政府计划和生产资料公有制。2. A classical example of this type of American

46、dreamer would be former president Abraham Lincoln, who was born in a log cabin, was largely self-educated, and yet worked his way up in the world to eventually become a U.S. president. 这类踹有美国梦的经典例子要数美国前总统亚伯拉罕林肯， 他在小木屋出生，在很大程度自学成才，却能一步一步奋力向上，最终成为美国总统。非限制性定语从句的翻译exercise1. The Prime Minister will visit the town in June, when he will open the new hospital.2. They drove to the railway station, where they departed.灵活处理定语从句的翻译 有时候出于汉语行文的考虑，为避免修饰语过于冗长，宜将