北美自由贸易协定的缺点

1、北美自由贸易协定的缺点：北美自由贸易区有很多缺点。首先和最重要的是，是，北美自由贸易协定使它可能为许多美国厂家将作业移到成本较低的墨西哥。保持工资下降，在这些行业中竞争的制造商。第二个缺点是很多墨西哥的农民提出了业务美国补贴农产品。北美自由贸易协定墨西哥劳动和环境保护的规定没有强大到足以阻止那些工人被剥削。美国的就业机会被丢失：在墨西哥,劳动是便宜的因为许多制造业从高成本的美国各州搬他们生产的一部分。1994年至2010年，墨西哥与美国的贸易赤字总额美元972亿，取代682,900美国的就业机会。（然而，116,4002007年以后，发生的可能是金融危机的结果）近80%的损失属于制造业。加州，

2、纽约，密歇根州和德克萨斯州受灾因为他们有高浓度的植物搬到墨西哥的产业。这些行业包括汽车、纺织品、计算机和电器。（来源：经济政策研究所，"自由贸易的高成本，"2011年5月3日）美国工资被镇压：在这些行业中的并不是所有公司都搬到墨西哥。那些使用移动期间联盟组织驱动器的威胁。当它成为了选择之间加入联盟或失去工厂时，工人选择工厂。工人没有工会的支持，小小的议价能力。这压抑工资增长。1993年至1995年，搬到墨西哥的行业的所有公司的50%用于关闭工厂的威胁。到1999年，那率已经上升到65%。墨西哥的农民被关：由于北美自由贸易协定，墨西哥失去了130万的农场工作。2002年农业法

3、案资助美国农业的净农业收入的40%。当北美自由贸易协定取消了关税时，玉米和其它谷物出口到墨西哥低于成本的价格。墨西哥农民无法竞争。同时，墨西哥减少其补贴到农民从农业收入总额的33.2%在1990年至13.2%2001年。大多数的这些补贴无论如何去墨西哥的大农场。（来源：全球化，暴露的自由贸易，2003年2月25日；神话国际论坛经济学人过关税和玉米饼，2008年1月24日）女工被剥削：北美自由贸易协定扩大边境加工程序，美国拥有的公司从事边境附近要便宜装配产品出口到美国的墨西哥工人这增长到30%的墨西哥的劳动力。这些工人有"没有劳动权利或健康保护，工作日伸出12小时或更多，如果你是一个女

4、人，你可能被迫采取验孕测试时申请一份工作，"根据大陆社会联盟。（来源：W北美自由贸易协定的经验教训，2001年4月20日）墨西哥的环境恶化：针对北美自由贸易区的竞争压力，墨西哥农业综合企业使用更多的化肥和其他化学品，成本$360亿每年在污染。农村农民扩大到更加贫瘠的士地，导致森林砍伐速度每630,000年公顷。（来源:卡内基，北美自由贸易协定的承诺和现实，2004年）北美自由贸易协定，墨西哥卡车呼吁免费访问：未在北美自由贸易协定内的另一项协议。北美自由贸易协定将允许卡车从墨西哥旅行在美国超出当前20英里商业地带限制内。成立了由运输部（DoT）的示范项目审查这

5、的实用性。在2008年，众议院终止这一项目，并禁止点允许的北美自由贸易协定过未经国会批准执行这一规定。美国国会担心墨西哥卡车将提出道路危险。他们都不受相同的安全标准作为美国卡车。止匕外，北美自由贸易协定的这一部分被反对美国卡车司机的组织和公司，他可能已失去业务。目前，墨西哥卡车必须停止在20英里极限，有他们的货物转移到美国卡车。也是一个互惠的问题。北美自由贸易协定，也就可以无限次的访问整个墨西哥美国卡车。一项类似协定工作井之间的其他北美自由贸易协定伙伴，加拿大。然而，美文章更新国卡车更大，携带更重的负荷。这违反了墨西哥政府的尺寸和重M限制。年月曰2014419NAFTAhasmanydisad

6、vantages.Firstandforemost,isthatNAFTAmadeitpossibleformanyU.S.manufacturerstomovejobstolower-costMexico.Themanufacturersthatremainedloweredwagestocompeteinthoseindustries.TheseconddisadvantagewasthatmanyofMexico'sfarmerswereputoutofbusinessbyU.S.-subsidizedfarmproducts.NAFTAprovisionsforMexicanl

7、aborandenvironmentalprotectionwerenotstrongenoughtopreventthoseworkersfrombeingexploited.U.S.JobsWereLost:SincelaborischeaperinMexico,manymanufacturingindustriesmovedpartoftheirproductionfromhigh-costU.S.states.Between1994and2010,theU.S.tradedeficitswithMexicototaled$97.2billion,displacing682,900U.S

8、.jobs.(However,116,400occurredafter2007,andcouldhavebeenaresultofthefinancialcrisis.)Nearly80%ofthelosseswereinmanufacturing.California,NewYork,MichiganandTexaswerehitthehardestbecausetheyhadhighconcentrationsoftheindustriesthatmovedplantstoMexico.Theseindustriesincludedmotorvehicles,textiles,comput

9、ers,andelectricalappliances.(Source:EconomicPolicyInstitute,"TheHighCostofFreeTrade,May3,2011)U.S.WagesWereSuppressed:NotallcompaniesintheseindustriesmovedtoMexico.Theonesthatusedthethreatofmovingduringunionorganizingdrives.Whenitbecameachoicebetweenjoiningtheunionorlosingthefactory,workerschos

10、ethefactory.Withoutunionsupport,theworkershadlittlebargainingpower.Mexico'sFarmersWerePutOutofBusiness:ThankstoNAFTA,Mexicolost1.3millionfarmjobs.The2002FarmBillsubsidizedU.S.agribusinessbyasmuchas40%ofnetfarmincome.WhenNAFTAremovedtariffs,cornandothergrainswereexportedtoMexicobelowcost.RuralMex

11、icanfarmerscouldnotcompete.Atthesametime,Mexicoreduceditssubsidiestofarmersfrom33.2%oftotalfarmincomein1990to13.2%in2001.MostofthosesubsidieswenttoMexico'slargefarms,anyway.(Source:InternationalForumonGlobalization,ExposingtheMythofFreeTrade,February25,2003;TheEconomist,TariffsandTortillas,Janua

12、ry24,2008)MaquiladoraWorkersWereExploited:NAFTAexpandedthemaquiladoraprogram,inwhichU.S.-ownedcompaniesemployedMexicanworkersnearthebordertocheaplyassembleproductsforexporttotheU.S.Thisgrewto30%ofMexico'slaborforce.Theseworkershave"nolaborrightsorhealthprotections,workdaysstretchout12hourso

13、rmore,andifyouareawoman,youcouldbeforcedtotakeapregnancytestwhenapplyingforajob,"accordingtoContinentalSocialAlliance.(Source:W,LessonsofNAFTA,April20,2001)Mexico'sEnvironmentDeteriorated:InresponsetoNAFTAcompetitivepressure,Mexicoagribusinessusedmorefertilizersandotherchemical

14、s,costing$36billionperyearinpollution.Ruralfarmersexpandedintomoremarginalland,resultingindeforestationatarateof630,000hectaresperyear.(Source:CarnegieEndowment,NAFTA'sPromiseandReality,2004)NAFTACalledforFreeAccessforMexicanTrucks:AnotheragreementwithinNAFTAhasnotbeenimplemented.NAFTAwouldhavea

15、llowedtrucksfromMexicototravelwithintheUnitedStatesbeyondthecurrent20-milecommercialzonelimit.AdemonstrationprojectbytheDepartmentofTransportation(DoT)wassetuptoreviewthepracticalityofthis.In2008,theHouseofRepresentativesterminatedthisproject,andprohibitedtheDoTfromallowingthisprovisionofNAFTAtoever

16、beimplementedwithoutCongressionalapproval.CongresswasconcernedthatMexicantruckswouldhavepresentedaroadhazard.TheyarenotsubjecttothesamesafetystandardsasU.S.trucks.Inaddition,thisportionofNAFTAwasopposedbytheU.S.truckers'organizationsandcompanies,whowouldhavelostbusiness.Currently,Mexicantrucksmu

17、ststopatthe20-milelimitandhavetheirgoodstransferredtoU.S.trucks.Therewasalsoaquestionofreciprocity.TheNAFTAagreementwouldalsohaveallowedunlimitedaccessforU.S.trucksthroughoutMexico.AsimilaragreementworkswellbetweentheotherNAFTApartner,Canada.However,U.S.trucksarelargerandcarryheavierloads.Thisviolat

18、essizeandweightrestrictionsimposedbytheMexicangovernment.ArticleupdatedApril19,2014NAFTAishighlycontroversial.DotheprosofNAFTAoutweighthecons?ProsNAFTA,ortheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,istheworld'slargestfreetradearea.TheagreementbetweenCanada,theU.S.andMexicolinks450millionpeopleandthe$19.2

19、4trillioningoodsandservicesproducedbythethreecountries.Tradehasincreasedfrom$297billionin1993,theyearbeforeNAFTAwasenacted,to$1.2trillionin2012(mostrecentestimates).NAFTAUSFreeTradeAgreementsInvestmentAgreementGlobalWorldTradeAgreementEstimatesarethatNAFTAincreaseseconomicoutputintheU.S.byasmuchas.5

20、%ayear.Someserviceindustries,suchashealthcareandfinancialservices,seeanincreaseinexports.FarmproductsalsoreapthebenefitsofNAFTA'slowertariffs.U.S.consumersalsobenefitfromNAFTA.Mexicanoilcanbeimportedforless,loweringthecostofgasintheU.S.anddecreasingrelianceonoilfromtheMiddleEast.Lowergaspricesme

21、ansfoodcanbetransportedmorecheaply,aswell.Formore,seeNAFTAAdvantages.ConsNAFTAledtothelossof500,000-750,000jobsintheU.S.,thankstocompaniesmovingacrossthebordertoMexico.Asaresult,workersinthoseindustriesaffectedbyNAFTAcouldnotbargainforhigherwages.NAFTAcreatednegativeconsequencesforMexico,too.NAFTAal

22、lowedgovernment-subsidizedU.S.farmproductsintoMexico,wherelocalfarmerscouldnotcompetewiththeartificiallylowprices.AsMexicanslosttheirfarms,theywenttoworkinsubstandardconditionsinthemaquiladoraprogram.DoesNAFTA'sProsOutweighItsCons?NAFTA'sdisadvantagesaresignificant.Cananythingreallyjustifyth

23、elossofentireindustriesinNewYorkorMichigan,workermistreatmentforremainingworkersintheU.S.,orinthemaquiladoraprogram,andenvironmentaldamagealongtheborder?However,fromaneconomicperspective,NAFTAisasuccess.Withoutit,theU.S.couldnotcompeteaseffectivelyagainsttheEuropeanUnion(nowtheworld'slargestecon

24、omy)orChinaanditstradeagreements.That$1.2trillioninincreasedtradeisreallyneededafterthe2008financialcrisis.Evenmorepeoplewouldbeunemployedwithoutit.PerhapsNAFTAshouldhavebeendesignedwithbetterprotections.Atthesametime,freetradeagreementsareanecessityfortheU.S.whencompetinginanevermore-globalizedworl

25、d.ArticleupdatedAugust23,2014北美自由贸易协定是高度争议。北美自由贸易协定的优点大于缺点吗？优点北美自由贸易协定，或北美自由贸易协定，是世界上最大的自由贸易区。之间的协议，加拿大，美国和墨西哥链接4.5亿人和19.24万亿美元的商品和服务产生的三个国家。贸易增加了从2970亿年的1993美元，去年颁布了北美自由贸易协定，到1.2万亿年的2012美元（最近的估计）。据估计，北美自由贸易协定在美国经济产出增加了。每年5%。一些服务行业，如医疗保健和金融服务，看到出口的增加。农产品也获得北美自由贸易协定的好处的低关税。美国消费者也受益于北美自由贸易协定。墨西哥石油可以进口

26、少，降低天然气的成本在美国和减少依赖石油来自中东。更低的油价意味着可以运送食品更便宜，。，北美自由贸易协定的优势。缺点北美自由贸易协定导致的损失500000-750000年在美国工作，由于公司搬到墨西哥边境。因此，这些行业的工人受到北美自由贸易协定为更高的工资不能讨价还价。北美自由贸易协定为墨西哥创造了负面影响。北美自由贸易协定允许政府补贴的美国农产品到墨西哥,当地农民无法与人为的低价格竞争。墨西哥人失去了他们的农场，他们去上班在劣质边境加工程序的条件。美国公司也退化墨西哥环境来保持低成本。，北美自由贸易协定的缺点。北美自由贸易协定的它的优点多于缺点吗？北美自由贸易协定的缺点明显。什么真的能证

27、明整个行业的损失在纽约或密歇根州，剩下的工人在美国工人虐待吗、或在边境加工程序和环境破坏边境吗？然而，从经济的角度来看，北美自由贸易协定是一个成功。没有它，美国无法有效竞争与欧盟（现在是世界上最大的经济体）或中国及其贸易协定。1.2万亿美元的增加贸易2008年金融危机后真正需要的。更多的人将失业。也许北美自由贸易协定应该设计有更好的保护。与此同时，自由贸易协定是一个美国的必要性时参加一个ever-more-globalized世界。文章更新的2014年8月23日ImpactObama,Pe?aNietoandHarperattheIXNorthAmericanLeaders'Summi

28、t(informallyknownastheThreeAmigosSummit)inToluca.NAFTA'seffects,bothpositiveandnegative,havebeenquantifiedbyseveraleconomists,whosefindingshavebeenreportedinpublicationssuchastheWorldBank'sLessons16fromNAFTAforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,NAFTA'sImpactonNorth17i8America,andNAFTARevisitedb

29、ytheInstituteforInternationalEconomics.CanadaLikeMexicoandtheU.S.,CanadareceivedamodestpositiveeconomicbenefitasmeasuredbyGDP.Manyfeareddeclinesfailedtomaterialize,andsomeindustries,likethefurnitureindustry,wereexpectedtosufferbutgrewinstead.Canadianmanufacturingemploymentheldsteadydespiteaninternat

30、ionaldownwardtrendindevelopedcountries.OneofNAFTA'sbiggesteconomiceffectsonU.S.-Canadatradehasbeentoboost19bilateralagriculturalflows.Intheyear2008alone,CanadaexportstotheUnitedStates20andMexicowereat$381.3billion,andimportsfromNAFTAwereat$245.1billion.AbookwrittenbyMelHurtigpublishedin2002calle

31、dTheVanishingCountrychargedthatsinceNAFTA'sratificationmorethan10,000Canadiancompanieshadbeentakenoverbyforeigners,andthat98%ofallforeigndirectinvestmentsinCanadawereforforeign21takeovers.MexicoMaquiladoras(Mexicanfactoriesthattakeinimportedrawmaterialsandproducegoodsforexport)havebecomethelandm

32、arkoftradeinMexico.TheseareplantsthatmovedtothisregionfromtheUnitedStates,hencethedebateoverthelossofAmericanjobs.Hufbauer's(2005)bookshowsthatincomeinthemaquiladorasectorhasincreased15.5%sincetheimplementationofNAFTAin1994.Othersectorsnowbenefitfromthefreetradeagreement,andtheshareofexportsfrom

33、non-borderstateshasincreasedinthelastfiveyearswhiletheshareofexportsfrommaquiladora-borderstateshasdecreased.Thishasallowedfortherapidgrowthofnon-bordermetropolitanareas,suchasToluca,LeonandPuebla;allthreelargerinpopulationthanTijuana,CiudadJua,reandReynosaTheoveralleffectoftheMexico-U.S.agricultura

34、lagreementisamatterofdispute.Mexicodidnotinvestintheinfrastructurenecessaryforcompetition,suchasefficientrailroadsandhighways,whichresultedinmoredifficultlivingconditionsforthecountry'spoor.Mexico'sagriculturalexportsincreased9.4percentannuallybetween1994and2001,22whileimportsincreasedbyonly

35、6.9percentayearduringthesameperiod.Oneofthemostaffectedagriculturalsectorsisthemeatindustry.Mexicohasgonefromasmallplayerinthepre-1994U.S.exportmarkettothe2ndlargestimporterofU.S.agriculturalproductsin2004,andNAFTAmaybecreditedasamajorcatalystforthischange.Theallowanceoffreetraderemovedthehurdlestha

36、timpededbusinessbetweenthetwocountries.Asaresult,MexicohasprovidedagrowingmarketformeatfortheU.S.,leadingtoanincreaseinsalesandprofitsfortheU.S.meatindustry.ThiscoincideswithanoticeableincreaseinMexicanpercapitaGDPthathascreatedlargechangesinmeatconsumptionpatterns,implyingthatMexicanscannowaffordto

37、buymoremeatandthus23percapitameatconsumptionhasgrown.ProductionofcorninMexicohasincreasedsinceNAFTA'simplementation.However,internalcorndemandhasincreasedbeyondMexico'ssufficiency,andimportshave24becomenecessary,farbeyondthequotasMexicohadoriginallynegotiated.Zahniser&Coylehavealsopointe

38、doutthatcornpricesinMexico,adjustedforinternationalprices,havedrasticallydecreased,yetthroughaprogramofsubsidiesexpandedbyformer25presidentVicenteFox,productionhasremainedstablesince2000.UnitedStatesTheU.S.ChamberofCommercecreditsNAFTAwithincreasingUStradeingoodsandserviceswithCanadaandMexicofrom$33

39、7billionin1993to$1.2trillionin2011,whiletheAFL-CIOblamestheagreementforsending700,000Americanmanufacturingjobsto26Mexicooverthattime.TradebalancesTheUSgoodstradedeficitwithNAFTAwas$94.6billionin2010,a36.4%increase($253billion)over2009.TheUSgoodstradedeficitwithNAFTAaccountedfor26.8%ofthecoverallU.S.

40、goodstradedeficitin2010.TheUShadaservicestradesurplusof$28.33billionwithNAFTAcountriesin2009(thelatestdataavailable).InastudypublishedintheAugust2008issueoftheAmericanJournalofAgriculturalEconomicsNAFTAhasincreasedU.S.agriculturalexportstoMexicoandCanadaeventhoughmostofthisincreaseoccurredadecadeaft

41、eritsratification.Thestudyfocusedontheeffectsthatgradual"phase-in"periodsinregionaltradeagreements,includingNAFTA,haveontradeflows.Mostoftheincreaseinmembers'agriculturetrade,whichwasonlyrecentlybroughtunderthepurviewoftheWorldTradeOrganization,wasduetoveryhigh27tradebarriersbeforeNAFT

42、Aorotherregionaltradeagreements.InvestmentTheUSforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)inNAFTAcountries(stock)was$327.5billionin网2009(latestdataavailable),up8.8%from2008.TheUSdirectinvestmentinNAFTAcountriesisinnonbankholdingcompanies,andinthemanufacturing,finance/insurance,3andminingsectors.Theforeigndirectinv

43、estmentofCanadaandMexicointheUnitedStates(stock)was$237.2billionin2009(thelatestdataavailable),up16.5%from网2008.1JobsManyAmericansmallbusinessesdependonexportingtheirproductstoCanadaorMexicounderNAFTA.AccordingtotheUSTradeRepresentative,thistradesupportsover140,000smallandmedium-sizedbusinessesinthe

44、US.2AccordingtotheEconomicPolicyInstitute,California,Texas,Michiganandotherstateswithhighconcentrationsofmanufacturingjobsweremostaffectedbyjoblossdueto28nafta.EnvironmentFormoredetailsonthistopic,seeNAFTA'sImpactontheEnvironment.citationneededOverall,noneoftheinitialhypotheseswereconfirmed.NAFT

45、AdidnotinherentlypresentasystemicthreattotheNorthAmericanenvironment,aswasoriginallyfeared.NAFTA-relatedenvironmentalthreatsinsteadoccurredinspecificareaswheregovernmentenvironmentalpolicy,infrastructure,ormechanismswereunpreparedforthecitationneededincreasingscaleofproductionundertradeliberalizatio

46、n.Insomecases,environmentalpolicywasneglectedinthewakeoftradeliberalization;inothercases,NAFTA'smeasuresforinvestmentprotection,suchasChapter11,andmeasuresagainstnon-tarifftradebarriersthreatenedtodiscouragemorevigorousenvironmental29policy.ThemostseriousoverallincreasesinpollutionduetoNAFTAwere

47、foundinthebasemetalssector,theMexicanpetroleumsector,andthetransportationequipment30sectorintheUnitedStatesandMexico,butnotinCanada.MobilityofpersonsAccordingtotheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityYearbookofImmigrationStatistics,duringfiscalyear2006(i.e.,October2005throughSeptember2006),73,880foreignprofe

48、ssionals(64,633Canadiansand9,247Mexicans)wereadmittedintotheUnitedStatesfortemporaryemploymentunderNAFTA(i.e.,intheTNstatus).Additionally,17,321oftheirfamilymembers(13,136Canadians,2,904Mexicans,aswellasanumberofthird-countrynationalsmarriedtoCanadiansandMexicans)enteredtheU.S.inthe31treatynational'sdependent(TD)status.BecauseDHScountsthenumberofthenewI-94arrivalrecordsfilledattheborder,andtheTN-1admissionisvalidforthreeyears,thenumberofnonimmigrantsinTNstatusprese