农产品供应链管理【外文翻译】

1、外文翻译原文Agri-SupplyChainManagementMaterialSource:/en/Document.923.pdfAuthor:JanvanRoekelThissectiondescribesthreecasesofcross-bordersupplychaindevelopmentinthefoodindustry.Eachcasehighlightsbackground,objectives,approach,andcooperationandthedevelopmentprocess.TheGhanaianProcessedF

2、ruitSupplyChainBackground:Importsofvegetables,fruits,nutsandcerealsfromdevelopingcountriesintotheEuropeanUnionamountedtomorethan?8billionin1999Buurmaetal.,2001).Developingcountryproducersfaceincreasingdifficultiesinmeetinginternationalstandardsforqualityandfoodsafety.Moreover,manymultinationalfoodch

3、ainsarecreatingandimplementingtheirownstandardsforqualityandsafety.Smallholderproducers,duetotheirlimitedresources,areatadisadvantageinaccommodatingsuchrequirementsforqualityandsafetyguaranteesandcertification.Objectives:ThecompanyBlueSkieswasformedin1997andstartedtoproduceprocessedtropicalfruitsfor

4、theinternationalmarketinGhanaearly1998.Shortlythereafter,thecompanyinitiatedasupplychainmanagementprojectaimedatimprovingthequalityofitsprocessedfruit.Onetaskwastotakeahardlookattheorganizationoftheprocessedfruitsupplychain.Theresultofthisanalysiswasthecompany"sdecisiontomovesomeprocessingactiv

5、itiestoGhana,tothebenefitofboththeenterpriseandthelocalcommunity(intheformofjobs).Themovebroughtmorevalue-addedactivitiestothecountry,andthequalityoftheproductwasalsoimproved,astheprocessingwasbroughtclosertothegrowingarea.Approach:BlueSkiesinitiatedandguidedtheprojectdevelopmentprocess,translatingE

6、uropeanmarketopportunitiesintoastrategicbusinessmodelfortheGhanaiansupplychainpartners.Qualityofprocessedfruitandtheentireproductionprocessisnowguaranteedthroughanintegratedapproachtosupplychainmanagement'fromfarmtofork'.Somesmalllhogee国aleproducersandtheirout-growerssupplyfreshfruittothepro

7、cessingfactory.Noteworthyoutputsoftheprojectincludethefollowing:- developmentandimplementationofatrustedthird-partycertificationschemebyallchainpartnerswithin24months- addedvaluetorawmaterialsinthecountryoforigin- substantialexportflowtoupper-endmarketsegmentsinvariousEuropeancountries-signedagreeme

8、ntoffruitsuppliersonfarmauditsandapprovedpesticidesforeachcrop- staffoftheprocessingfactory(250localemployees)trainedtoassemble,prepareanddispatchfruitaccordingtoHACCPprinciples- developmentofaqualitymanualforcertificationCooperationandthedevelopmentprocess:Thefoodprocessingcompanyhasdevelopedclosel

9、inkswithabroadrangeofpublicandprivatepartners.Eachmakesitsowncontributionstothechainproject:providinghelpandassistancetofarmer-suppliersintheformofagriculturaleducationandadvice,developingasoundtransportandlogisticsinfrastructure,developingresilientandsuitablepackagingprocessesandimplementingquality

10、managementsystems.Thepublicpartnersandinternationalcentersofexpertiseparticipatedinthedesignoftheprojectandimplementationofthecodeofconductongoodagriculturalpracticeswiththefruitsuppliersandtheprocessingfactory.SouthAfrica-TheNetherlands'FreshFruitSupplyChainBackground:SouthAfrica'freshfruit

11、industryhasexperiencedtoughtimesrecentlyduetothe1997deregulationoftheexportsystem.Competitionincreasedandpricesdropped.ThesedevelopmentspromptedthestakeholdersofthesectortoundertakeafeasibilitystudyonoptimizationofthecoldfruitsupplychainbetweenSouthAfricaandtheNetherlands,amajortradingpartner.Thestu

12、dywasconductedin2000withfarmers,fruitcooperatives,privatecompaniesandknowledgeinstitutesfrombothcountries.Itfoundthatlackofaccurateinformationonlogisticsflowsandqualityaspectsofthefruitwasaproblemcommonamongallthechainpartners(fromfarmertoretailer).Toaddresstheproblem,thepartnersinitiatedaninformati

13、onsystemdevelopmentprojecttoenablethemtomonitorproductflowfromcountryoforigintomarket.Objectives:Thefirstobjectivewastoassessthepotentialbenefitsandcostsofanintegratedsupplychaininformationsystem.TheSouthAfricaninformationandcommunicationtechnologyproviderPaltrackhadalreadydevelopedasystemusedbySout

14、hAfricanauthoritiestorecordthequantityofallfruitexportedfromthecountry.TheaimofthefreshfruitsupplychainpilotprojectwastoextendthisinformationsystemwithlogisticsandqualitydataforfruitfromSouthAfricadestinedfortheNetherlands.Approach:ThreeexistingdistributionchainsforfreshfruitexportsfromSouthAfricato

15、theNetherlandsservedasmodelsintheproject.Participatingresearchinstitutesgatheredinformationfromtheseprivatecompaniesviainterviews.Questionsfocusedonhowinformationonlogisticsandproducequalitywasexchangedfromfarmertoretailerandonspecificrequirementsforadditionalinformationonthesetwoaspects.Theresearch

16、ersanalyzedthethreedistributionchainsseparatelytoensureconfidentiallyofchaininformation.Anumberofprojectoutputsareworthyofnote:WorldBankPaperCross-BorderAgriSupplyChainManagement- Genericmodelingofasupplychaininformationsystemforfruitwhichcanbeusedoradaptedbyothersupplychains- Ideasforimprovinginfor

17、mationexchangebetweenchainpartners- Suggestionsforfarmer-levelimprovementsconcerningharvestandpost-harvestactivities- Suggestionsforcooperative/exporter-levelimprovementsregardingquality-controlpractices,feedbacktofarmersandstandardization,forexample,ofshippingpallets-Suggestionsforgovernment-leveli

18、mprovementssuchasinvestmentsinfruitsectorinfrastructure(packinghouses,transport,harbor),qualitycontrolandresearchfacilities- Disseminationofresultsinworkshops,conferences,publicationsandWebsitesCooperationandthedevelopmentprocess：Bothprivateandpublicpartiesparticipatedintheproject.Someoftheprivateco

19、mpaniesinvolvedweremotivatedtoparticipatebecausetheircompetitordidsoortomakesurethattheydidnotmissoutonmarketadvantagesorinnovations.coordinatorrespondedtoinformationrequestsandsolvedproblemssuchasmisunderstandingsanddisagreementsamongprojectparticipants.Thecommittee'staskwastoapprcprojectactivi

20、ties,monitorprojectperformanceandactonnewdevelopmentswithinthesupplychain.Theparticipantsapparentlyvaluedthesemeetings,sincemostwerepresentatall.Theatmosphereofthemeetingswasopenandpositiveandevencompetitorschattedamicablybeforeandaftertheofficialbusiness.Becauseparticipantshadsignedclearagreementso

21、nconfidentiality,intellectualpropertyrightsandinformationdisseminationtothe'outsideworld',nosignificantproblemsaroseconcerrMnisSUes.Publicsectorcontributionsreflectedthetwocountriescommitmenttoprivate-sectordevelopmentand,therewith,toeconomicgrowthonbothsides.FreshFoodSupplyChaininThailandBa

22、ckground:Thaiconsumersarespendinganincreasingproportionoftheirincomeonfreshfruitsandvegetables,thepercentagehavingrisenfrom19%in1985to24%in1993.Mostproduceissoldintraditionalmarketoutlets,inambulantstreettradeandintheso-called(wetmarkets'Overall,5%ofsalesaremadethroughsupermarkets,althoughthispr

23、oportionhasalreadyreached50%inthecapitalBangkok.Inrecentyears,internationalretailersWorldBankPaperCross-BorderAgriSupplyChainManagementlike7-Eleven,RoyalAhold,Tesco,Makro,CarrefourandSainsburryhaveestablishedsupermarketsespeciallytoserveThailand'urbanconglomerates.In1996,RoyalAholdestablishedajo

24、intventurewiththeThaiCentralRetailCorporationandstartedtooperatemorethan30TOPSsupermarkets(mostofwhicharelocatedinBangkokandChiangmai).Fromthestart,TOPSproliferateditselfasthesupermarketchainforqualityfreshfood.Objectives:In1998,TOPSbeganasupplychainprojectaimedatprovidingThaiconsumershigh-quality,s

25、afe,freshproducewithreliableavailabilityataffordableprices.Toachievethatgoal,however,thesupplychainfacedanumberofproblems.Forexample,roughly250suppliersweredeliveringperishablesdirectlytothebackdoorsof35storesatleastthreetimesaweek.Thismeanthighhandlingcosts,significantpost-harvestandshrinkagelosses

26、andlowservicelevels(meaningthatproducewasoftenoutofstock).TOPSenlistedpublic-sectorassistanceandstartedtheprojectwithfourobjectives:raisingthelevelofservicewithintheperishablessupplychain;reducingleadtimesandpost-harvestlossesandshrinkage;improvingqualityandsafetyofproducebydevelopingpreferredsuppli

27、errelationshipsandintroducinggoodagriculturalpracticesandacertificationscheme;andraisingtheknowledgeandawarenessofemployeesandprofessionalsinthelocalfoodindustrythroughon-the-jobtraining(e.g.,inHACCP)andamini-MBAprogram.Approach:TheTOPSsupplychainhasthusfarfocusedondelegatingvalue-addedactivitiesand

28、selectingpreferredsuppliers.Sinceatthestartoftheprojectnoneofthefresh-goodssuppliersperformedthevalue-addedfunctionsrequired(e.g.,sorting,packaging),theprojectdecidedtobuildafreshdistributioncenterthatwouldalsoperformproductivefunctionslikequalitycontrol,packagingandprocessing.Thisvalue-addedcenterw

29、asacompletegreen-fieldoperationlocatedontheedgeofBangkok.Thecenterservedasthelocusfortheprojectwsrktoimprovesupplychainperformanceforperishables.Anumberofnoteworthyresultswereachieved:- EstablishmentofthefreshdistributioncenterinBangkok- Reductionofthenumberofpreferredsuppliersfrom250to60inthefirsth

30、alfof2001,with40outofthe60certifiedbytheDepartmentofAgriculture(DOA)andcarryingtheDOAlabel- ProvisionoftrainingtoqualitycontrolmanagersattheTOPSdistributioncenterandinthestores,withtheservicelevelincreasingto98%- Developmentofavalue-chainanalysismodel- Developmentofamodelforlead-timereduction- Reduc

31、tionofthelead-timefromfarm-to-forkfrom68hourstolessthan24hoursCooperationandthedevelopmentprocess:Between1998and2002,theemphasisofthesupplychaindevelopmentstrategygraduallychangedfromchainoptimizationtointegralchaincare.Chainpartnersestablishedcross-borderpublic-privateallianceswithinternationalrese

32、archinstitutesandministriesofagriculturetofindwaystoincreasefoodsafetyassuranceandimprovecertification,aswellastostrengthenresearchandeducationcapacityaboutandwithinthefoodchain.TheprojectbecameaffiliatedwiththeDepartmentofAgriculturecestificationprogramtoincreasepublicawarenessandgaintrustandtobuil

33、dtheimageofareliableandresponsibleretailer.Themainchallengestheprojectencounteredconcernedinterculturalbarriers.Forexample,thepreferredsupplierprogramranupagainstthetraditionalThaisystemofpersonalnetworksinagriculturaltrade.Buyersandsupplierscustomarilymaintainpersonalrelationshipstocreatestabilitya

34、ndcontinuityintrade,despitethefactthatthisisnotalwayseconomicallyefficient.Consequentlytherehasbeensomeresistancetooptimizationofthesuppliernetwork.However,theprojecthashelpedtoconvincemanyparticipantsthattheimplementationofthepreferredsupplierprogramisrequiredtoimprovethesupplyofperishables.Also,th

35、echainpartnerssometimesexperiencedinterculturalcommunicationbarriers.Thisresultedindelaysandpostponementsbutalsocontributedtoagrowingmutualunderstanding.译文农产品供应链管理作者：杰.范.洛克尔资料来源:/en/Document.923.pdf这部分描述了三个跨国的食品生产供应链的案例。每个案例都强调了背景、目标、方法，及合作发展的过程。加纳加工水果供应链背景：从发展中国家进口蔬菜、水果、坚果和谷物到欧

36、盟，到2001年总计已经超过？80亿。发展中国家的出口商在达到国际水平的质量和食品安全上不断遇到困难。除此之外，许多跨国食物链正在生成和实施他们自己的质量和安全水平。由于小农户生产者受到资源的限制，处于弱势，需要得到质量和安全的保证及认可。目标：蓝天公司成立于1997年，在1998年早期开始生产已加工过的热带水果，运往加纳的国际市场。不久之后，这个公司为了提高已加工水果的质量，启动了供应链管理项目。其中一项任务就是认真审视已加工水果组织的供应链。分析得出结果，公司必须对加纳市场采取一些处理活动，使公司和当地组织都能获利。这项措施不仅带动了其他附加活动，同时产品的质量也得到了提升，生产过程也更接

37、近市场。方法：蓝天公司创造并引导了这个项目的发展，改变了欧洲市场机遇，为加纳供应链合作伙伴提供战略业务模型。通过对供应链管理“从农场到餐桌”方式的整合保证了已生产水果的质量和整个生产过程。一些小农户们或者大规模的生产者和他们的专门种植者为生产工厂提供新鲜的水果。值得注意规定项目如下：- -在24个月内供应链内所有的合作伙伴开发和实施第三方认证制度。- -对原产国的原材料增加附加价值。- -实质性的出口到欧洲不同国家的市场上。- -签署农场水果供应商审核并批准对每种农作物农药的协议。- -生产工厂的员工（250个本地员工）要根据HACCP原则练习装配，准备并调度水果。- -开展质量手册，以便资料

38、核对的。合作发展过程：食品加工公司已经开发出了一系列紧密联系在一起的公共建筑和私人合作伙伴。每个人都致力于这个供应链项目：以农业教育及指导的方式为农民-提供者提供帮助与方便，发展良好的运输和物流基础设施，发展弹性的合适包装过程和实施质量管理体系认证。专业的公众参与者和国际中心参与工程的设计，实施以良好的农业措施和水果供应商为准则的项目。农业生态提供发展中的一个质量手册来支持认证程序；加纳植物保护和管理服务提供额外的对农药应用的训练；校准喷涂设备和适当的耕作实践。南非-荷兰的新鲜水果供应链背景：南非的新鲜水果工业由于1997年的出口放松管制制度经历了艰难的时刻。竞争加剧，价格下降，这些发展促使该

39、部门为了优化主要供应链贸易伙伴-南非和荷兰的冷链供应链，对利益相关者进行可行性研究。这项研究是对2000年两国的农民、水果合作社、私人公司和机构的信息知识进行调研。结果发现，缺乏准确的对物流流量和果实品质方面的信息问题在所有供应链合作伙伴（从农民到零售商）是常见的。为了解决这一问题，合作伙伴发起的信息系统开发项目，使他们能够监控产品从原产地到市场国家的流动情况。目标：第一个目标是评估潜在的利益和整合供应链信息系统的综合成本。南非信息和通信技术提供商已经开发了南非当局用来记录从该国出口的所有果实的出口量的制度。该新鲜水果供应链试点项目的目的是要扩大这个物流信息系统和自南非到荷兰的果实品质数据。方

40、法：从南非到荷兰的现存三个新鲜水果出口供应链在项目中担任项目模型。参与研究机构通过采访收集了这些私营公司的信息。问题集中在从农民到零售商如何在物流信息交换和生产质量这两方面的得到其他信息要求。研究人员分开分析了三个销售链，以确保信息保密。对项目产出的数目是值得注意的：世界银行跨境农业供应链。- -通过建模的水果信息系统供应链可被其他供应链使用或者调整。- -提高供应链合作伙伴之间的信息交流。- -为农民有关收获以及收货后活动提供农民层面上的技术改进建议。- -为合作/出口商级改进有关质量控制、反馈农民和标准化的建议。如：航运托盘。- -对于政府层面的改进建议，如在水果部门的基础设施（包装房屋，交通，港口），质量控制和研究设施的投资。- -传播讲习班，会议，出版物和网站的结果。合作发展过程：私人和公共缔约方参加了本项目。一些私人公司之所以涉及是因为他们的竞争对手也在如此做或者是为了确保他们没有错过市场优势或者创新。协议员要回答需要的信息以及解决问题，如项目参与方之间的误解和分歧。委员会的任务是批准项目活动，检测项目绩效和作用域供应链内的新发展。这些参与者对于会议显然都是有效的，因为大多数人都出席了。这些会议的气氛是轻松积极的，甚至竞争对手在前后正式营业交谈中也是。因为参与者签署了关于知识产权和信息传播到“外面世界”的保