职称英语卫生类新增阅读和完形填空

1、2013职称英语卫生类新增阅读和完型填空（含译文）阅读理解第十六篇Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, but its not much fun and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we dont start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the Univ

2、ersity of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver met

3、abolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers c

4、hecked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一 probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 4

5、6 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the Nationa

6、l Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “Theres attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liv

7、er. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isnt sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but theyre hungry,

8、” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, its still hard to go to a restaurant and say: I can only eat half of that,. ”Spindler hopes we soon wont need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.参考译文第十六篇为生存而食粗茶淡饭或许能

9、给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣很有可能也没必要。即便在年老以后才 开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。加州大学Riverside分校的斯蒂芬斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老 鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆 转它们在其他方面的老化，但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半，给三只34个月大的老鼠（相当于人类年龄的70岁）喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠 的饲料量是正常的。研究者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11,000种基因的活

10、性，发现正常饲养的老鼠有46种基因随 年龄的改变而改变。这些改变都与体内自由基的产生有关这对老鼠的健康来说不是什么好消息。而对于那些终身都在节食的老鼠来说，那46种基因中的27种仍然继续保持着青春活力。但 是最令人吃惊的发现却是那些只是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于70%的基因变异。“这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示”，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃华纳说。至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效，但是斯潘德尔对此 充满了希望：“有足以引人注意的证据表明这同样有效。”如果这确实也对人类有效，我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力。举个例子，随着我们一天天衰老，我们的

11、身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说到，完全足以保证药效。但是斯潘德尔并不确定这个方法值得尝试。“老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是它们很饥饿，”他说，“即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效，人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。”斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在寻找有限制卡路里效能的药物第二十九篇 “Dont Drink Alone” Gets New MeaningIn what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that

12、 people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had ne

13、ver had cancer.After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who

14、drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer. “ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that

15、 drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups， based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂

16、 week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.9 Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-

17、consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx10. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for

18、 oral cavity and esophageal cancers.People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In cont

19、rast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group11 was only triple that12 in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.“Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partiall

20、y coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissues lower exposure to alcohol.参考译文：第二十九篇“不要在就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌

21、症的几率比就餐时饮酒更高。Luigino Dal Maso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1，500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3，500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50%80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒。” Dal Maso说。他的研究小组提供的报告中令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。为了进行新的分析，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研

22、究者分为4组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上。患口腔癌和颈部癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒2134杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。 如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3倍。和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌是16倍。相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒

23、的人的3倍。“酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。” Dal Maso说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦掉。他推测所有被研究 者患喉癌的几率比其他癌症低很多的原因是喉部组织被酒精侵害到的部分少得多。第三十九篇SaunaCeremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which ma

24、y be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and' pre-Columbian Am

25、ericans used sweat lodges.The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and

26、 the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.

27、Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may

28、 help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. The bodys core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever' The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likeli

29、hood of getting a cold in the first place.Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water we

30、ight is temporary as the body's physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-1

31、50 beats per minute.A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor's advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, pa

32、rticularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.参考译文第三十九篇桑拿浴仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并S有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。用干热浴发汗的方式是

33、古罗马优先使用的，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟®技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”， 才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用电妒。桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。 热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。桑拿浴并

34、不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿浴时，人体温度通常会上升12摄氏度，就像 发低烧一样的感觉。因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。”定期 蒸桑拿浴可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处，它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中，成年人一般每 小时要蒸发2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中:的污垢Y使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性的，人体 机能能够很快补充合适的水量。在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得 到了锻炼。蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下增加到每分钟100 -150下。健康的心脏可以承受这种

35、变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该征求医生的建议。同样的，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在怀孕的头三个月。其实， 每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。完形填空第二篇A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells _1_ when to form flowers and when the flowers should o

36、pen. It tells _2_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal _3_ the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur

37、 _4_ the number of hours of daylight. In the short _5_ of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin

38、 their long migration _6_ twice each year. Birds _7_ flying become restless when it is time for the trip， _8_ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which _9_ of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorh

39、ead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain _10_ to control the timing of some of our actions. These _11_ tell a person when to _12_ ，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead

40、is studying _13_ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours._14_can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a b

41、etter understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said _15_ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factorys production,词汇：biological adj.生物(学）的insect n.昆虫cocoon n.防护卵袋，茧fur n.软毛注释：1.本句中谓语动词tells的宾语由两部分组成。第一部分是when to form flowers，是带疑问副

42、词的动词不定式，第二部分是when the flowers should open,是名词从句。从修辞上说，两者有些不平衡。2.the way we do our work 可以理解为 the way in which we do our work 或 the way that we do our work.实际上，三种说法都成立。如：He speaks English the way the English people do.I dont understand the way in which he dealt with the matter.3.take作“花费，花去”解时可用于几种不同

43、的句型：It will take me five days to complete the work.The work will take me five days to complete.To complete this work will take me five days.练习：1. A. scientistsB. humansC. plantsD. animals2. A. insectsB. birdsC. fishD. snakes3. A. effectB. affectC. effectedD. affected4. A. becauseB. for the reason th

44、atC. because ofD. since5. A. monthsB. daysC. minutesD. weeks6. A. flightB. flyC. movementD. transportation7. A. prevented fromB. ordered byC. helped byD. intruded on8. A. andB. butC. thereforeD. however9. A. portionsB. partsC. sectionsD. kinds10. A. tryB. triesC. seemD. seems11. A. thingsB. partsC.

45、cellsD. actions12. A. awakenB. wokeC. awakeningD. wake-up13. A. howB. whyC. whereD. what14. A. WeB. ItC. TheyD. You15. A. soB. withC. suchD. if 答案与题解：1.C 从后半句 When to form flowers and when the flowers should open 知道，只有 plants 才有花。前面没有定冠词修饰的plants是泛指植物这一大类，与动物类相对应。2.A 后面出现的 when to leave the protecti

46、ve cocoons and fly away 提示我们，唯有选 insects 才是正确的，因为只有insects才有protective cocoons,而birds、fish和snakes都没有。3.B affect作为动词是“影响”的意思，而effect作为动词则是“使发生;使生效”的意思。这里谈论的是动植物生物钟的一般情况，所以使用动词的一般现在时。4.C这里应使用介词短语，因为其后是名词。because和since都有“因为”的意思，但它们都是连词，用来引导原因状语从句,如:He will not come because he is ill.Since he is ill, he

47、 will not come.for the reason that后接句子，所以也不是答案。5.B 根据下句中的 in the longer hours of daylight in summer 和上句中的 the number of hours of daylight,以及该段的中心意思，可以判断，应选择B,因为冬天日短夜长,夏天则反之。6.A本句中有birds，migration这些词，下一句又谈及迁徙飞行前的躁动不安，就知道应该填词义为“飞行”的名词。fly是动词，不能选择;其他两个选项也都不合适。flight是fly的名词形式，所以是合适的选择。7.A该句句子的主干是：主语bird

48、s,谓语become restless。所以，所填的词是过去分词，修饰 birds。从上下文表达的意思判断,ordered by (被命令)、helped by (被帮助）和intruded on(被强加）都不匹配，只有prevented from是合适的选择。8.B很明显，这里需使用连词，连接该句中平行的两个分句。而根据整个句子的句意，上半句和下半句形成反差对比：become restless when the time of the flight has ended，所以应选择but,表示相反的两层意思。9.B portion是“一定数量;一份”, section是“切下的部分”，kind

49、是“种类”，都不符合上下文意思连贯的要求。唯有B是正确的选项。10.D不能选择C,因为主语是group,而不是cells，所以要采用动词的第三人称单数形式 seems A和B不符合常识。11.C These 一词说明，其后的名词是上文已经提到的某些事物，即cells。从下文中可以看出，尽管actions 词也在上文中出现,但该词不符合句意。选项A和B意思不准确。12.A该句中的三个宾语都是带疑问副词的动词不定式，所以都要用动词原形。awaken是唯一合适的选择，woke是wake的一般过去形式,awakening是形容词,wake-up是名词。13.A studying后面是一个从句作它的宾语

50、,而从句起首处应有个连词。把C或D填入空格 上下文意思不连贯。根据下文的例子，作者讨论的不是生物钟为什么会影响我们的工作， -而是生物钟如何影响我们的工作。所以，how是正确的选择。 14.B从句子结构中不难看出，to accept the major change in work hours是实际上的主语，而此 处需要一个形式主语，所以只能选择It。15.C该句中的understanding既然是上句中提到的better understanding, C便是最佳的选项。其他三个选项均不符合语法。参考译文第二篇生物钟每一种生物都有控制它们行为的时钟，科学家们称之为生物钟。生物钟告诉植物的花朵何

51、时生长，何时开放；生物钟告诉昆虫何时离开防护卵袋，远远飞去；生物钟还告诉动物和人类何时进食、睡眠，何时苏醒。外界的变化会影响某些动植物的生物钟。例如，科学家最近发现，有一种很小的动物，会随着白天日照时间的长短改变其毛发的颜色。冬季日照时间短，它的毛变成白色。夏季白天日照时间长，它的毛又变成棕灰色。还有的生物，它们的生物钟受体内信号控制。德国的科学家发现，鸟类体内的某种生物钟迫 使它们每年做两次长距离迁移。那些被迫不能迁移的鸟，当迁移时间到来时，会显得烦躁不安，而当这段时间过后，它们又恢复了平静。科学家们指出，他们开始探索大脑内部的哪些部位存在生物钟。一位美国的研究员，马丁 莫亥德（Martin

52、 Moorhead)曾指出，好像是人脑前部的一小群细胞控制着人体的行为。这些细胞控制着人体睡眠、苏醒和觅食的时间。另外，科学工作者推测，可能还有另外的生物钟细胞控制人体的其他行为。目前，莫亥德博士正在研究生物钟对人们工作方面的影响。比如，如果经常改变工作时间， 绝大多数人会感觉不适应。要适应工作时间上的较大变动，可能需要相当长一段日子。莫亥德博士说，工厂的领导应该对生物钟有进一步的了解，懂得生物钟对工人的影响，如此则会减少工作 中的不适和事故，对提高生产大有裨益。第九篇The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer

53、 drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing _1_ could become troublesome. A casereleased online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a _2_ of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medica

54、l doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to _3_ his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the _4_ ，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials _5_ 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn&

55、#39;t get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly _6_ appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are _7_ and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys terrorists and

56、 potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential _8_ effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. _9_ ，no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss wi

57、ll _10_ to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who _11_ the drug to provide their patients with .a doctors note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the Unit

58、ed States. I guess the name on his passport didnt raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctors note and wont leave home _12_ it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, _13_ approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider _14_ its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that pa