(完整版)《物理专业英语》

1、新物理专业英语范围单词篇1、力口速度 acceleration2、速度 velocity3、角速度 angular velocity4、角动量 angular momentum5、热量 amount of heat6、热力学第一定律 the first law of thermodynamics7、干涉 interference8 、反射 reflection9 、折射 refraction10、振幅 amplitude11、机械运动 mechanical motion12、保守场 conservative field13、向心力 centripetal force14、保守力 conserv

2、ative force15、摩擦力 friction force16、面积 area17、体积 volume18、阿伏加德罗常数 Avogadro constant19、绝对零度 absolute zero20 、 电势能 energy of position21、重力势能 gravitational potential energy22、重力场 the field of gravity force23 、 真空中的磁场 magnetic field in a vacuum24、电磁波 electromagnetic wave25 、 电流的相互作用 interaction of curren

3、t1、（第3页）第四段的第3句A typical problem of mechanics consists in determining the states of a system at all the following moments of time t when we know the state of the system at a certain initial moment to and also the law governing the motion.翻译：机械运动的一个典型的问题的构成取决于一个系统在接下来的时间间隔t的状态，（因此）当我们知道了一个确切的最初的系统状态时

4、，也可以知道运动的规律。2、（第4页）第一段A body whose dimension may be disregarded in the condition or a given problem is called a point particle （or simply a particle）.翻译：在一个给定的问题中，一个物体的形状和大小可以被忽略的情况被称为质点。3、（第36页）第五段【注：选词和阅读会出】For a stationary filed ,the work done on a particle by the forces of the field may depend o

5、nly on the initial and final position of the particle and not depend on the path along which the particle moved .Forces having such a property are called conservative.翻译：对于恒定场，这个场的力对粒子所做的功只依赖于粒子的初位置和末位置，不依赖于粒子运动 的路径。具有这一特性的力被称为保守力4 、(第40 页)第一行A field of forces is called potential if it can be descri

6、bed with the aid of the function V(x,y,z,t), whose gradient see the following section, Eq.(2.13) determines the force at each point of the field: F=? V compare with Eq.(2.32).the function V is called the potential function or the potential.翻译：一个力场被称为势场，如果可以借助函数 V(x,y,z,t) 来描述， 看下一部分， E.q.(2.31) 它的梯度

7、决定力场中的每一个点：F=? V与(2.32)比较。函数V被称为势函数或势场。5 、 ( 第 56 页)第二段和第三段 【注：翻译、选词、阅读会出】In translation,all the points of a body receive displacements equal in magnitude and direction during the same time interval .Consequently, the velocities and accelerations of all the points are identical at every moment of ti

8、me .It is therefore sufficient ( 足够的；充分的) to determine the motion of one of the points of a body (for example ,of its center of mass) to completely characterize the motion of the entire body.翻译：在平动中，刚体上所有的点在相同的时间间隔内得到大小和方向都相同的位移。因此，所以的点的速度和加速度在各个时刻是相同的。因此充分的取决于用刚体上一点(例如，质心)的运动来完全描述整个刚体的运动特征。In rotat

9、ion,all the points of a rigid move along circles whose centers are on a single straight line called the axis of rotation.To describe rotation,we must set the position of the axis of rotation in space and the angular velocity of the body at each moment of time .翻译： 在转动中， 刚体上所有的点沿着圆周运动的中心在一条单直线上被称为旋转轴

10、。 为了描述转动,我们必须设定空间中旋转轴的位置和刚体在各个时刻的角速度。6、(第79 页)第一段和第二段The masses of atoms and molecules are characterized by(通过 来区分) using quantities known as the relative atomic mass of an element (the atomic mass in short) and the relative molecular mass of substance (the molecular mass).翻译：原子和分子的质量通过使用质量来区分被称为元素的

11、相对原子质量(简称原子质量)和物质的相对分子质量(简称分子质量)。the atomic mass (Ar)of a chemical element is defined as the ratio of the mass of an atom of the element to121/12 of the mass of the atom C (this is the symbol for the carbon isotope with a mass number of 12) .the molecular mass (Mr) of a substance is defined as the r

12、atio of the mass of a molecule of the substance to 1/12 of the12mass of the atom C . their definitions show that the atomic and molecular masses are dimensionlessQuantities .翻译：一种化学元素的相对原子质量被定义为这种元素的原子的质量与 12C 原子的质量的 1/12 的比值。物质的相对分子质量被定义为物质的分子的质量与12C 原子的质量的 1/12 的比值。它们的定义表明原子和分子的质量是无量纲的。7、(第85 页)第一

13、段、第二段和第三段The internal energy can change in the main at the expense of two different processes:the performance of the work A on a body and the imparting of the heat Q to it.The doing of work is attended by the displacement of the external bodies acting on the system .For example ,when we move in the

14、piston closing a vessel with a gas ， the piston when moving does the work A on the gas . According to Newton s law,the gas, in turn ,dose the work A = A on the piston .翻译：内能可以交换总的来说是两个不同过程的(能量的)损失：一个物体所做的功A 和物体传递的热量Q所做的功是由外界物体对系统做功的增量决定的。例如，当我们移动充满气体的密闭容器的活塞的时候，移动时活塞对气体做的功为 A 。根据牛顿第三定律，总的来说，气体对活塞做的功

15、为A= A 。The imparting of heat to a gas is not associated with the motion of external bodies and is therefore not associated with the doing of macroscopic (i.e. relating to the entire complex of molecules which the body consists of ) work on the gas .In this case,the change in the internal energy is d

16、ue to the fact that separate molecules of the hotter body do work on separate molecules of the colder one .Energy is also transferred here by radiation.The combination of microscopic (i.e. involving not an entire body ,but separate molecules of it ) processes is called heat transfer.翻译：气体热量的传递不与外界物体

17、的运动相联系也因此不与宏观上对气体作功相联系。在这种情况，内能的改变与较热的物体中单独的分子对较冷的物体中单独的分子所做的功有关。能量同样是通过辐射来传递的。微观过程的总和被称为热量传递。Just as the amount of energy transferred by one body to another is determined by the work A done by the bodies on each other ,the amount of energy transmitted from one body to another by heat transfer is de

18、termined by the amount of heat Q transferred by one body to the other .Thus ,the increment of the internal energy of a system must equal the sun of the work A done on the system and the amount of heat Q imparted to it :U 2 U 1 Q A.here U 1 and U 2 are the initial and final values of the internal ene

19、rgy of the system .it is customary practice toconsider the work A (equal to A) done by a system on external bodies instead of the work A done by external bodies on the system .Introducing A in Eq.(4.6) instead of A and solving it relative to Q.we haveQ U2 U1 A.翻译：由一个物体到另一个物体的能量的传递取决于物体之间所做的功A。从一个物体到

20、另一个物体的能量的传递通过热传递（来实现的）取决于一个物体到另一个物体传递的热量Q因此，系统内能的增量必须等于对系统所做的功 A和（物体）传递给系统的热量 q的总和：U 2 U1 Q A这里的U1和U 2是系统内能的最初值和最末值。通常会考虑用系统外界所做的功A来代替外界对系统所做的功Ao将A带入方程（4.6）中来代替A,解出Q,我彳门有Q U 2 U1 Ao8、（第86页）It can be put in words as follows: the amount of heat imparted to a system is spent on an increment of the inte

21、rnal energy of the system and on the work done by the system on external bodies.翻译：（热力学第一定律）可以用下面的话来论述：一个系统热量的传递被用于系统内能的增量和系 统对外界物体所做的功。9、（第 104 页）Knowing the probability of the different measurement results,we can find the mean value of all theresults.According to the definition(定义)of the mean valu

22、e xMXNRxi(5.5)翻译：想要知道出现的概率的不同测量结果，我们可以找出所有结果的平均值,根据平均值的定义有x.MXN(5.5)10、（第 149 页）It is easy to see that the angle between rays OP and OQ is 2翻译：很容易可以看出射线 OP和OQ之间的夹角为211、(第158页)【注：英译中】According to the Huygens-Fresnel principle .Every element of wave surface S is the source of a secondaryspherical wave

23、 whose amplitude is proportional to the size of element dS.The amplitude of a spherical of a spherical wave diminishes with the distance r from its source according to the law 1/r.翻译：根据惠更斯菲涅耳原理。光波表面S 的每个面积元为光源的次级球面波其振幅与面积元dS的大小成正比。根据定律中的 1/r 可知，球面波的振幅随着它到光源的距离r 减少。12、（第176 页）【英译中】A point charge is defined as a charged body whose dimensions may be disregarded in comparison with the distances from this body to other bodies carrying an electric charge.翻译：点电荷被定义为一个带电体与它到另一个