宏观期末知识点总结

1、宏观知识点总结Chap ter26 the exchange rate and balance of p ayment1.名义利率和实际利率的概念，要区分；二者的关系，那个公式。 明白一国货币升值表示什么意思。（掌握）2.traded weighted in dex （了解）3.对一国货币的供给和需求的分析一，供给和需求决定汇率，要知道哪些因素影响一国货币的供给和需 求，相应的曲线在图上会怎么移动（重点）。二，对一种货币的需求是对另一种货币的供给， 要清楚某一种货币供给需求变化后，另一种货币的供给和需求会如何变化。（重点）4.利率平价和购买力平价（掌握）5.international trad

2、e（了解）6.汇率政策。理解什么是浮动汇率、固定利率和crawling peg。注意区分。（掌握）Cha pter 27 （AD-AS model）The main purp ose of AD-AS model: ex plain cha nges in real GDPand p rice level, which leads to bus in ess cycle fluctuati ons around po te ntialGDP.1、区分宏观中的长短期宏观中的长短期主要以价格行为加以区分：在长期中，价格是具有伸缩性的，价格水平能够调整到充分就业的均衡状态；在短期中，价格 是具有粘性

3、的（sticky），实际GDP可能等于、大于、小于潜在2、总供给（Aggregate Supply）2.1总供给是描述实际GDP供给量与价格水平的关系。The qua ntity of labor empio yedThe qua ntity of p hysical, huma n cap ital Quan tity of real GDP supp lied丄The state of tech no logy内生变量2.2总供给关系取决于时间范围一 企业的产品服务价格具有伸缩性-长期总供给曲线 企业的产品服务价格具有黏性一短期总供给曲线2.2.1长期总供给（long-run aggreg

4、ate supply）a、In the long run, the money wage rate changes in step with the p rice level;b、Try to explain why the LAS curve is vertical.GDP.外生变量ASPrice level（重点）the price level、Departures from full-e mp loyme ntcha nges inExp ectati ons about the money wageon ly SAS curve shiftsA cha nge by n the mon

5、ey wage the same p ercentageJrateat the full-e mploymentlevel1=poten tialGDP is independent of the p rice level vertical2.2.2短期总供给(short-run aggregate supplythe real wage ratedoes not cha ngerealGDP =pote ntialLAS curveGDPisa、in the short run, the money wage rate, the prices of other resourcesand po

6、 te ntial GDP rema in con sta nt;b、Try to ex plai n why the SAS curve slopes up ward.In the short run, whe n the p rice level risesreal wage rate declines the cost of p roducti ondecreasesemployin creases p roducti on (real GDP)=黏性工资模型在超短期中，总供给曲线是水平的。2.3总供给的变动An in crease in theFull-e mployment、qua

7、ntity of labormore laborsAn in crease in the冬cha nges inqua ntity of cap italboth of LAS and SASpoten tial GDPcurve shiftAn adva nee in/tech no logychangein ASin flati on3、总需求(Aggregate dema nd)3.1总需求是描述实际GDP需求量与价格水平的关系丿rateBasic formula: Y（实际GDP需求量）二C+I+G+（X-M） aggregate P rice levelLdema nd3.2总需求曲

8、线JTry to ex plain why the AD curve slopes dow nward.Method 1Price levels、real wealth i saving +cure nt bonsump ti on iADIn tertem poral substituti onIntern ati onal p rice,Method 2JTo an alysis the relati on shipGDP by using the qua ntity3.3影响总需求变动的因素Expectation，Fiscal anc（这部分的变化分析要求理4、短期均衡与长期均衡丿短期均

9、衡：SAS二AID atte nti on: the money wage rate is fixed长期均衡： 货币工资率的不断调整使得经济处于充分就业状态。点）In the long-run equilibrium,potential GDFdetermines realand po te ntial GDP and AD determ ine the p rice level.凯恩斯主义：强调短期均衡；新古典主义：强调长期均衡5、AS-AD模型的运用（重点）5.4Wealth EffectSubstituEffctstionADcurve slopes dow nwar

10、d）between the price level and realtheory of mon ey.monetary policy，The world economic解掌握，课本上有具体的总结解释）（重GDP,解释经济增长，经济增长的过程中伴随通货膨胀解释经济周期（短期经济波动）总需求变动带来的短期和长期效应（通胀缺口和萧条缺口） 总供给负方向波动会引发滞胀，思考可以通过何种调整可以使经济回归充分就业状态。6、三大宏观经济学的思想流派古典主义：经济能够自我调节，回归充分就业状态（长期）；新古典认为技术的变化是造成经济波动的主要原因。凯恩斯主义：强调政府干预，经济不能自身调节 货币主义：在货

11、币政策稳定且货币稳定增长的情况下， 经济能够自我 调节，处于充分就业的均衡状态Chap ter 28 Exp enditureMult ip liers:Model凯恩斯模型前提假设：1. Price-level is fixed2. Aggregate dema nd determ ines real GDPAggregate pla nned expen diture: C+I+G+X-M（ 注 意 均为情况而非实际情况，C,M有部分是自发性的1Consumption and savinga. Factors in flue nee consump ti on and sav ing:1.

12、 Dis posal ine增加2. Real in terest rate少）；3. Wealth增加（减少）4. Exp ected future ine加）The Keynesianplanned的（减少）,c,s增加（减少）； 增加（减少），c减少（增加），,c增加（减少），s减少（增加）增加（减少），c增加（减少），s增加（减s减少（增b. Consump ti on, sav ing fun cti ons P673c. MPC, MPS, MPI:MPC+MP S=1, MP匸cha nges in in vestme nt/ chan ges in real GDP2Aggre

13、gate Planned Expenditurea. Autonomous expenditure: I, G, X,In duced expen diture: C, M部分C, M计算autonomous expenditure:real GDP=0寸的aggregate plannedexpen ditureb. AE Curve P677c. Actual aggregate expenditure= Real GDPAggregate用）AggregateAggregateplanned expen diture工Real GDP（inventories的作Real GDP ,i n

14、ven tories减少; 1的原因：autonomous expenditure的增加会带来realGDP#加，进而增加induced expenditure。当无ine tax, im ports时，mult ip lier二1/（1-M PC）=1/ MPS当有ine tax, im ports时，mult ip lier1 b.whe ngover nment expen diture in creases, gover nment borrow ing in crease and raisesthe real in terest rate. With the higher cost

15、of borrowing, investment decreases,which will partly offsets the in crease in gover nment spendin g. If this were theonly con seque nee of the in crease in gover nment expen diture, the multi plierwould be 1.c The actualmult ip lierdepends on which above effect isstron ger.(3)The tax mult ip lieris

16、the qua ntity effect a cha nge in taxeson aggregate dema ndCha pter 31 Monetary Policy1、 掌握monetary policy的objectiveMaximumemployment、Moderate Iong-term interest rates、Stable prices(主要目标)2、 如何con duct mon etary p olicy?Fed通过open market operation首先影响federal funds rate，接 着影响interestrate，然后影响quantity o

17、f money，最后影响aggregate dema nd.注意：federal funds rate是bank持有reserve的cost具体的process oftransmission见书上7593、Fed女口何fight recession/inflation?当经济处于recession的时候，Fed会降低federal funds rate使得monetarybase增加，从而使得interest rate减少，间接 导致planned expenditure增加，由于乘数效应，real GDP会增 长到potential GDP.would occur if the economywere at full employment and real GDP were equal to potential GDP.The cyclical surplus or deficit minus the structural surplusFigure30.9)(2)在Discretionary fiscal policy gover n