英国历史与文化-英文版PPT

1、 Prehistoric England Roman Britain (43-410) The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings (450-1066) Normans and Plantagenets (1066-1272) Lancaster and York (1272-1485) The Tudors (1485-1603) The Stuarts (1603-1714) Order and Disorder (1714-1837) Victoria and Empire (1837-1910) Peace and War (1910-1945) Contemporary

2、 Britain (1945- )Chapter 1 Early England 1. Old Stone Age, 70,0008000 BC2. Middle Stone Age , 83003500 BC 3. New Stone Age , 35002500 BC 4. Bronze Age, 2500700 BC (Iberians)5. Iron Age, 700100 BC (Celts)6. The Dawning of English History 150 BC50 Official title United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nor

3、thern Ireland British Isles Including Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, all the offshore islands1.1 Geography: Some Terminology Isolated from Europe by the English Channel and the North Sea once perceived as being on the edge of the world The seas around Britain also acted as barriers against att

4、empted invasions: The Armada, 1588; the French, 1805, Nazi Germany, 1940 1.1 Geography: Geography and History Generally mild and temperate weatherallows farming to flourish across the country North: less fertile land, wetterSouth: fertile land, drier 1.1 Geography: Weather Hunters and gatherers Old

5、Stone Age (Paleolithic), 70,0008000 BC Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic), 83003500 BC New Stone Age (Neolithic), 35002500 BC1.2 Early Settlers New Stone Age , 35002500 BCStonehenge 史前巨石阵史前巨石阵 a monumental circular setting of large standing stones surrounded by an earthwork1.2 Early Settlers StonehengeIn

6、 Search of History 00:20 01:38 The Celts (Iron Age, 700100 BC) from north-western Europe, ancestors of the highland Scots, the Irish and Welsh Gaelic 盖尔语盖尔语 : language of Celtic origin1.2 Early Settlers Roman Invasion (55BC-410AD) British recorded history begins with Roman invasion.first landing in

7、55 B.C. led by Julius Caesarcomplete control over the land in 43 A.D.leaving in around 410 A.D.What is the meaning of B.C. and A.D.? BC stands for before Christ AD stands for the Latin phrase “anno domini”means in the year of our Lord The purpose of the BC / AD dating system to make the birth of Jes

8、us Christ the dividing point of world historyGaius Julius Caesar (July 13, 100 BC March 15, 44 BC)a Roman military and political leaderplayed a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman EmpireRoman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD)1. First landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caes

9、arReasons the lure of treasures to punish the Celts because of the help they rendered their fellow tribesmen in GaulResults failed because of weatherwithdraw with hostages and prisonersRoman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD)2. Complete control over the land in 43 A.D.Leaderheaded by the Emperor ClaudiusReas

10、onscame as imperialists to exploit and govern by right of being the superiorRoman Invasion (55BC-410 AD)3. Leaving in around 410 A.D.The Roman Empire disintegrated in 476 A.D.left behind a well established Celtic-Roman cultureRoman Soldiers Resistance to Roman Occupation For nearly 400 years Britain

11、 was under the Roman occupation, but it was never a total occupation. Roman troops often withdrew.Resistance: the PictsTwo great walls to keep the Picts: Hadrians Wall Antonine WallRoman Influence: The Romanisation of Britannia 1.Roman laws, taxes, engineering skills2.Architecture3.Roman social syst

12、em 4.The Latin Language5.System of writing and numbering6.Introduced a system of organized government in towns 7.Brought the new religion Christianity to Britain Roman Influence: The Romanisation of Britannia Roman towns: London, York, Bathbaths, temples, amphitheatres 竞技场竞技场, Roman aqueducts 高架渠高架渠

13、 Roman roads: more than 5000 roads, a network of roads to connect large towns Roman civilization was based on city life in hundreds of walled town linked by military roads. Roman town: BathBath Abbey Roman amphitheatre Roman aqueduct Roman Road The Impact of Christianity The Celts Religion Polytheis

14、m (多神论)Animals, rivers, and lakes were also treated as gods.Celtic gods and goddesses Roman Britain . Christian merchants and traders arrived in England in the 1st century A.D, but made little impact. In the 2nd century, Christianity slowly spread.In the late 6th century, Christianity was introduced

15、 widely in England.Christianity: belief in one godhead,The Celts Religion:belief in several gods After Constantines conversion to Christianity, Polytheism (多神论) monotheism (一神论)BritanniaAnglo-Saxon periodIn the middle of the 5th century, Anglo-Saxons settled here. English people owe much of their tr

16、adition, language, physical heritage to them (tall, fair-haired).Viking invasion: by the 8th, the Danish began to invade England in a successful way until Alfred the Great defeated them. King Alfred the Great (r. 871-899 阿佛列大阿佛列大帝帝) He is often regarded as the first king of a united England. He defe

17、ated the Danes at battles. 28Beowulf, the oldest English epic, tells the story of a Scandinavian hero. Probably written in Northumbria in the early eighth century, it provides a striking picture of early Germanic life. The earliest surviving manuscript of Beowulf was written in Saxon in the late ten

18、th century. p7329The Manuscript of Beowulf32An evil dragon robbed the holly cup away and guarded the cup in his cave not allowing anyone to touch it.33 Beowulf led his men to sail across the sea to find the holly cup back for his people.The Norman ConquestAfter Edward died, Duke of Normandy-William

19、I, was crowned in London, on Christmas Day 1066.Significance: A. A new dynasty, a new aristocracyB. A strong Norman government, feudal systemC. The upper ranks of the clergy were Normanized and feudalized.Domesday BookWillian dispatched officials to survry peoples financial condition and taka note,s

20、o that distribute rights.Willian emplemented powerful centralized.The feudal ageThe feudal age1)Williams rule(1066-1087) A. strong monarchy was established B. French language was used in the court and upper classes C. Domesday Book: great survey of the realm in 1089 2) Henry s reform (1154-1189) A.

21、Established the Plantagenet Dynasty (1154-1485) B. replaced the feudal law with royal or common law, the jury of 12 sworn men3) Magna Carta (the Great Charter) in 1215 A. signed by king John B. the basis of modern English constitution C. the upholding of individual rights against arbitrary governmen

22、t 4) the parliament in 1265 A. during Henry , Simon de Montfort called the first parliament B. commoners sat for the first time5) the Hundred Years War (1337- 1453) A. between France and England, French won B. introduced the first standing armies in Western Europe C. bourgeoisie was pushed on a high

23、er rang of social ladder D. fall of French language in England E. England and France was separate from each other entirely forever 6) The back death in 1348 A. spread by rat fleas B. killed 1.5 million out of the total 4 million people C. grain farming turned to sheep farming 7) Wat Tylers Uprising

24、in 1381 A. in fighting against the Poll Tax in 1380 B. marked the beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval England8) The war of the Roses A. between House of York (white rose) and House of Lancaster (red rose) B. Marked the end of middle ages and beginning of modern worldGreat-great-great-grandso

25、n of Edward IIIHenry VIIHenry VIIIEdward VIMary IElisabeth I 1）Henry （1509-1547） A. the Church of England separated from Roman Catholicism B. king of England became both the secular and religious world C. king became the real head of England as a nation state Mary ICatholic burning nearly three hund

26、red Protestants at the stakelosing Calais 2) Elizabeth (1558-1603) A. the last Tudor monarch, never got married for the good of the nation B. secure the church of England, compromise between RC and P C. destruction of Spanish Armada showed Englands superiority as a naval powerElisabeth IProtestant t

27、he Virgin Queen Spanish Armada Neutrality and compromise3) The English Renaissance A. from the beginning of 16th century to the 17th century B. the greatest English humanist:The greatest English humanistThomas More (Utopia)finest dramatistsChristopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson, William Shakespearenon-dra

28、matic poetsEdmund Spenser, Philip Sidney, Shakespeare and John Donne, John Milton (Paradise Lost)progenitor of English materialismFrancis BaconJames I 1603 - 1625 Charles I 1625 - 1649 Charles II 1660 - 1685 James II 1685 - 1688 William III 1688 - 1702 and Queen Mary II 1688 - 1694 Queen Anne 1702 -

29、 1714 James I Charles II Plague (1665) Great Fire (1666)St. Pauls Cathedral by Sir Christopher WrenJames II escaped to France in 1648, disguised as a girl Catholic persecution of the Protestants 4) The civil wars (1642-1651)A. parliamentary victory 1651B. execution of Charles I 1649C. Protectorate (

30、1653-1659) Oliver Cromwell and his son5) Restoration (1660)Charles returns with a big welcome and was crowned in April 1660, as the restoration of Stewart Dynasty 6)Glorious Revolution(1688)A. James was overthrown by parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William of Oran

31、geB. Bill of Rights, autocratic monarchy-constitutional monarchyC. marked the end of feudalism and the beginning of capitalismBritain came into being in 1707 with the Act of Union which united England and Scotland.7)Whigs and ToriesWhigs favored reform and Tories are monarchists.William III and Quee

32、n Mary IIoffered the English crown invaded England in 1688 8)Enclosure A. a significant rise during the Tudor period B. during 18-19th century, the Enclosure Acts by the parliament C. harms: Peasant Dispossessed of their land D. significance: better farming methods accumulation of capital abundant food cheap and mobile labor19th century : 1) The Chartist Movement (18361848)Chartism: a movement forpolitical and socialreform during themid-19th century.The s