Chapter 2 The Criteria of Translation

1、lWhat is the function of translation criteria?lA plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation;lA goal set for translators to strive after.l信: faithfulnessl达: expressivenessl雅: elegance In translation, there are three difficulties to overcome, namely, faithfulness, expressiveness an

2、d elegance. It is already very difficult to achieve faithfulness. Without expressiveness, mere faithfulness would mean work to no avail. 译文取明深义，故词译文取明深义，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附句之间，时有所颠倒附益，不斤斤于字比句次，益，不斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不倍本文。而意义则不倍本文。 The translation must express the profound meaning of the original. As for the word o

3、rder and that of sentences in the original, there is no need to stick to them. He may make some changes where necessary. But in meaning, the translation must c o n f o r m t o t h e o r i g i n a l . 易经曰：易经曰：“修辞立修辞立诚诚”。子曰：。子曰：“辞达而辞达而已已”。又曰：。又曰：“言之无文，言之无文，行而不远行而不远”。三者乃文章。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。正轨，亦即为译事楷模。译事

4、三难：信、达、雅。译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译信矣不达，虽译犹不译也。也。 The Book of Change says that faithfulness is the first thing in wording . Confucius stated that what speech requires is only expressiveness. And again he said that language without literary grace cannot go far and wide. All these requi

5、rements mentioned above are indispensable both to writing and to translating. I t m a y b e s a f e l y assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Ceasar set foot in southern Britain, the whole countryside visible from windows of the room in which I write, was in what is called “the s t a t e o f

6、n a t u r e ” .赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野。槛外诸境，历历如在几下。乃悬想两千年前，当罗马大将恺彻未到时，此间有何景物。计惟有天造草昧，人工未施。2. 刘重德：刘重德： 信于内容信于内容(faithfulness) 达如其份达如其份(expressiveness切合文体（切合文体（closeness)l3. 傅雷傅雷:重神似而不重形似重神似而不重形似lResemblance in spirit rather than forml以效果而论以效果而论,翻译应该像临画一样翻译应该像临画一样,所求不在形似所求不在形似,而在神似而在神似.以实际以实际工作而论工作而论,比临

7、画更难比临画更难.lAmong average respectable woman envy plays an extraordinary large part. If you are sitting in the underground and a well-dressed woman happens to walk along the car, watch the eyes of the other women. You will see that every one of them, with the possible exception of those who are even be

8、tter dressed, will watch the woman with malevolent glances, and will be struggling to draw inferences as derogatory to her.l在一般善良妇女身上，嫉妒具有在一般善良妇女身上，嫉妒具有非常大的作用。要是你在地道车非常大的作用。要是你在地道车内。有一个华丽的女子在车厢旁内。有一个华丽的女子在车厢旁边走过时，你试图留神旁的女子边走过时，你试图留神旁的女子的目光罢。她们之中，除了比那的目光罢。她们之中，除了比那个女子穿着更美的以外，都将用个女子穿着更美的以外，都将用恶意的眼光注视着

9、她，同时争先恶意的眼光注视着她，同时争先恐后地寻出贬抑她的话。恐后地寻出贬抑她的话。l文学翻译的最高境界可以说是文学翻译的最高境界可以说是“化化”。把作品从一国文字转换。把作品从一国文字转换成另一国文字，既能不因语文习成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能保存原作的风味，那就算得又能保存原作的风味，那就算得入于入于“化境化境”。lDarkness came down on the field and the city; and Amelia was praying for George, who was lying on his face,

10、 dead, with a bullet through his heart. l Vanity Fair,32 Thackery, ed.l夜色四罩，城中之妻祈天保夫无恙，夜色四罩，城中之妻祈天保夫无恙，战场上其夫仆卧，一弹穿心，死矣。战场上其夫仆卧，一弹穿心，死矣。信信 (faithfulness) 达达 (expressiveness） 优（优（optimization)Most Chinese daughters have a desire strong;To face powder and not to powder the face.In the sky cold waves are swiftly sweeping by; On the va