unit5ConventionalMachiningProcess

1、UNIT 5Conventional Machining Processes第第5讲讲 Can you give me a list of machining processes? TurningBoringMillingDrillingGrindingPlanning车削、镗削、铣削、钻削、磨削、刨削3luckyMethods and MachinesTurning and lathe （车削和车床）（车削和车床）Millingand Milling Machine（铣削和铣床）（铣削和铣床）Drilling and Drill Press（钻削和钻床）5.1 Introduction Co

2、nventional machining is the group of machining operations that use single- or multi-point tools to remove material in the form of chips. Metal cutting involves removing metal through machining operations. Machining traditionally takes place on lathes, drill presses, and milling machines with the use

3、 of various cutting tools. Most machining has very low set-up cost compared with forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.5.1 5.1 译文译文 传统机械加工是一组利用单刃或者多刃刀具

4、以切屑形式去除传统机械加工是一组利用单刃或者多刃刀具以切屑形式去除材料的加工方式。金属切削意味着通过机械加工去除金属。传统材料的加工方式。金属切削意味着通过机械加工去除金属。传统的机械加工都是利用不同的刀具在车床、钻床和铣床上进行的。的机械加工都是利用不同的刀具在车床、钻床和铣床上进行的。与成型加工、锻压和铸造工艺相比，大多数机械加工的生产准备与成型加工、锻压和铸造工艺相比，大多数机械加工的生产准备成本都较低，然而如果是大批量生产，其成本要高得多。当对零成本都较低，然而如果是大批量生产，其成本要高得多。当对零件的尺寸公差和光洁度要求较高时，机械加工是很有必要的。件的尺寸公差和光洁度要求较高时，

5、机械加工是很有必要的。5.2 Turning and Lathe Turning is one of the most common of metal cutting operations. In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis as single-point cutting tools are fed into it, shearing away excess material and creating the desired cylindrical surface. Turning can occur on both exter

6、nal and internal surfaces to produce an axially-symmetrical contoured part. Parts ranging from pocket watch components to large diameter marine propeller shafts can be turned on a lathe. Apart from turning, several other operations can also be performed on lathe.marine propellerWords & expressio

7、nsaxially ksili adv.轴向地轴向地symmetrical simetrikl a. 对称的对称的cylindrical silindrikl a.圆柱形的圆柱形的 contoured kntud a.显示轮廓的，与某种形体轮廓相吻合的显示轮廓的，与某种形体轮廓相吻合的译文译文: : 在金属切削加工操作中，车削是最常见的一种。在车削过程在金属切削加工操作中，车削是最常见的一种。在车削过程中，工件绕其轴线回转，单刃车刀沿工件进给，切除掉多余的材中，工件绕其轴线回转，单刃车刀沿工件进给，切除掉多余的材料，最后形成要求的圆柱形表面。车削可以加工外面和内表面以料，最后形成要求的圆柱形表

8、面。车削可以加工外面和内表面以形成具有轴对称的成形工件。从怀表的零件到大直径的船用螺旋形成具有轴对称的成形工件。从怀表的零件到大直径的船用螺旋桨轴都可以在车床上加工。桨轴都可以在车床上加工。 除了车削，还有另外几种加工操作都可以在车床上进行。除了车削，还有另外几种加工操作都可以在车床上进行。Boring and internal turning. Boring and internal turning are performed on the internal surfaces by a boring bar or suitable internal cutting tools. If the

9、 initial workpiece is solid, a drilling operation must be performed first. The drilling tool is held in the tailstock, and the latter is then fed against the workpiece. When boring is done in a lathe, the work usually is held in a chuck or on a face plate. Holes may be bored straight, tapered, or to

10、 irregular contours. Boring is essentially internal turning while feeding the tool parallel to the rotation axis of the workpiece. 5.2 Turning and LatheWords & expressionstailstock teilstk n. 尾座尾座chuck tk n.卡盘，夹头卡盘，夹头译文译文: : 利用镗杆或合适的内圆车刀可以进行镗削和车内圆。如果工利用镗杆或合适的内圆车刀可以进行镗削和车内圆。如果工件毛坯是实心的，首先要钻孔。钻头安装在

11、尾架上，后者向工件件毛坯是实心的，首先要钻孔。钻头安装在尾架上，后者向工件进给。如果在车床上进行镗削加工，工件通常装夹在卡盘或者进给。如果在车床上进行镗削加工，工件通常装夹在卡盘或者花花盘上盘上。镗出的孔可以是直孔、锥孔或者不规则轮廓。当将刀具沿。镗出的孔可以是直孔、锥孔或者不规则轮廓。当将刀具沿工件的回转轴线平行进给时，镗削实际上就是车内圆。工件的回转轴线平行进给时，镗削实际上就是车内圆。5.2 Turning and Latheface platechuckFacing. Facing is the producing of a flat surface as the result of

12、a tools being fed across the end of the rotating workpiece. Unless the work is held on a mandrel, if both ends of the work are to be faced, it must be turned around after the first end is completed and then the facing operation repeated. The cutting speed should be determined from the largest diamet

13、er of the surface to be faced.Facing may be done either from the outside inward or from the center outward. In either case, the point of the tool must be set exactly at the height of center of rotation. 5.2 Turning and LatheBecause the cutting force tends to push the tool away from the work, it is u

14、sually desirable to clamp the carriage to the lathe bed during each facing cut to prevent it from moving slightly and thus producing a surface that is not flat. In the facing of casting or other materials that have a hard surface, the depth of the first cut should be sufficient to penetrate the hard

15、 material to avoid excessive tool wear. 5.2 Turning and LatheWords & expressionsmandrel mndrl n.车床心轴车床心轴 clamp klmp v. 夹紧，夹住夹紧，夹住carriage krid n.大刀架，拖板大刀架，拖板penetrate penitreit v. 穿透，渗透穿透，渗透tool wear 刀具磨损刀具磨损译文译文: : 车端面可以加工出一个平面，它是当车刀沿回转工件的端面车端面可以加工出一个平面，它是当车刀沿回转工件的端面横向进给的结果。除非工件固定在心轴上，如果工件两端都要车

16、横向进给的结果。除非工件固定在心轴上，如果工件两端都要车端面，必须将一端加工完成后，将工件调头，重复进行车端面加端面，必须将一端加工完成后，将工件调头，重复进行车端面加工。车削速度必须由所加工表面的最大直径来决定。车端面可以工。车削速度必须由所加工表面的最大直径来决定。车端面可以由外向内也可以由中心向外进行。无论哪种情况，刀尖必须准确由外向内也可以由中心向外进行。无论哪种情况，刀尖必须准确地与回转中心对正。地与回转中心对正。由于切削力有将车刀推离工件的趋势，通常由于切削力有将车刀推离工件的趋势，通常最可行的就是在车端面时将拖板卡紧在床身上以避免车刀轻微移最可行的就是在车端面时将拖板卡紧在床身上

17、以避免车刀轻微移动造成加工表面不平整动造成加工表面不平整。在对具有硬质表面的铸件或其他材料进。在对具有硬质表面的铸件或其他材料进行车端面加工时，首次切深要足以穿透硬质材料从而避免过度的行车端面加工时，首次切深要足以穿透硬质材料从而避免过度的刀具磨损。刀具磨损。5.2 Turning and LatheParting. Parting is the operation by which one section of a workpiece is severed from the remainder by means of cutoff tool. Because cutting tools ar

18、e quite thin and must have considerable overhang, this process is less accurate and more difficult. The tool should be set exactly at the height of axis of rotation, be kept sharp, have proper clearance angles, and be fed into the workpiece at a proper and uniform feed rate. 5.2 Turning and LatheWor

19、ds & expressionsremainder rimeind剩余物剩余物 ，余数，余数 overhang uvh vt.悬于悬于.之上之上 n.伸出伸出;突出突出 uniform ju:nif:m a.相同的相同的,一致的一致的 n.制服制服;军服军服clearance angles 后角后角 译文译文: : 切断是一种利用切断刀（割刀）将工件的一部分与其剩余部切断是一种利用切断刀（割刀）将工件的一部分与其剩余部分脱离的加工方法。由于切断刀非常薄而且处于悬臂状态，因此分脱离的加工方法。由于切断刀非常薄而且处于悬臂状态，因此这种加工方法不太精确而且加工起来常常比较困难。切断刀必须这

20、种加工方法不太精确而且加工起来常常比较困难。切断刀必须准确地对正回转轴，保持锋利，具有合适的后角，以合适、不变准确地对正回转轴，保持锋利，具有合适的后角，以合适、不变的进给率沿工件进给。的进给率沿工件进给。5.2 Turning and LatheThreading. Threading can be considered as turning since the path to be travelled by the cutting tool is helical. However, there are some major differences between turning and t

21、hreading. While in turning, the interest is in generating a smooth cylindrical surface, in threading the interest is in cutting a helical thread of a given form and depth which can be calculated from the formulae. 5.2 Turning and Lathehelical helikl a.螺旋状的螺旋状的译文译文: : 车螺纹可以看作是车削，只是车刀所形成的加工轨迹是螺车螺纹可以看作

22、是车削，只是车刀所形成的加工轨迹是螺旋线。但二者也存在一些不同之处。车削主要考虑能否生成光旋线。但二者也存在一些不同之处。车削主要考虑能否生成光滑的圆柱形表面，而车螺纹注重的是能否切出具有按公式计算滑的圆柱形表面，而车螺纹注重的是能否切出具有按公式计算出来的规定形状和深度的螺旋线。出来的规定形状和深度的螺旋线。第第6讲讲There are two basic requirements for thread cutting. An accurately shaped and properly mounted tool is needed because thread cutting is a f

23、orm-cutting operation. The resulting thread profile is determined by the shape of the tool and its position relative to the workpiece. The second by requirement is that the tool must move longitudinally in a specific relationship to the rotation of workpiece, because this determines the lead of the

24、thread. This requirement is met through the use of the lead screw and the split unit, which provide positive motion of carriage relative to the rotation of spindle. 5.2 Turning and Latheform-cutting operation 成形加工成形加工longitudinally l:ditju:dinli adv.纵向纵向lead screw 丝杠丝杠split unit 开合机构开合机构译文译文: : 车螺纹有

25、两个基本要求：首先，由于车螺纹是一种成形加工，车螺纹有两个基本要求：首先，由于车螺纹是一种成形加工，因此车刀必须具有准确的形状而且要安装合适。所切出的螺纹外因此车刀必须具有准确的形状而且要安装合适。所切出的螺纹外形是由车刀形状和它与工件的相对位置决定的。其次，车刀的纵形是由车刀形状和它与工件的相对位置决定的。其次，车刀的纵向进给与工件的回转运动具有特定的关系，因此这决定了螺纹的向进给与工件的回转运动具有特定的关系，因此这决定了螺纹的导程。这个条件可以通过采用丝杠和开合机构得到满足，它们可导程。这个条件可以通过采用丝杠和开合机构得到满足，它们可以实现拖板相对于主轴回转运动的精确可靠的运动。以实现

26、拖板相对于主轴回转运动的精确可靠的运动。5.2 Turning and LatheLathe. Many types of lathes are used for production turning. According to purposes and construction, lathe-type machine tools can be classified as follow:1. Engine lathes 普通车床普通车床2. Vertical lathes 立式车床立式车床3. Turret lathes 转塔车床转塔车床4. Single-or multiple-spindl

27、e automatic or semi-automatic lathes5. Contouring lathes 仿形车床仿形车床6. Universal lathes 万能车床万能车床7. Special-purpose lathes such as crankshaft lathes, camshaft lathes, car wheel lathes and backing-off lathes, etc.5.2 Turning and LatheFigure 5.1 The engine lathelatheHeadstockChuckGuidewayTool postCompound

28、 restSaddleTailstockFeed rodGear boxMotor driveRackChip panApronBrake-clutch controlBedLead screwThe engine latheLathe bed is foundation of the engine lathe, which is heavy, rugged casting made to support the working parts of the lathe. The size and mass of the bed gives the rigidity necessary for a

29、ccurate engineering tolerances required in manufacturing. On top of the bed are machined slideways that guide and align the carriage and tailstock, as they are move from one end of the lathe to the other. 5.2 Turning and Lathe 床身是普通车床的基础，它是由沉重而坚固的铸件制作而成床身是普通车床的基础，它是由沉重而坚固的铸件制作而成的，其目的是为了支撑车床的工作部件。床身的

30、尺寸和质量要使的，其目的是为了支撑车床的工作部件。床身的尺寸和质量要使车床具有足够的刚性以保证制造过程中获得所需的工程公差。床车床具有足够的刚性以保证制造过程中获得所需的工程公差。床身上的导轨可以引导和对准拖板和尾座，使它们可以从车床的一身上的导轨可以引导和对准拖板和尾座，使它们可以从车床的一端移动到另一端。端移动到另一端。 rugged adj. 健壮，坚固健壮，坚固 mass n. 质量质量 slideways n.导轨导轨 Headstock is clamped atop the bed at left-hand end of the lathe and contains the mo

31、tor that drives the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways through a series of gears housed within the gearbox. The function of gearbox is to generate a number of different spindle speeds. atop adv. 在在()顶上顶上 gearbox 齿轮箱齿轮箱5.2 Turning and Lathe 床头箱（主轴箱）紧固在床身上面的左端，内装有电机，床头箱（主轴箱）紧固在床身上面的左端，内装有

32、电机，它通过变速箱内的一组齿轮来驱动主轴转动，主轴的轴线平行它通过变速箱内的一组齿轮来驱动主轴转动，主轴的轴线平行于导轨。变速箱的功能是可以产生不同的主轴转速。于导轨。变速箱的功能是可以产生不同的主轴转速。 A spindle gear is mounted on the rear of the spindle to transmit power through the change gears to the feeding box that distributes the power to the lead screw for threading or to the feed rod for

33、 turning. on the rear of 在在的尾部的尾部 change gears 挂轮挂轮 lead screw 丝杠丝杠 feed rod 光杠光杠 5.2 Turning and Lathe主轴齿轮安装在主轴的尾部，通过挂轮把动力传递到进给箱，如主轴齿轮安装在主轴的尾部，通过挂轮把动力传递到进给箱，如果是车螺纹，进给箱将动力分配到丝杠上；如果是车削，就将动果是车螺纹，进给箱将动力分配到丝杠上；如果是车削，就将动力分配到光杠上。力分配到光杠上。 The spindle has a through hole extending lengthwise through which ba

34、r stocks can be fed if continuous production is used. The hole can hold a plain lathe center by its tapered inner surface and mount a chuck, a face plate or collet by its threaded outer surface. taper n.n.坡度，锥形坡度，锥形 v.v.锥度加工锥度加工 collet n.n.夹头夹头5.2 Turning and Lathe主轴有一个纵向通孔，如果连续加工棒料，通孔就用来实现棒料主轴有一个纵向

35、通孔，如果连续加工棒料，通孔就用来实现棒料的送料。这个通孔具有一个内锥面，可以安装普通车床的中心顶的送料。这个通孔具有一个内锥面，可以安装普通车床的中心顶尖。主轴的外表面车有螺纹，可以安装卡盘，花盘或夹头。尖。主轴的外表面车有螺纹，可以安装卡盘，花盘或夹头。Carriage assembly is actually an H-shaped block that sits across the guideways and in front of lathe bed. The function of the carriage is to carry and move the cutting too

36、l longitudinally. It can be moved by hand or by power and can be clamped into position with a locking nut. The carriage is composed of the cross slide, compound rest, tool saddle, and apron. 5.2 Turning and Lathe拖板组件实际上是一个拖板组件实际上是一个H H形的铸件，位于床身的前端并横跨在导形的铸件，位于床身的前端并横跨在导轨上。拖板的功能带动刀具纵向移动，这个可以通过手动或者轨上。拖

37、板的功能带动刀具纵向移动，这个可以通过手动或者自动完成。利用锁紧螺母可以将其卡紧在所需位置。拖板组件自动完成。利用锁紧螺母可以将其卡紧在所需位置。拖板组件由由横拖板横拖板，小刀架小刀架，刀架鞍板刀架鞍板和和溜板箱溜板箱组成。组成。5.2 Turning and Lathe溜板箱溜板箱 变换箱外手柄位置，在光杠或变换箱外手柄位置，在光杠或丝杠的传动下，可使车刀按要丝杠的传动下，可使车刀按要求方向作进给运动求方向作进给运动 床鞍床鞍 纵向移动纵向移动 中拖板中拖板横向移动横向移动小拖板小拖板 纵向移动纵向移动 刀架刀架 装夹车刀装夹车刀 The cross slide is mounted on

38、the dovetail guideways on the top of the saddle and it moved back and forth at 90to the axis of the lathe by the cross slide lead screw. The lead screw can be hand or power activated. dovetail 燕尾槽燕尾槽5.2 Turning and Lathe横拖板安装在刀架鞍板上部的燕尾槽导轨上。它利用横拖板丝杠横拖板安装在刀架鞍板上部的燕尾槽导轨上。它利用横拖板丝杠于车床轴线成于车床轴线成9090度夹角的方向上前

39、后移动。丝杠可以手动或者自度夹角的方向上前后移动。丝杠可以手动或者自动驱动。动驱动。 The compound rest is mounted on the cross slide and can be swiveled and clamped at any angle in a horizontal plane. The compound is typically used for cutting chamfers or tapers, but must also be used when cutting thread. The compound rest can only be fed b

40、y hand. There is no power to compound rest. The cutting tool and tool holder are secured in the tool post which is mounted directly to the compound rest. swivel swvl v.旋转旋转5.2 Turning and Lathe小刀架安装在横拖板上，它可以在水平面内转动或夹紧在任意角小刀架安装在横拖板上，它可以在水平面内转动或夹紧在任意角度位置。小刀架主要用来倒角和加工锥面，在车削螺纹时也必须度位置。小刀架主要用来倒角和加工锥面，在车削螺

41、纹时也必须用到小刀架。小刀架只能手动进给，没有动力传到小刀架上。刀用到小刀架。小刀架只能手动进给，没有动力传到小刀架上。刀具和刀夹被卡紧在直接安装在小刀架上的刀座上。具和刀夹被卡紧在直接安装在小刀架上的刀座上。The tool saddle is an H shaped casting mounted on the top of the guideways and houses the cross slide and compound rest. It makes possible longitudinal, cross and angular feeding of the tool bit.

42、 5.2 Turning and Lathe 刀架鞍板是一个安装在导轨上部的刀架鞍板是一个安装在导轨上部的H H形铸件，容纳有横拖板和形铸件，容纳有横拖板和小刀架。它可以实现刀尖的纵向、横向和斜向进给。小刀架。它可以实现刀尖的纵向、横向和斜向进给。The apron is attached to the front of the carriage and contains the gears and feed clutches which transmit motion from the feed rod or lead screw to carriage and cross slide. W

43、hen cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is the feed rod that drives the carriage. 5.2 Turning and Lathe 溜板箱位于拖板的前端，里面装有齿轮和将运动从光杠或丝杠溜板箱位于拖板的前端，里面装有齿轮和将运动从光杠或丝杠传递至拖板或横向拖板的进给离合器。当切制螺纹时，动力通传递至拖板或横向拖板的进给离合器。当切制螺纹时，动力通

44、过丝杠传递到溜板箱中的变速齿轮箱。在其它车削加工时，依过丝杠传递到溜板箱中的变速齿轮箱。在其它车削加工时，依靠光杠来驱动拖板。靠光杠来驱动拖板。 Tailstock is composed of a low base and the movable part of the tail-stock proper, the transverse adjustments being made with a cross screw furnished with a square head. The two parts are hold together by the holding-down bolts

45、 which secure the tailstock to the bed. transverse adj. 横向的，横切的；横向的，横切的； n. 横轴横轴 holding-down bolts 压紧螺栓压紧螺栓5.2 Turning and Lathe 尾座由底座和尾座体的可移动部件组成。课移动部件的横向调尾座由底座和尾座体的可移动部件组成。课移动部件的横向调整有带有四方头的横向丝杠来完成。底座和可移动部分通过压整有带有四方头的横向丝杠来完成。底座和可移动部分通过压紧螺栓连接在一起并将尾座固定在床身上。紧螺栓连接在一起并将尾座固定在床身上。 The tailstock is locate

46、d on the opposite end of the lathe from the headstock. It supports one end of the work when machining between centers, supports long pieces held in the chuck, and holds various forms of cutting tools, such as drills, reamers, and taps. reamer n.铰刀铰刀 tap n.丝锥；丝锥；v.攻丝攻丝 5.2 Turning and Lathe 尾座位于机床上和主

47、轴箱相反的另一端。当采用两端顶尖加工尾座位于机床上和主轴箱相反的另一端。当采用两端顶尖加工时，尾座支撑工件的一端，以支撑在卡盘中的长形零件。另外时，尾座支撑工件的一端，以支撑在卡盘中的长形零件。另外尾座还可以夹持各种刀具，如钻头、铰刀和丝锥等。尾座还可以夹持各种刀具，如钻头、铰刀和丝锥等。5.3 Milling and Milling MachineType of Milling OperationClassification of Milling MachineFunction of the Basic Components Definition5.3 Milling and Milling

48、 Machine铣铣削削方方式式逆铣逆铣顺铣顺铣周铣周铣Peripheral Milling端铣端铣End Milling5.3 Milling and Milling Machine Peripheral Milling The milled face is generated by teeth located on periphery of the cutter body. The axis of cutter rotation is generally in a plane parallel to the workpiece surface to be machined (shown i

49、n Fig.5.2a). Face Milling The cutter is mounted on a spindle have an axis of rotation perpendicular to the workpiece surface. End Millingperipheral prifrl a.圆周的；外面的；次要的圆周的；外面的；次要的perpendicular ,p:pndkjl a.a.垂直的垂直的 n.n.垂直线，垂直度垂直线，垂直度HeadOverarmColumnBaseKneeSaddleWorktableTHE BASIC COMPONENTS: 立柱立柱 升

50、降台升降台 床鞍床鞍 工作台工作台 主轴头主轴头 横梁横梁5.3 Milling and Milling MachineColumn An oil reservoir and pump in the column keep the spindle lubricated. The column rests on a base that contains a coolant reservoir and a pump that can be used when performing any machining operation that required a coolant. reservoir

51、n.油箱，容器油箱，容器 ； lubricate vt. 使滑润使滑润 coolant n.冷却剂，冷却液冷却剂，冷却液 rest on 被支撑在；依赖被支撑在；依赖,依据依据 立柱中的油箱和油泵对主轴起润滑作用。立柱安装在底座上面，立柱中的油箱和油泵对主轴起润滑作用。立柱安装在底座上面，底座有一个冷却油箱和油泵，当加工过程中需要用冷却液时使底座有一个冷却油箱和油泵，当加工过程中需要用冷却液时使用。用。5.3 Milling and Milling MachineKnee The feed change gearing is enclosed within the knee. The leve

52、r can be raised or lowered either by hand or power feed. gearing n.传动机构传动机构 lever n.杠杆杠杆;控制杆控制杆 升降台里有可以改变进给量的齿轮传动机构。升降台里有可以改变进给量的齿轮传动机构。 操作杆向上或向下以实现手动或自动进给。操作杆向上或向下以实现手动或自动进给。5.3 Milling and Milling Machine Saddle supports the table and can move transversely, which slides on a horizontal dovetail, p

53、arallel to the axis of the spindle, on the knee. The swivel table (on universal machines only) is attached to the saddle and can be swiveled approximately 45in either direction. transversely 横向横向 dovetail 燕尾槽燕尾槽床鞍在升降台上，支撑着工作台，可以在平行于主轴轴线的水床鞍在升降台上，支撑着工作台，可以在平行于主轴轴线的水平燕尾槽中横向滑动。回转工作台（只有在万能铣床上）安装平燕尾槽中横向滑

54、动。回转工作台（只有在万能铣床上）安装在床鞍上，可以沿任意方向回转大约在床鞍上，可以沿任意方向回转大约4545度度5.3 Milling and Milling Machine Power feed mechanism is contained in the knee and controls the longitudinal, transverse (in and out) and vertical feeds. On some universal knee and column milling machines the feed is obtained by turning the spe

55、ed selection handle until the desired rate of feed is indicated on the feed dial. dial dail n.n.刻度盘、标度盘刻度盘、标度盘 动力进给机构位于升降台内部，控制纵向、横向及垂直进给。动力进给机构位于升降台内部，控制纵向、横向及垂直进给。 在有些升降台立式万能铣床中，通过旋转转速选择手柄直到在有些升降台立式万能铣床中，通过旋转转速选择手柄直到所需的进给速率与进给刻度盘上的标记对齐，就可以获得所所需的进给速率与进给刻度盘上的标记对齐，就可以获得所需的进给量。需的进给量。5.3 Milling and Mi

56、lling Machine The worktable can be moved longitudinally with respect to the saddle by hand or by power. Place the end of the directional feed control lever to the left to feed the table to the left. 工作台可以相对于床鞍手动或自工作台可以相对于床鞍手动或自动纵向移动。动纵向移动。 将方向进给手柄搬到左边，工作将方向进给手柄搬到左边，工作台就向左边进给。台就向左边进给。5.3 Milling and

57、Milling Machine Head contains the spindle and cutter holder. In vertical machines the head may be fixed or vertically adjustable. The front of the spindle, which is near the table, has an internal taper machined on it. The internal taper (3 inches per foot) permits mounting tapered-shank cutter hold

58、ers and cutter arbor. Two keys, located on the face of the spindle, provide a positive drive for the cutter holder, or arbor. 主轴头包含主轴和刀夹。在立式铣床中，主轴头要么是固主轴头包含主轴和刀夹。在立式铣床中，主轴头要么是固定的要么是垂直可调的。定的要么是垂直可调的。 主轴接近工作台的前端加工有一个内锥孔。内锥孔可以固主轴接近工作台的前端加工有一个内锥孔。内锥孔可以固定锥形刀具夹头和铣刀杆。位于主轴端面上的两个键给刀定锥形刀具夹头和铣刀杆。位于主轴端面上的两个键给刀夹

59、或刀杆提供强制驱动。夹或刀杆提供强制驱动。5.3 Milling and Milling Machine Overarm is the horizontal beam to which the arbor support is fastened. The overarm may be single casting that slides in the dovetail guideways on the top of the column. It may consist of one or two cylindrical bars that slide through the hole in t

60、he column. 横梁是一个水平的梁，用以固定刀杆支架。横梁有可能是一横梁是一个水平的梁，用以固定刀杆支架。横梁有可能是一个铸件，它可以沿着立柱上部的燕尾槽导轨滑动。它可能由个铸件，它可以沿着立柱上部的燕尾槽导轨滑动。它可能由一根或两根圆柱构成，穿过立柱上的孔进行滑动。一根或两根圆柱构成，穿过立柱上的孔进行滑动。5.3 Milling and Milling Machine On some machines to position the overarm, first unclamp the locknuts and then extend the overarm by turning a crank. On othe