东华大学2018考博英语

1、精选东华高校2018年博士争辩生入学考试英语（1001）试题Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the correspo

2、nding letter on your Answer Sheet. 1. Many scientists remain_about the value of this researchprogram.Asceptical B. stationary C. spacious D. specific2. If you want to go to the concert, youll have to make a _, or there will be no tickets.A. conservation B. reservation C. preservation D. observation3

3、. The mother was _ when her son confessed he had robbed a store.A. dismayed B. flattered C. fascinated D. disabled4. The _ judge accepted money to let the prisoner go unpunished.A. committed B. corrupt C. conserved D. confident5. It took them several weeks to _the wild horse.A. cultivate B. civilize

4、 C. curb D. tame6. It is a common theme of many science fiction stories that the world may one day be _ by beings from the outer space.A. run over B. filled in C. taken over D. broken in7. It _ that the old woman she had been taking care of was indeed her own mother.A. turned over B. turned in C. tu

5、rned across D. turned out 8. The discovery of new oil fields in various parts of the country filled the government with _hope.A. eternal B. infinite C. ceaseless D. delicate9. We hope there will be a peaceful _ to the new system.A. transmission B. transition C. transaction D. transformation 10.It is

6、 _ that women should be paid less than men for doing the samekind of work.A. abrupt B. absurd C. adverseD. addictive11. The young flower girl has been in town for only several months, but she seems to be _with everyone who comes to the store.A. admitted B. accepted C. admired D. acquainted12. When t

7、he wealthy man died his illegitimate son _half of his legacy.A. retreated B. displayed C. declared D. claimed13. I have said nothing like that. He intentionally _ my ideas to achieve his personal ends.A. revised B. distracted C. contradicted D. distorted14. Travelers are advised to use traveler'

8、s checks, which provide a secure _ to carrying all the money in cash.A. substitute B. alternative C. selection D. displacement15. Most of the nations in the world are working in a collaborative effort to _ hunger from the world.A. abandon B. diminish C. withdraw D. eliminate16. I just can't _ ho

9、w he managed to finish his report so soon. He said he was only halfway through it yesterday!A. figure out B. work out C. look out D. draw out17. The mayor was asked to give a rough _ of the cost of the construction of the new bridge.A. assessment B. evaluation C. announcement D. estimate18. At last

10、his firm was _ up by a multinational corporation.A. swallowed B. devoured C. swigged D. gulped19. When he went to the airport for the ticket, Tom suddenly realized that his passport had _ for half a year.A. abolished B. expired C. amended D. constrained20. According to the report, the _ of the epide

11、mic was frightening in that country.A. multitude B. altitude C. magnitude D. gratitudePart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each) Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet

12、.Popular science books by pioneering scientists come in many varieties, but are almost always 21 waiting for. Such books would certainly be authoritative accounts of the subject matter. What is more important, 22, is that they give the reader a really unique 23. The genre includes straightforward ex

13、positions of a technical topic, an early example 24 the classic little book on relativity by Einstein himself. More 25 - and perhaps 26 greater value, in the long 27 - one has a 28 of essays on widely varying themes. These reflect, directly 29 indirectly, the motivations, the compulsions, the stance

14、, the personal scientific philosophy - 30 short, the credo - of a great scientist, giving the reader 31 insight into the working of a first-rate mind in a manner that even the best of biographies can only 32. Restricting oneself to examples 33 from physics and 34 areas, some wonderful examples of th

15、is class are Wigners Symmetries and Reflections, Chandrasekhars Truth and Beauty, Feynmans The Character of Physical Law, and Dysons 35 the Universe.21.A. differentB. eagerC. worth D. gratitude22.A. howeverB. by the way C. unfortunatelyD. to be exact23.A. characterB. thought C. enjoymentD. perspecti

16、ve24.A. being B. has beingC. has beenD. been25.A. importantB. specialC. oftenD. clear26.A. with B. forC. in D. of27.A. agoB. timeC. distanceD. run28.A. electionB. collectionC. deductionD. induction29.A. andB. orC. notD. but30.A. onB. for C. in D. of31.A. valuable B. attractiveC. particularD. mysteri

17、ous32A. repeatB. approximateC. enhanceD. discover33.A. concernedB. broughtC. takenD. thought34.A. relatingB. relativeC. relateD. related35.A. DisturbingB DisturbC. DisturbedD. DisturbancePart III Reading Comprehension (30 points) Section A (20 points, 1 point each) Directions: In this part of the te

18、st, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. Passage 1 In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors.

19、 Politicians also got on board. "There is a direct relationship," US congressman Neal Smith noted, "between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death." Frightening, if true! But many doctors and medical researcher

20、s are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. "All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary," Dr. Dustan insists. "For most of us it probably doesn't make much difference how much salt we eat." Dustan's most recent short-term study of 150 people sh

21、owed that those with normal blood pressure experienced no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous le

22、vel when salt was reintroduced." "An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost in the general population," notes Dr. John H. Laragh. "So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense." Medical

23、 experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable "moderation" in salt consumption. For the average person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would come from the nat

24、ural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table. Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal "low salt" exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr. admits that "we do not k

25、now whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension." In fact, there is growing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium; obesity (much more dangerous than sodium); genetic predisposition; stress." It is not your

26、 enemy," says Dr. Laragh. "Salt is the No. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you don't need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up."36. According to some doctors and politici

27、ans, the amount of salt consumed _A. exhibits as an aggravating factor to people in poor health. B. cures diseases such as stroke and circulatory disorders. C. correlates highly with some diseases. D. is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease.37. From Dr. Dustan's study we can infer t

28、hat _A. a low-salt diet may be prescribed for some people. B. the amount of salt intake has nothing to do with one's blood pressure. C. the reduction of salt intake can cure a hypertensive patient. D. an extremely low-salt diet makes no difference to anyone.38. In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh

29、 implies that _A. people should not be afraid of taking excessive salt. B. doctors should not advise people to avoid salt. C. an adequate to excessive salt intake is recommended for people in disease. D. excessive salt intake has claimed some victims in the general population.39. The phrase "vo

30、cal exponent" (Para. 4) most probably refers to _A. eloquent doctor. B. articulate opponent. C. loud speaker. D. strong advocate.40. What is the main message of this text? A. That the salt scare is not justified. B. That the cause of hypertension is now understood. C. That the moderate use of s

31、alt is recommended. D. That salt consumption is to be promoted.Passage 2 Globalization is not just some passing trend. Today it is an overarching international system shaping the domestic politics and foreign relations of virtually every country, and we need to understand it as such. As thoughtful p

32、eople concerned about world affairs, our job is to pick up "globalization," examine it from all sides, dissect it, figure out what makes it tick, and then nurture and promote the good parts and mitigate or slow down the bad parts. Globalization is much like fire. Fire itself is neither goo

33、d nor bad. Used properly, it can cook food, sterilize equipment, form iron, and heat our homes. Used carelessly, fire can destroy lives, towns and forests in an instant. As Friedman says: "Globalization can be incredibly empowering and incredibly coercive. It can democratize opportunity and dem

34、ocratize panic. It makes the whales bigger and the minnows stronger. It leaves you behind faster and faster, and it catches up to you faster and faster. While it is homogenizing cultures, it is also enabling people to share their unique individuality farther and wider." Globalization has danger

35、s and an ugly dark side. But it can also bring tremendous opportunities and benefits. Just as capitalism requires a network of governing systems to keep it from devouring societies, globalization requires vigilance and the rule of law. Anti-trust laws, the Securities and Exchange Commission, labor u

36、nions, charities, the Federal Trade Commission, and countless other agencies and organizations keep American capitalism in check. Similar transparent mechanisms are needed to make sure globalization is a positive force in the world. Globalization will always have cheerleaders who are blind to the de

37、struction globalization can cause. And it will always have strident opponents blind to the way globalization gives some people their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspirations. As with most issues, the majority of people will be in the middle. They will see globalization not as something to wors

38、hip or demonize. Instead, they will see it as something to mold, shape and manage for the betterment of everyone.41. What does the word “mitigate” in paragraph 2 most likely mean?A. A. To alleviate.B. To slow down.C. To omit.D. To go faster.42. Why does the author compare globalization as fire?A. Wh

39、en used correctly, they both can sterilize equipment.B. When used improperly, they both can destroy our life.C. When worshipped, they both improve our life greatly.D. When demonized, they both can be dangerous.43. Why is globalization compared as capitalism in the passage?A. They both require vigila

40、nce to keep them from devouring societies.B. They both need Federal trade commission and labor unions.C. They both need transparent mechanisms to operate properly.D. Both A and B. 44. People who worship globalization usually _ while people who demonize globalization usually _.A. see it as something

41、to mold for the improvement of everyone; stand in the middle to mold, shape and manage for the betterment of everyoneB. believe globalization can be shaped ; believe globalization has dangers and an ugly dark sideC. believe globalization is a positive force in the world; believe globalization requir

42、es vigilance and the rule of laws D. see no destruction globalization can cause; can not see that globalization gives some people their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspiration45. Which of the following is not necessarily required to make positive use of globalization?A. Tremendous opportunitie

43、s and benefits.B. Vigilance and the rule of law.C. Transparent mechanisms.D. Molding, shaping and management.Passage 3 A Chinese study found that antibiotics can help prevent stomach cancer in people who carry a common strain of bacteria known to cause ulcers. The study adds to the already strong ev

44、idence that Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach cancer, a disease especially prevalent in Asia but far less common in the United States. Still, experts said the findings do not solve the dilemma of whether and how to treat carriers of the bacteria.The study involved 1,630 men and women fr

45、om Fujian Province in southern China. All were carriers of H. pylori; hundreds of them already had precancerous lesions (癌变) at the outset of the study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive two weeks of treatment with antibiotics and an anti-ulcer drug, or a dummy medicine, and were followed f

46、or 7 years and a half after that. Among the 988 patients without precancerous lesions at the outset, none on the treatment got stomach cancer, compared with six in the placebo group. The findings among those with precancerous lesions were not as clear-cut: Seven in the treatment group developed stom

47、ach cancer, versus 11 in the placebo group. The study appears in Wednesday's Journal of the American Medical Association. H. pylori is estimated to affect as many as 90 percent of people in some developing nations and up to 50 percent of people in some industrialized countries, according to the

48、World Health Organization. Chronic H. pylori is thought to cause stomach cancer, and doctors have come to believe since the early 1980s that it is the No. 1 cause of ulcers.The findings suggest that doctors should consider routine screening for such lesions in H. pylori patients in high-incidence ar

49、eas, and treating the infections in patients with no precancerous lesions, said the authors, led by Benjamin Chun-Yu Wong of the University of Hong Kong.Dr. Michael Brown, a gastroenterologist at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, said routine H. pylori screening would not be cost-effective

50、in the United States because the rates of infection and cancer are so low.46. According to the passage, experts in the Chinese study mentioned in the passage are still not sure _.A. whether Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach cancerB. whether stomach cancer is more prevalent in Asia C. wh

51、ether to treat all carriers of Helicobacter pylori bacteriaD. whether Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach ulcer47. Among people who developed cancer in the study, proportion of patients in the treatment group to patients in the placebo group is_.A. 64%B. 50%C. 90%D. 39%48. In the study, w

52、hat medicine did the placebo group take during the two-week treatment?A. Antibiotics.B. A dummy medicine. C. An anti-cancer medicine.D. Medicine for the precancerous.49. How many patients in the study already had precancerous lesions at the outset of the study?A. 1467B. 988C. 815D. 64250. The findin

53、gs of the study propose that _.A. H. pylori patients in high-incidence areas should be screened and treated.B. patients with precancerous lesions are not as easily cured as those without.C. treatment should be given to H. pylori patients without precancerous lesions.D. treatment should not be given

54、to H. pylori patients with precancerous lesions.Passage 4NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland has been given the nod to lead a robotic lunar mission in 2008 - a key step in President George W. Bushs recently announced space vision strategy. The lunar reconnaissance orbiter w

55、ould likely be geared to investigate the potential for water ice trapped at the Moons poles. This type of investigation may involve powerful radar to scan the always darkened craters, thought by some scientists to contain bountiful quantities of water ice.Water ice is believed to have been brought t

56、o the Moon by impacting comets. Both NASAs Lunar Prospector and the Pentagons Clementine spacecraft offered tantalizing data interpreted by some experts as indicative of water ice deposits.A number of alterative, fast-track approaches are under review at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to bui

57、ld the lunar orbiter. A newly formed GSFC lunar study team held their first meeting Thursday to begin scoping out how best to move the project forward.President Bush has directed NASA to undertake lunar exploration activities to enable sustained human and robotic exploration of Mars and more distant destinations in the solar system. Starting no later than 2008, the Bush plan calls for initiating a series of robotic missions to the Moon to prepare for and support future human exploration activities. A follow-on robotic lunar lander is als