虾类营养chi222

1、Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 1Ahead of your needsShrimp Nutrient Requirements and feeding managementShrimp Nutrient Requirements and feeding management虾的营养需求和饲养管理虾的营养需求和饲养管理Jacques Gabaudan, VMA 葛博顿 博士Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 2vOmnivorous feeding behavior; active detritivore; forager, but not as agg

2、ressive as stylirostris.vDiurnal and nocturnal feeding behavior 白天和夜间喂食习惯vLow protein requirements in juvenile and sub-adult phases (18-20% in the lab; 25-35% in the field) 幼虾和小虾阶段对蛋白需求低（实验室18-20%，野外25-35%）vFeed conversions generally 1.0 1.4 under ideal conditions 在理想状态下FCR通常为1.0-1.4Nutritional char

3、acteristics of Nutritional characteristics of L. L. VannameiVannamei南美南美白对虾的营养特征白对虾的营养特征Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 3Protein & amino acids Protein & amino acids 蛋白质和氨基酸蛋白质和氨基酸Digestive enzymes Digestive enzymes 消化酶消化酶 Main digestive enzymes similar to stomachless fishno pepsin无胃蛋白酶trypsin胰岛素chymotryp

4、sin胰凝乳蛋白酶astacin (not in vertabrates)虾红素carboxypeptidases羧肽酶 Protease activity increases with dietary protein level 蛋白酶活动性随着饲料蛋白水平的上升而增加Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 4Protein & amino acids Protein & amino acids 蛋白质和氨基酸蛋白质和氨基酸Apparent digestibility of proteins Apparent digestibility of proteins 蛋白质的表观消化

5、率蛋白质的表观消化率 CP digestibility in shrimps is at least as high as in fish CP digestibility of animal (marine) sources vegetable sourcesThis is due to cell wall components (fiber) antinutritional factors (antitrypsin factor, phytates, gossypol, etc) Few data available for farmed species. When not availab

6、le, fish data should be considered as reasonable estimates 养殖品种蛋白消化率的数据很少。在鱼中的有关数据可以合理估计Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 5Protein & amino acidsProtein & amino acids蛋白质和氨基酸蛋白质和氨基酸Apparent protein digestibility, Asian Apparent protein digestibility, Asian seabassseabassAni m alprot ei n m ealProt ei n ADC%P

7、l antprot ei n m ealProt ei n ADC%Fi sh m eal(Dani sh)88Canol a m eal81Fi sh m eal(Tuna)92Soybeanm eal (f ul l -f at )85M eat m eal(l ow ash)64Soybeanm eal (sol v)86M eat m eal(hi gh ash)54W heatgl ut en100Poul t ry of f alm eal79(Boonyaratpalin & Williams, 2000)Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 6Protein &

8、 amino acidsProtein & amino acids蛋白质和氨基酸蛋白质和氨基酸Protein sources for L. Protein sources for L. vanameivanamei Fish meal seem to have lower nutritional value for shrimp than for fish Wheat gluten higly digestible but limiting in Lys, Met and Arg Soybean meal good source of protein. Inclusion levels can

9、 range from 20 to 50% and thus can replace part of the FM. Palatability of feed might decrease as SBM increases. Cottonseed meal is relatively palatable to P. vannamei but inclusion level 25% (or 1100 ppm free gossypol). CSM is low in Lys and Met Poultry by-product meal could replace up to 66% of th

10、e fish meal in an 8- week trial (final BW2.2g) Rapeseed meal Upper limit for growth and survival 15 % of the dietary proteinVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 7Supplementation with free Supplementation with free aminoacidsaminoacidsCrustacea Crustacea 添加自由氨基酸添加自由氨基酸甲壳动物甲壳动物 many investigators believe that f

11、ree AA are not efficiently used by juvenile shrimps. Teshima (1992) improved the efficiency by binding AA to proteins, making a plastein. Chen et al (1992) showed that microencapsulated crystalline arginine enhanced growth of P monodon as opposed to pure cristalline arginine Leaching seem to be the

12、main reason for the poor results obtained with free AA However free AA can stimulate feed intake and thus improve shrimp performance without contributing to dietary protein valueVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 8Supplementation with freeSupplementation with free aminoacids aminoacidsFish - 1 Fish - 1 添加自由

13、氨基酸添加自由氨基酸鱼类（鱼类（一）一）Supplemental available lysine (% dry diet)Weight gain (g/fish)Free lysine, T1Protein-bound lysine, T2Zarate & Lovell 1997Comparison of the slopesshow that protein-boundlysine was 63 % more efficient than free lysineGrowth response of channel catfish fed diets containing increasin

14、gconcentrations of free lysine or protein-bound lysineVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 9Supplementation with freeSupplementation with free aminoacids aminoacidsFish - 2 Fish - 2 添加自由氨基酸添加自由氨基酸鱼类（二鱼类（二） L-lysine.HCl utilisation in rainbow trout is related to CP level : 55% for CP = 35% 71% for CP = 55% Rod

15、ehutscord et al 2000a L-lysine.HCl and L-lysine sulfate utilisation in rainbow trout is equivalent and averages 68% (CP=55%) Lovell (1998) suggests that fish do not utilize free AA well because free AA are not absorbed at the same time as AA from the dietary proteinsVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 10Prot

16、ein & amino acidsProtein & amino acids蛋白质和氨基酸蛋白质和氨基酸Protein requirement Protein requirement 蛋白质需求蛋白质需求 Protein requirement depends on : 蛋白质需求取决于： Optimum dietary requirement : 最佳日粮需求- Speci es 种类- Physi cal qual i t y of pel l et 颗粒的物理性状- Si ze 大小- Pal at abi l i t y 适口性- Prot ei n qual i t y 蛋白质质量-

17、 Feedi ng rat e 投饲率- Level of nonprot ei n energy非蛋白能量水平- W at er qual i t y 水质Speci esOpt i m al prot ei n l evelProt ei n sourceRef erenceP. m onodon40-45Squi d, shri m p and f i sh m eal s,casei nAl ava and Li m 1983P. m onodon40Casei nAquacop 1978P. vannam ei30Fi sh, soybean and shri m p m eal ,

18、w heat gl ut en, squi d m ealDuerr and Li m 1990P. vannam ei30M i xt ureCousi n eet al . 1993Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 11Protein & amino acidsProtein & amino acids蛋白质和氨基酸蛋白质和氨基酸IAA IAA 必须氨基酸必须氨基酸Qualitative : - Same as those for vertabrates- Cystine and tyrosine spare MET and PHEQuantitative :- Mos

19、t requirements not determined- Recommendations based on shrimp muscle and clam compositionAm i no aci dRecom m endat i on% DPShri m pShri m pRecom m endat i on% DPCom m on carpCom m on carpArgi ni ne5. 84. 3Hi st i di ne2. 12. 1I sol euci ne3. 42. 5Leuci ne5. 43. 3Lysi ne5. 35. 7M ethi oni ne +Cyst

20、i ne3. 63. 1Phenyl al ani ne+ Tyrosi ne7. 16. 5Threoni ne3. 63. 9Trypt ophan0. 80. 8Val i ne4. 03. 6Akiyama et al. 1991; NRC 1993Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 12Lipid requirementLipid requirement脂类需求量脂类需求量 Most studies indicate that best survival and weight gain is obtained with dietary level of one or

21、 a mixture of oils ranging from5 to 8 % and 16-18 MJ/kg* An excess of lipids increases the lipid concentration of the hepatopancreas which reduces the metabolic rateL. vannamei have a requirement for n-3 (linolenic) and n-6 fatty (linoleic) acids as well as for HUFA (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) 0.5% n-3 an

22、d 0.5% n-6HUFAS show a greater nutritive value than PUFAS Best sources are : fish oil, linseed oil and soybean oilSources: DAbramo 1998 and Lim et al 1997* GEVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 13Dietary cholesterol and soy lecithin Dietary cholesterol and soy lecithin (PL)(PL)饲料中的胆固醇和大豆磷脂饲料中的胆固醇和大豆磷脂 Crusta

23、ceans cannot synthesize sterols de novo and therefore require a dietary source of sterols for survival and growth.Cholesterol has a high nutrutive value as a source of sterols which are precursors of steroid and molting hormones. Phospholipids accelerate transport of cholesterol and other lipids and

24、 were found to be indispensible to support growth and survival. Interaction between cholesterol and phospholipids is higly significant:Di et ar y PL%Chol est er ol r equi r ement%00. 351. 50. 1430. 13Gong-Hui et al. 2000L. vannameiVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 14CarbohydratesCarbohydrates碳水化合物碳水化合物 Shr

25、imp utilize carbohydrates for energy but efficiency varies with source and dietary level. Polysaccharides are better utilized than monosaccharides Carbohydrates have a sparing effect on the utilization of proteins Few studies with L. vannameiVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 15Mineral requirements Mineral

26、requirements 矿物需求矿物需求M i neralM i neralRecom m ended suppl em entRecom m ended suppl em entCal ci umDi spensabl e ?Phosphorus 0. 5-1. 0 % i f Ca=1%1. 0-2. 0 % i f Ca=2%Pot assi um0. 9 %M agnesi um0. 3 %Copper16-32 m g/kg di etI ronDi spensabl e ?M anganese Di spensabl e ?Zi nc33 m gI /kg(m ore i f p

27、hyt at e l evel i s hi gh)Sel eni um0. 2-0. 4 m g/kgDavis and Lawrence, 1997Interactions between Ca and PJuvenile L. monodon grew better with no supplemental Ca and 0.5% supp. Pthan with Ca and 0.5, 1.0 or more supp. P(Penaflorida, 1999)Ca should therefore be kept low in the formula in order to mini

28、mize supplemental PVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 16Vitamin requirementsVitamin requirements维生素需求量维生素需求量AI ED3I EEm gK3m gB1m gB2m gB6m gB12m g10000-120002000-3500100-20040-8050-10040-8050-1200. 020. 05N i aci nI EPant ot heni caci dI EFol i c ac.m gBi ot i nm gCm gChol i nm g100-250100-18010-201. 0-2.

29、0250-500400-600Per kg feedVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 17Chemoattractants and feeding Chemoattractants and feeding stimulantsstimulants化学引诱剂和摄食刺激物化学引诱剂和摄食刺激物 Shrimp/fish utilize “chemical signals” to identify and orient towards prey, vision Chemoattractants work from a distance while stimulants functi

30、on upon contact with chemoreceptors Chemical classes : amino acids, nucleotides, small amines, small peptides, organic acids and hexoses. These chemicals are common metabolites of marine animals. Complex mixtures elicit stronger responses than individual chemicals.Sites for chemoreceptor cells in sh

31、rimpVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 18Chemoattractants & feeding stimulants Chemoattractants & feeding stimulants of of Crustacea Crustacea 甲壳类的化学引诱剂和摄食刺甲壳类的化学引诱剂和摄食刺激物激物I- Chemoattractants Fish meal fish solubles Squid meal Squid liver meal Squid oil Shrimp meal Shrimp head offalII- Feeding stimulants A

32、rginine Glycine Betaine Glutamate Glucose Taurine NucleotidesVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 19Astaxanthin Metabolism in ShrimpAstaxanthin Metabolism in Shrimp虾类的虾青素代谢虾类的虾青素代谢Dietary intake of astaxanthin + precursorsConversion by shrimp to astaxanthinStorage in epidermis + hepatopancreas as astaxanthin

33、estersConverted back to astaxanthin as needed for catabolismMaturation and gonadal developmentNormal requirementsIncreased requirements for stressVitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 20Carotenoid Carotenoid content of shrimp depends content of shrimp depends on life history (on life history (P. P. monodonmono

34、don data)data)O ri gi nO ri gi nW hol e body astaxanthi nW hol e body astaxanthi n(m g/kg)(m g/kg)W i l d catchW i l d catch40. 2-61. 940. 2-61. 9Farm edFarm ed10. 0-20. 910. 0-20. 9Bl ue phaseBl ue phase7. 67. 6Latscha, 1988Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 21Effect of di etary astaxanthi n on survi val o

35、f penaei dEffect of di etary astaxanthi n on survi val of penaei dshri m pshri m pSpeci esW eeks oft ri alDi et ary t reat m entSurvi val duri ngi nt ervalP. j aponi cus0-40ppm ast axant hi n100ppm ast axant hi n85. 791. 4P. j aponi cus0-80ppm ast axant hi n100 ppm ast axant hi n57. 193. 1P. j aponi

36、 cus0-40ppm ast axant hi n50ppm ast axant hi n100ppm ast axant hi n728684P. j aponi cus0-80ppm ast axant hi n50ppm ast axant hi n100ppm ast axant hi n81. 085. 781. 5Yamada et al., 1990Speci esW eeks oft r i alDi et ar y t r eat mentSur vi val dur i ngi nt er valP. j aponi cus0-40ppm ast axant hi n10

37、0ppm ast axant hi n85. 791. 4P. j aponi cus0-80ppm ast axant hi n100 ppm ast axant hi n57. 193. 1P. j aponi cus0-40ppm ast axant hi n50ppm ast axant hi n100ppm ast axant hi n728684P. j aponi cus0-80ppm ast axant hi n50ppm ast axant hi n100ppm ast axant hi n81. 085. 781. 5Effect of dietary astaxanthi

38、n on survival of Effect of dietary astaxanthin on survival of penaeid shrimppenaeid shrimp饲料中饲料中虾青素对虾成活率的影响虾青素对虾成活率的影响Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 22TissueTissue astaxanthin astaxanthin content is correlated content is correlated to survival in post larvalto survival in post larval Penaeus Penaeus mon

39、odonmonodon班节对虾仔虾成活率与组织中虾青素含量相关班节对虾仔虾成活率与组织中虾青素含量相关1717292939390 0202040406060101020203030404050506060ShrimpShrimp astaxanthin astaxanthin concentration (mg/kg dry weight) concentration (mg/kg dry weight)Survival (%)Survival (%)R R2 2 = 0.3947 = 0.3947P 0.001P 0.001y = -2.69 + 1.51xy = -2.69 + 1.51x

40、Pan et al. (1999)Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 23DietaryDietary astaxanthin astaxanthin improves survival following improves survival following ammonia stress in juvenileammonia stress in juvenile Penaeus monodonPenaeus monodon饲料中的虾青素可提高经过氨氮应激的班节对虾幼虾饲料中的虾青素可提高经过氨氮应激的班节对虾幼虾的成活率的成活率5050606070708080909010

41、01001101100 00. 50. 51 11. 51. 52 2C ul ture w ater am m oni a concentrati on (ppm )C ul ture w ater am m oni a concentrati on (ppm )Survi val (% )Survi val (% )0 ppm ast axant hi n80 ppm ast axant hi n240 ppm ast axant hi n00.020.220 ppm ast10080766580 ppm ast100959385240 ppm a100979582Chien et al.

42、 (in review)Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 24Hemolymph superoxide dismutaseHemolymph superoxide dismutase affected by affected by dietarydietary astaxanthin astaxanthin in juvenile in juvenile Penaeus monodonPenaeus monodon 饲料中的虾青素对班节对虾幼虾血液淋巴超氧化物饲料中的虾青素对班节对虾幼虾血液淋巴超氧化物00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.805010015020

43、0250300D i etary astaxanthi n (ppm )D i etary astaxanthi n (ppm )SO D (uni ts/m g protei n)SO D (uni ts/m g protei n)N o st ressLow t em perat ure st ressLow sal i ni t y st ressLow t em perat ure andl ow sal i ni t y st ressChien et al. (in review)Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 25Astax-fecundity/g.ppt

44、Effect of Effect of astaxanthin astaxanthin on fecundity of on fecundity of pond pond sourced sourced PenaeusPenaeus monodonmonodon broodstock broodstock05001000150020002500Fecundity (eggs/gram female)Analyzed dietary astaxanthin (ppm)2.350100Natural food control*50% squid, 50% musselPanganthihon-Ku

45、hlmann et al., (1999)Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 26Example of a high performance 35% protein grow-out Example of a high performance 35% protein grow-out feed for intensive culture of feed for intensive culture of vannamei vannamei 实例：精养系统中，实例：精养系统中， 35%35%蛋白的南美白对虾高效成长饲料蛋白的南美白对虾高效成长饲料0.07Vit C 35% 维生素

46、C 35%2.0Wheat gluten meal 小麦麸0.12Choline chloride 氯化胆碱2.7Squid meal 鱿鱼粉0.2Vitamin premix 维生素预混料3.0Menhaden oil 曼哈顿鱼油0.2Mineral premix 矿物预混料3.0Soy lecithin 大豆卵磷脂0.69Potassium phosphate dibasic 磷酸二氢钾3.0Brewers yeast 啤酒酵母0.69Calcium phosphate monobasic 磷酸一钙10.5Soybean meal 豆粕2.0Binder 粘和剂24.5Fish meal

47、鱼粉2.0Krill hydrolysate 磷虾水解产物45.3Whole wheat 小麦Clifford, 2002Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 2735% 35% protein grow-out feed for semi-intensive and protein grow-out feed for semi-intensive and intensive culture of intensive culture of vannamei vannamei 精养和半精养系统中，精养和半精养系统中， 35%35%蛋白的南美白对虾高效成长饲料蛋白的南美白对虾高效成

48、长饲料0.2Choline chloride 氯化胆碱7.0Wheat middlings 次粉1.0Lecithin 卵磷脂8.0Shrimp meal 虾粉1.0Tuna oil 金枪鱼油10.0Wheat flour 小麦面粉1.5Dicalcium phosphate 磷酸二氢钙 14.0Ground corn 玉米（破碎）2.0Vitamin mineral premix 维生素矿物质预混料15.0Corn gluten meal 玉米粕2.0Brewers yeast 啤酒酵母16.0Soybean meal 豆粕4.0Menhaden (fish) meal 曼哈顿鱼粉18.0H

49、erring (fish) meal 青鱼粉Clifford, 2002Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 28Composite %BW feeding curve ( 30Composite %BW feeding curve ( 30C) compiled from major C) compiled from major feed manufacturers in the Americas feed manufacturers in the Americas 3030C C时投饲量指南（综合美洲主要饲料生产商的数据而得）时投饲量指南（综合美洲主要饲料生产商的数据而得）

50、1.9243.0122.0233.1112.0223.3102.1213.592.1203.882.2194.172.3184.462.4175.352.5166.142.6157.332.7149.522.81313.91% BW / daySize (g)% BW / daySize (g)Clifford, 2002Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 29v“Peruvian method”: 15-25 trays/ha; 100% of feed on trays; check all trays; measures actual consumption; labo

51、r-intensive; not commonvIndicator method: 1-2 trays/ha.; sub-sampling; estimate consumption; low labor; most popularFeeding tray strategiesFeeding tray strategies投饲盘策略投饲盘策略Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 30Checking feedChecking feed trays trays 检查投料盘检查投料盘Clifford, 2002Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 31Peruvia

52、n feed tray method Peruvian feed tray method 秘鲁投料盘方法秘鲁投料盘方法Clifford, 2002Vitamins J. Gabaudan,VMA # 32vDeploy 25-30 trays per ha. for 25 shrimp/m; add one tray/ha for each additional shrimp/m. This is equivalent to 10,000 shrimp/tray.vTrays placed 20 m apart, 5-10 m from dike; position changed after each harvest.vWeek