高中英语结构成分

1、句子成分句子成分定义定义 ：构成句子的各个部分叫做：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；次要成分；主要成分主要成分：主语和谓语：主语和谓语次要成分次要成分：宾语、定语、状语、补：宾语、定语、状语、补 足语、表语、同位语足语、表语、同位语句子成分句子成分主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 定语状语定语状语 补语补语 表语同位语表语同位语1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语主语（主语（subject）句子说明的人或事物句子说明的

2、人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true.找出句中主语The sun rises in the east. （名词）（名词） He likes dancing. （代词）（代词）Twenty years is a short time in hi

3、story. （数词）数词） Seeing is believing. （动名词）（动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式）（不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the to

4、p of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语复合谓语 由情态动词或助动词由情态动词或助动词+动词动词; He can speak English well. He has caught a bad cold. She doesnt seem to like dancing (三三)宾语宾语动作的动作的对象或对象或承受者承受者及物动词或介词的宾语及物动词或介词的宾语 宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指直接宾语指物物,间接宾语指人间接宾语指人. He gave me some books.间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语

5、宾语.please pass me the book.He bought me some flowers.I like my job.I love you.He wanted to leave here.They enjoyed playing computer games.（四）定语（四）定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从从句句 He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel work. There are 54students in our class. Do you known bettys sister

6、? He bought some sleeping pills. There is a sleeping baby in bed. His spoken language is good. I met a friend on my way home.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词的所有格名词的所有格)(动名词动名词)(现在分词现在分词)(过去分词过去分词)(副词副词)The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.

7、Do you know the man who spoke just now?There is nothing interesting in this book.（五）状语（五）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分说明动作或状态特征的句子成分 I will be back in a while. They are playing on the playground. He was late because he got up late. He got up so late that I missed the train. I wa

8、ited to see you. He often went to school by bus. His parents died,leaving him an orphan. Please call me if it is necessary. This book is very interesting. He went to school in spite of his illness. He always comes late to school.（六）（六）宾语补足语宾语补足语有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外， 还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份

9、和状态还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。 这类常用的及物动词有这类常用的及物动词有 make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let. I found the book interesting. Do you smell something burning? He made himself known to them.She asked me to lend her a hand.Please make yourself at home.Please ke

10、ep the dog out.We must keep it a secret.主动语态变成被动语态后主动语态变成被动语态后,宾语补足语变宾语补足语变成主补成主补. I last saw him playing near the river.He was last seen playing near the river.The teacher caught the student cheating in the examThe student was caught cheating in the exam We made him monitor.He was made monitor.He p

11、ushed the door open.The door was pushed open.（七）表语（七）表语 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征常见的系动词有常见的系动词有: be(am,is,are,were,was),appear, look,seem, feel,smell,taste,sound,keep,turn, become, get,grow,come,go etc. 系动词不用于被动语态系动词不用于被动语态. The apple tastes sweet.1. The war was over.2. They seem

12、to know the truth.3. Time is precious.4. Im not quite myself today.5. Who was the first?6. He is out of condition.7. The book is what I need.（八）同位语（八）同位语 位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况 We young people should respect the old.名词名词He himself will do the experiment.代词代词He is the oldest among t

13、hem four.数词数词He told me the news that our team won the game.从句从句He told me the news that I am interested in.从从句句 He went. He went there. He went there yesterday. He went there to see his mother yesterday. He went there to see his mother ill in hospital by bike yesterday.Exercises:分析句子结构分析句子结构 You ar

14、e a student. He felt happy today. What you said made me happy. Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well? After he finished his homework, he went away. He likes pop music. I stayed awake until 11:30 one evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself. Anne named

15、her diary kitty because she thought it was her best friend. The sound sounds strange. The food tastes good. He gave me a book yesterday. We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名） Ill have my bike repaired. 英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型掌握这五种基

16、本句型, 是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一一: (主谓主谓)二二: (主系表主系表)三三: (主谓宾主谓宾)四四: (主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾)五五: (主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)基本句型基本句型 一一: :( (主谓主谓) )主语主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词主格代词, 动词不定式动词不定式, 动名词等等。主语一般在句首。动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语谓语: 谓语由动词构成谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态是英语时态、语态变化的主角变化的主角, 一般在主语之后。不及物动词一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语没有宾语, 形成

17、主谓结构。形成主谓结构。如如: We come.( (不及物动词不及物动词) )1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点, 即句子的谓语即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二基本句型二:

18、:( (主系表主系表) )此句型的句子有一个共同的特点此句型的句子有一个共同的特点: 句子句子谓语谓语动词动词都不能表达一个完整的意思都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类才能表达完整的意思。这类动词动词叫做叫做连系动词。连系动词。系动词系动词分两类分两类: be, look, keep, seem等等, 表情况表情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另一类等属另一类, 表变化。表变化。be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义, 只起连系主语和表语的只起连系主语和

19、表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词感官动词多可用作连系动词多可用作连系动词: look well/面色好面色好, sound nice/听起来不错听起来不错, feel good/感觉好感觉好, smell bad/难闻难闻 ( (是系动词是系动词) ) ( (表语表语) ) 1. Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinnersmellsgood. 3. Hefellin love. 4. Everythinglooksdifferent. 5. Heis growingtall and s

20、trong. 6. Our wellhas gonedry. 7. His faceturnedred. *There be 结构结构: There be 表示表示存在有存在有。这里的这里的there没有实际意义没有实际意义, 不可与副词不可与副词there那里那里混淆。混淆。 此结构后跟名词此结构后跟名词, 表示表示“(存在存在)有某事物有某事物”。试比较试比较: There is a boy there. (那儿有一个男孩那儿有一个男孩)前一个前一个there无实意无实意, 后一个后一个there为副词为副词那里那里。基本句型基本句型 三三: : ( (主谓宾主谓宾) )此句型句子的此句型

21、句子的共同特点共同特点是：谓语动词是：谓语动词都都具有实义具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作都是主语产生的动作, 但不能但不能表达完整的意思表达完整的意思, 必须跟有一个宾语必须跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。这类动词叫做及物动词。( (及物动词及物动词)( (宾语宾语) )1. Whoknowsthe answer? 2. He has refusedto help them. 3. Heenjoysreading. 4. Hesaid“Good morning.”5. Headmitsthat he was mistaken

22、. 基本句型基本句型 四四: : ( (主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾) )有些及物动词可以有两个宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, e.g. give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个这两个宾语通常一个指人指人(间接宾语间接宾语); 一个指物一个指物(直接宾语直接宾语)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. ( (及物及物)( (多指人多指人)( (多指物多指物) )1.Sheorderedherselfa new dress. 2. Hebroughtyoua dictionary. 3. Ishowedhimmy pictures. 4. Itoldhimthat the bus was late. 5. Heshowedmehow to run the machine. 基本句型基本句型 五五: (主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的此句型的句子的共同特点共同特点是是: 动词虽然是及物动词动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思但是只跟一个宾语还不