拉祜语和英语的句型差异对比英语学专业

1、题 目 拉祜语和英语的句型差异对比 AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me. A profound acknowledgment should be shown to my supervisor Ms. Li Ailing, during the process of thesis writing, who supplied me with reference materials of great value, patiently read and revised my dra

2、ft for several times and gave me kind encouragement, useful instruction and suggestions.Moreover, my special thanks should go to Prof. Li Qiang who taught me thesis writing and my friends who provided me useful information.Finally, Id like to give my sincere thanks to my parents and the teachers who

3、 taught me in my undergraduate study years.iiAbstractIn the process of second language acquisition, learners' first language, that is, the use of native language, will directly affect the acquisition of the second language or third language, and play a negative role in it. In the Lahu areas, Lah

4、u language as a native language, it has a great influence on English (as the third language) learning and expressing habits. The languages that are different from the native language are usually the difficulties in foreign language learning. This thesis compares English and Lahu from the perspective

5、 of syntactic differences, syntactic transfer has a significant impact on language expression, seriously affecting the language expression. Finding out the syntactic differences between Lahu and English can reveal the factors that may impede Lahu students English learning, and provide some teaching

6、revelations to the Lahu students teachers of English. To avoid negative transfer, the factors should be paid more attention to and be overcome. Key words: Lahu language; transfer of native language; English learning; syntactic differencesiii摘 要在第二语言的习得过程中，学习者的第一语言即母语的使用习惯会直接影响第二语言的习得，并对其起到消极干扰的作用,对第

7、三语言同样如此。在拉祜族地区的英语学习中，作为母语的拉祜语对英语学习及表达习惯产生了很大的影响。那些与母语不同的地方通常是外语学习中的难点。本文从句法层面差异对比了英语和拉祜语，句法迁移对语言表达有重要影响，严重影响语言表述和意义表达，发现拉祜语和英语的句法差异可以发现拉祜语对英语的负迁移因素，从而给从事拉祜族地区教学工作者提供一些教学启示。为了防止负迁移的影响，这些不同的地方在英语教学中应当予以更多的注意并克服。 关键词: 拉祜语;母语迁移;英语学习;句法差异ivContents云南民族大学毕业论文(设计)原创性声明iAcknowledgmentsiiAbstractiii摘 要iv1. I

8、ntroduction12. Literature Review2 2.1 Foreign Studies22.2 Domestic Studies33. Language Transfer53.1 The definition of Language Transfer53.2 Types of Language Transfer63.2.1 Positive Transfer63.2.2 Negative Transfer64. Overview of Lahu Minority84.1The History and Culture of Lahu Minority84.2 The Lahu

9、 Language84.3 The Linguistic Environment of the Lahu Areas95. Research Design and Methodology106. Syntactic Contrast and Comparison between Lahu Language and English116.1 Similarities between Lahu Language and English116.2 Differences between Lahu Language and English127. Conclusion19References21v1.

10、 Introduction Language transfer refers to the impact of language learners' previous study on the current target language learning generated. It is an inevitable phenomenon in learning. In foreign language learning, those different from the native language are often difficult for learners. Accord

11、ing to “The transfer of native language” theory, in the current learning two language acquisition process, the learners' first language, which is the native language, directly affects the acquisition of the second language or third language in a positive or negative way. For Lahu students in the

12、 Lahu areas, their native language is Lahu and the Chinese is actually the second language. Therefore, English is the third language. In the process of learning English, the native language（Lahu language）or Chinese language will have negative effects more or less. English learning will have a negati

13、ve impact on the language transfer. The thesis used the survey method and the literature study in an attempt to find differences on the syntax between Lahu and English so as to reduce or to prevent the negative transfer.The transfer of native language has a great impact on the language learners. The

14、 native language transfer means that the language learners will apply the mother tongue's language habit and grammar rules directly to English learning, especially at the grammatical level, which will produce some blunts. The object of syntactic study is sentence, syntactic transfer has an impor

15、tant influence on language expression, seriously affect language expression and meaning expression. In this study, the differences between English and Lahu are distinguished from the syntactic differences, mainly highlighting the syntactic differences between the two languages. These differences are

16、 likely to be the difficulties of Lahu students in learning English. The syntactic contrast will be of great help to Lahu students English learning and improve their English learning ability. 2. Literature Review Native language transfer is a problem that many linguists and foreign language teachers

17、 have been paying attention to over years. Language transfer is not only a result but also a process related to various factors in the cognitive process of second language acquisitions. On the whole, the studies of language transfer are still in the early stage in domestic research filed and foreign

18、 studies. 2.1 Foreign StudiesIn the late 1970s, researchers like Kelleman have carried out a series of studies on language transfer from the perspective of cognitive psychology, and have highlighted and emphasized the role of language transfer. In the field of second language acquisition, Kelleman p

19、ut forward the transfer of native language and thought it was selective, and this choice is carried out in a state where the second language learner is unconscious. Lado put forward the comparative analysis hypothesis (CHA): In foreign language learning, for language learners, those language compone

20、nts that are close to the mother tongue will be learned more easily, and those different from their mother tongue will be more difficult. Rod Ellis explains in Understanding Second Language Acquisition, second language learner's mother tongue is an important determinant of SLA. The transfer of n

21、ative language is a source of knowledge, exerts influence over the learner intentionally or unintentionally. In addition, according to the theoretical analysis of the second language and foreign language by the famous linguist H.H.Stern (1983), He pointed out that in a very long period of time, peop

22、le hold a deviation on the foreign language teaching, that is, more focus on the teacher “how to teach”, but ignore the learners “how to learn”.Chinese is a second language for Lahu students and English is a foreign language for both Han and Lahu students. Chinese can be used by Lahu minority studen

23、ts in a completely different way when they are learning a foreign language，it is also true for English learning.For Lahu students, English is a third language, itll be affected by both the native language and the Chinese language, just like how the second language is affected by the first language.

24、While learning English. The difficulties they encounter may differ from those Chinese students do. Likewise, Lahu students may also make a different mistake in English learning.2.2 Domestic StudiesAccording to a series of researches, many researchers in China have confirmed the objective existence o

25、f positive and negative transfer of native language. There are also many researches on the negative transfer of the mother tongue. Liu Donghong (2002) found that there are 16 types of errors as the result of negative transfer of native language apart from part of speech mix, misuse of words, spellin

26、g errors etc. Based on the contrastive analysis and error analysis theory, the author summarizes the phenomenon of negative transfer of mother tongue. He found that there are temporal misuses, subjective inconsistency, part of speech misuse, apply Chinese vocabulary words improperly. Yao Caiping(200

27、1) analyzed the influences of the negative transfer of mother tongue from the perspective of linguistic knowledge in the article “Negative Transfer of Adult English Learning”. He analyzed the three aspects of negative transfer of speech, negative transfer of words and negative transfer of word order

28、. He pointed out that Chinese adult of English beginners often create Chinese-style sentences and use Chinese-style English to understand and organize English sentences, that leads to a negative transfer of syntax. In addition, he also analyzed the different effects of immobilization of mother tongu

29、e systems for children and adults. When children learn mother tongue, objective things in their minds have not yet established contact with any language system, they learn the language is the process of developing the ability of thinking. However, when adults learn foreign languages, which fixed cul

30、tural habits and ideology have 'cast' the language form of national culture, the impact of mother tongue on foreign language learning is deeply rooted. Chen Hongmei (2006) put forward “On The negative transfer of culture and college English teaching”, “people from different culture, due to t

31、he differences on lifestyle, the way of thinking, values, cultural norms, will often experience cultural negative transfer.” And he pointed out that the particularity of English and the diversity of target language culture in English learning determine the accumulation of knowledge of Anglo-American

32、 culture can not meet the needs of a wide range of communication.Most of the studies at home and abroad focus on the negative transfer of Lahu to English learning, mainly in the phonetic, grammatical, lexical, temporal and phonological levels, with little or no study differences of Lahu and English

33、on syntax. This thesis will carry out the syntactic comparison of Lahu and English, and find out the syntactic differences between them. Using the theory of relocation, The role Lahu language plays in English is revealed. 3. Language Transfer The term of “Language Transfer” stemmed from Learning Psy

34、chology. Some researchers believed that language transfer is an interference. And some stated that language transfer is a cross-linguistic influence, The different understandings of language transfer are good proofs of the attraction of language transfer and show the significance of the role of firs

35、t language in second language acquisition.3.1 The Definition of Language TransferLanguage transfer refers to a phenomenon in which a learner expresses his or her thoughts in the use of a second language by means of the pronunciation, meaning, structural rules or habits of the mother tongue in the se

36、cond language learning. Is an extremely important factor that affects the learning process of the language learning process. Language transfer can be divided into two types: positive transfer and negative transfer. If the language rules of the mother tongue are consistent with the foreign language,

37、the rule transfer of mother tongue will have a positive effect on the target language, which is called positive transfer. Negative transfer is that, if the mother tongue language rules do not meet the habits of foreign languages, foreign language learning has a negative impact. Each language is uniq

38、ue, has its own particularity, has and any other aspects of the language barrier. And the main cause of language learning difficulties is the target language and native language differences, the greater the difference, the more difficult the language learning, the negative transfer will be more obvi

39、ous. According to the American linguist Terence Odlin (2001)，spoken and written language generated in the language of transfer errors may occur in the voice, writing system, and the level of syntax, and syntax transfer in the order of transfer performance is more pronounced, The difference in thinki

40、ng between the two languages is the main reason for this transfer. The factors that affect language transfer are include learner 's learning environment, living habits, learners cognitive level and living level, and the degree of language difference are the main factor of language transfer. Ther

41、efore, understanding the difference between the mother tongue and the target language will help teachers understand the difficulties in foreign language learning and take corresponding solutions.3.2 Types of Language TransferWith respect to the definition language transfer, it can be divided into po

42、sitive transfer and negative transfer according to the varied effects that cross-linguistic similarities and difference can produce.3.2.1 Positive TransferAccording to the Odlin (1986), positive transfer includes phenomena such as recognizing of cognates, similar syntactical structures and grammatic

43、al rules, discourse organization rules and less time needed to acquire the target language for learners with a typologically similar language previously acquired, while positive transfer occurs when the prior knowledge benefits the learning task. When both the native language and the target language

44、 have the same form, a pattern or rule, the transfer facilitates learning. For example, in the English learning process of Lahu students, the Mandarin syntactic structure “Subject + Verb + Object” is easily understood and can be positively transferred into English. Positive transfer is thus consider

45、ed as facilitation which improves the learners language acquisition.3.2.2 Negative TransferAccording to Odlin (1986), negative transfer includes underproduction, or overproduction of a particular structure, production errors such as substitutions, calques, alterations of a target item, and misinterp

46、retation during comprehension. One form of underproduction related to language distance is avoidance. If the learners sense that particular structures in the target language are very different from counterparts in the native language, they may try to avoid using those structures. “Overproduction is

47、sometimes simply a consequence of underproduction. native language structures can influence the interpretation of target language messages, and sometimes that influence leads to learners inferring something very different from what speakers of the target language would infer. This is miscomprehensio

48、n. Negative transfer involves divergences from norms in the target language which is often relatively easy to identify”(Odlin, 2001). 4. Overview of Lahu MinorityLahu is a unique ethnic minority in China, it has its own language, the population of using Lahu language more than 400 thousands in our c

49、ountry. In the long process of the formation and development of the Chinese nation, Lahu had no written language in the past, their history and culture were taught orally and handed down from generation to generation.4.1 The History and Culture of Lahu MinorityLahu(拉祜族)，one of Chinas 55 ethnic minor

50、ity, The Lahu people are one of the cross-border ethnic groups in Yunnan Province, Before the founding of the China, the Lahu population all about 120,000, according to the 2010 national sixth census of the latest statistics, Lahu population of 47.5 million, ranking the ninth in the population of al

51、l ethnic minorities, mainly live in areas in Yunnan Province such as Puer City, Lancang Autonomo region ,on mainly concentrated in the Lancang River west Area, from the administrative divisions of view, mainly in Yunnan Province Pu'er, Lincang, Xishuangbanna, Red River, Yuxi and other states, mo

52、st of the Lahu people live in the Lancang Lahu Autonomous County. Most of the Lahu people live in mountainous areas and half-mountainous areas, and they are inhabited by ethnic groups like Yi people , Hani people, Wa people, Dai people, Bulang people and Han people. Other peoples called Lahu family

53、with different titles. Dai, Bulang, Hani called the Lahu as “MO Se” and Mu Se, Wa people said the Lahu as “Gui” ,the Red River Hani people called Lahu as “KaGui”, Lincang, Simao Of the Dai people called the Lahu as “Burmese” and so on(Zala,2008).4.2 The Lahu LanguageThe Lahu language belongs to the

54、Sino-Tibetan language family, It is an independent language. It is divided into two dialects（Lahu Na and Lahu Xi）based on the varieties of grammar and language features. The difference of the two dialects is mainly in the voice and vocabulary, but not very prominent, Lahu people can use two dialects

55、 to communicate. The Lahu people generally use their mother tongue, and some people also use Chinese and the surrounding minority languages, such as Dai and Wa languages.(Li Chunfeng，2012)The Lahu people have their written system now, but they had no writing system before, historically they had not

56、developed it until the United States missionaries helped them to create a set of written system in the early 20th century. The missionary went to Lancang Lahu region. He created a set of Chinese phonetic symbols, and used this symbol to translate the Bible and Hymn according to the voice of Lahu dia

57、lects. After that, Lahu language was introduced in the Lahu region. After the founding of New China, in order to meet the needs of the development of education in the Lahu region, with the support of the majority of intellectuals Lahu cadres, they edited and published a series of Lahu books, and min

58、ing Lahu culture played a positive role .（Zala,2008）4.3 The Linguistic Environment of the Lahu AreasThe Lahu ethnic group is a unique ethnic group in China. It has a unique language symbolizing its own characteristics - the Lahu language. Because they live in the motherland, which is a large family of 56 ethnic groups, it has to contact other ethnic groups and cultures, especially to accept the impact of Chinese culture. In this way, they use Chinese at school or in other places, while at home they use Lahu language to communicate with their families. Therefore, for many Lahu stu