欧四欧五发动机排放培训资料

1、Wulumqi, 26 June 2007Claudio OpertiManager R&D FPT ChinaHeavy Duty Engine emissions Euro 4/5重型车用发动机排放重型车用发动机排放 欧欧4/欧欧526 June 20072FPT=“FPT” isFIAT POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGIES FIAT动力总成技术动力总成技术=It is a company including in a single organization all the engine & driveline activities of the Fiat gr

2、oup worldwide是是FIAT集团全世界包括所有发动机和动力传集团全世界包括所有发动机和动力传动系统的独立的机构动系统的独立的机构Fiat automotive FIAT汽车汽车IVECOOthers其它其它=It is developing and producing 正在开发和生产正在开发和生产Diesel and gasoline engines 柴油和汽油发动机柴油和汽油发动机From 1,0 liters up to 40 liters 从从1.0L到到40LFor 用于用于 Cars轿车轿车 Trucks卡车卡车 Agricultural and earth moving农

3、业和工程机械农业和工程机械 Marine船用船用 Power generation发电发电 .等等等等26 June 20073Emission Limits排放限值排放限值Euro 3NOxPMTill 2006Euro 3 Registration Europe 欧洲欧欧洲欧3注册注册26 June 20074Euro 4 Registration step 1 Europe 欧洲欧欧洲欧4第第1阶段注册阶段注册Durability耐久性耐久性In Use Compliance在用车在用车Homologation class / weight认证认证 类别类别/质量质量Control Me

4、asurements测量控制测量控制OBD Stage 1OBD第第1阶段阶段Euro 4System Failure系统不完善系统不完善2006 2007Emission Limits排放限值排放限值Euro 3NOxPMTill 200626 June 20075Euro 4 Registration step 2 Europe欧洲欧欧洲欧4第第2阶段注册阶段注册Durability耐久性耐久性In Use Compliance在用车在用车Homologation class / weight认证认证Control Measurements测量控制测量控制OBD Stage 1OBD第第1

5、阶段阶段Euro 4System Failure系统不完善系统不完善2006 2007Emission Limits排放限值排放限值Euro 3NOxPMTill 2006NOx Control Torque reduction扭矩降低控制扭矩降低控制+2007 200926 June 20076Euro 5 Legislation Europe 欧洲欧欧洲欧5法规法规Euro 5OBD Stage 2DurabilityNEW ?20092007 2009Emission Limits排放限值排放限值NOxPMEuro 3Till 2006Euro 42006 2007Durability耐

6、久性耐久性In Use Compliance在用车在用车Homologation class / weight认证分类认证分类/质量质量Control Measurements测量控制测量控制OBD Stage 1OBD第第1阶段阶段System Failure系统不完善系统不完善+NOx Control Torque reduction26 June 20077EC 88/77 Comp. Euro 3Comp. Euro 5Emissions E4Emissions E4OBD Stage 1OBD Stage 2DurabilityEmissions E5Emissions E5In u

7、se complianceCompulsory Euro 4DurabilityNew in use compliance200520062007200920082010Emissions E4OBD Stage 1 + NOx controlDurabilityIn use compliance Since 2005 was possible to register vehicles according to Euro 4/5 emission values 从2005年开始可以按照欧4/欧5排放进行车辆注册 Euro 4 Step 1 (ODB stage 1) are compulsor

8、y from Oct 2006 从2006年10月强制执行欧4第1阶段(OBD第1阶段)认证Emissions E3Emissions E5Emissions E5 Euro 4 Step 2 (OBD stage 1 + NOx control) are compulsory from Oct 2007 从2007年10月强制执行欧4第2阶段(OBD第1阶段+NOx控制)认证 Euro 5 (emission values + OBD stage 2) are compulsory from Oct 2009 从2009年10月开始欧5(排放+OBD第2阶段)Step 1Step 226 J

9、une 20078Legislation summary 法规概要法规概要26 June 20079Durabilty requirements 耐久性要求耐久性要求= Present European Euro 4 legislations specifies that当前欧当前欧4法规说明法规说明 A minimum durability of the engine in terms of emissions legislation conformity must be guaranteed by the manufacturer (limit depending on vehicle c

10、lass / size)排放法规中的发动机最低耐排放法规中的发动机最低耐久性符合性由制造厂保证久性符合性由制造厂保证(限值取决于车辆类型限值取决于车辆类型/尺寸尺寸) The same criteria applies to the after treatment system标准同样适标准同样适用于后处理系统用于后处理系统 No specific demonstration of this durability is required. 没有明确没有明确的耐久性的耐久性”试验实例试验实例”要求要求= It is expected that future European legislatio

11、n will include a durability “demonstration” equivalent to the USA EPA approach未未来的欧洲法规将包含耐久性来的欧洲法规将包含耐久性”试验实例试验实例”,等同于美国环保署方法等同于美国环保署方法26 June 200710In-use compliance 1 在用车符合性在用车符合性-1= The verification of conformity to emission standards of vehicles in real use is very critical on HD applications.检查

12、重型在用车辆排检查重型在用车辆排放符合性是非常复杂的放符合性是非常复杂的. As NOx and particulate emissions are very low at low engine load, any “conformity” test must be performed with the engine under high load. This requires either因为在发动机低负荷时因为在发动机低负荷时NOx和颗粒排放非常低和颗粒排放非常低,任何符合性测试必须在发动机高负荷时进行任何符合性测试必须在发动机高负荷时进行. Emission measurements o

13、n vehicle in operation on road 车辆排放在道路上运转车辆排放在道路上运转 Use of a roller test bed (for a truck, a very heavy / expensive device)使用转鼓试验台使用转鼓试验台(对于卡车对于卡车,非常重非常重/装置昂贵装置昂贵) Dismounting the engine (and the after treatment system) from the vehicle and installation on an engine test bed从车从车辆上拆下发动机辆上拆下发动机(和后处理系统

14、和后处理系统)并安装到发动机排放试验台上并安装到发动机排放试验台上.26 June 200711In-use compliance 2 在用车符合性在用车符合性-2= European (and US) legislations have selected the “OBD” approach.欧洲欧洲(和美国和美国)法规选择法规选择”OBD”方法方法 The control system of the engine / after treatment must detect any system malfunction causing an increase of emissions and

15、 give indication to the driver (including engine power reduction)发动机发动机/后处理控制系统必须发现任何导致排放后处理控制系统必须发现任何导致排放增加的系统故障并给驾驶员故障指示增加的系统故障并给驾驶员故障指示(包括发动机功率降低包括发动机功率降低) The effectiveness of the OBD must be demonstrated at engine homologation 必须在发动机认证时认证必须在发动机认证时认证OBD效果效果 The “road” inspection authority can “r

16、ead” the OBD “history” of the vehicle to detect malfunctions or mis-use道道路检查权威部门可读取车辆上路检查权威部门可读取车辆上OBD”历史历史”记录记录,以发现故障或错误以发现故障或错误使用使用26 June 200712. from “Euro 3” to Euro 4 .从欧从欧3到欧到欧4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)EURO 426 June 200713Engine development 发动机技术发展发动机技术发展NOXPMFuel Consumption燃油消耗燃油消耗Engine adjust

17、ments NOx reduction increase PM and fuel consumption PM reduction reduce fuel consumption but NOx increase26 June 200714The technology choice 技术选择技术选择= Two possible solutions两种可能的解决方案两种可能的解决方案: Exhaust Gas Recirculation废气再循环Selective Catalytic Reduction选择性催化转化器26 June 200715EGR: to match Euro 4 匹配欧匹

18、配欧4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)EURO 426 June 200716EGR: to match Euro 4 匹配欧匹配欧4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)EURO 426 June 200717SCR: to match Euro 4 匹配欧匹配欧4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)EURO 426 June 200718SCR: to match Euro 4 匹配欧匹配欧4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)EURO 426 June 200719SCR: to match Euro 5 匹配欧匹配欧5NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)

19、EURO 4EURO 526 June 200720EGR valve EGR technology EGR技术技术PM Filter EGR system effects emissions at source, in the combustion chamber EGR系统在源头解决排放,在燃烧室内26 June 200721Exhaust gas is forced through porous ceramic cell排气强制通过多孔蜂窝状陶瓷Walls外壳 Closed filter structure封闭式滤芯结构 Efficiency up to 80%效率上限80% Combi

20、nation with Oxi cat 与氧化型催化转化器结合PM Filter = PM Trap = DPF26 June 200722PM Trap: two possible offers 两种可能的提议两种可能的提议Standard Version标准版标准版 Filter unit to be replaced 过滤器单元被取代 Maintenance intervals required 必要的间隔维护CRTContinuously Regenerating Trap连续再生式颗粒捕集器连续再生式颗粒捕集器Permanent PM combustion 永久的颗粒燃烧No mai

21、ntenance required 免维护Car application客车应用客车应用Truck application卡卡车应用车应用26 June 200723A part of the exhaust gas is led through the metal部分排气通过金属fleece, the rest is bypassing the fleece 其余通过编织物 Open cell structure开放式蜂窝结构 No maintenance免维护 Efficiency up to 50%效率上限50% Combination with Oxi cat 与氧化型催化转化器结合P

22、M Cat 颗粒催化转化器颗粒催化转化器26 June 200724Comparison: PM Trap vs. PM Cat 颗粒捕集器与颗粒催化转化器比较颗粒捕集器与颗粒催化转化器比较Disadvantage缺点缺点 Backpressure increase排气背压增加 Ash accumulation灰聚集 Packaging装配 Filter clogging过滤器堵塞Disadvantage缺点缺点 Low efficiency效率低 Smoke puff during up-transients变工况冒烟 Low soot load capacity烟灰装载量低 Low pas

23、sive regeneration potential被动再生潜力低PM Trap颗粒捕集器颗粒捕集器PM Cat颗粒催化转化器颗粒催化转化器PlugPorous filter wallCorrugated metal foilPorous layer(sinter metal fleece)26 June 200725SCR technology SCR技术技术 No PM Filter is necessary 不需要颗粒过滤器SCR is an after treatment system that requires Urea as additive to create a chemic

24、al reaction to reduce NOx SCR是一种以尿素作为添加剂发生化学反应降低是一种以尿素作为添加剂发生化学反应降低NOx的后处理系统的后处理系统26 June 200726SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction)Air Pressure空气压力空气压力Cooling circuit冷却系冷却系26 June 200727characteristics尿素性能尿素性能Availability有效性Used in other industry sectors用于其它工业领域Economic price价格Mix: 32,5 % ammonia +

25、67,5% water 混合比:32.5%氨水+67.5%水Easy handling, no danger-good 易操作,无危险Freezing point冰点: -11 CEvaporating point蒸发点: + 60 CStrong volume extension较强的体积膨胀26 June 200728SCR vs. EGR SCR和和EGR比较比较= Feature 特点特点SCREGRFuel consumption燃油耗燃油耗 Lower 低低Higher高高Engine durability发动机耐久性发动机耐久性as Euro 3 同欧同欧3Reduced减少减少

26、Oil change intervals 更换机油间隔更换机油间隔as Euro 3 同欧同欧3Reduced减少减少Euro 5 compatibility欧欧5兼容性兼容性YES是是 Difficult困难困难Cooling requirements 冷却系要求冷却系要求up to 6 %减少减少6% up to + 15%增加增加15%AdBlue infrastructure 尿素尿素Yes 是是No无无Diesel fuel requirement柴油要求柴油要求Standard (EN590)标准标准Low sulphured 低硫低硫Additional weight 增加重量增

27、加重量Yes 是是Yes是是SCR technology offers important advantages most relevant:SCR技术优点技术优点 : Reduced fuel consumption lower CO2 emissions)燃油消耗低燃油消耗低,CO2排放少排放少 Insensitive to fuel quality (sulphur content)对燃油品质不敏感对燃油品质不敏感 Pro and cons starting from Euro 3从欧从欧3起点的正反面比较起点的正反面比较 26 June 200729FPT technology str

28、ategy FPT技术路线技术路线= According to FPT evaluation the conclusion is 根据根据FPT评估评估 Solution for Light range 轻型车轻型车 New engine + EGR + Particulate Trap 新型发动机新型发动机+EGR+颗粒捕集器颗粒捕集器Lower system cost 成本低成本低Easier installation and maintenance安装维护容易安装维护容易No Increase in fuel consumption due to new engine design 新设

29、计发动机不新设计发动机不增加燃油耗增加燃油耗 Solution for the Medium / Heavy range中中/重型车重型车: SCR technology SCR技术技术26 June 200730Practical case应用图例应用图例00.020.040.060.080.10.120246810NOx emissions g/kWh ESCPM emissions g/kWh ESCCOMBUSTIONSCRPM TRAPEGR929496981001021041061081101120246810NOx emissions g/kWh ESCFuel consumpt

30、ion % ESCCOMBUSTIONSCREGRPM TRAPCOMBUSTION270 hp / 2700 rpm26 June 200731“Light” HD engines”轻型车轻型车”发动机发动机= For low-range engines (below 3.5 l) 小排量发动机小排量发动机(3.5L以下以下) The trade-off between fuel consumption and system cost is less favorable to the SCR system燃油耗和系统成本与燃油耗和系统成本与SCR系统相比低系统相比低 A system con

31、figuration compatible with LD regulations (roller test bed homologation) is preferred to avoid vehicle configuration proliferation 系统结构协调是轻型车规则系统结构协调是轻型车规则(转鼓试验台认证转鼓试验台认证)首选首选,以避免增加配置以避免增加配置= Therefore the solution EGR + Particulate trap is preferred EGR+颗粒捕集器是首选颗粒捕集器是首选 With different calibration &

32、amp; sizing of the trap it can be used also for LD homologations.不同的标定和捕集器尺寸可用于轻型车认证不同的标定和捕集器尺寸可用于轻型车认证 This solution requires low sulphur fuel (less than 50 ppm) to allow filter regeneration该方案需要低硫柴油该方案需要低硫柴油(小于小于50 ppm)以利于过滤器再生以利于过滤器再生26 June 200732HD with EGR / trap engine configuration带带EGR/颗粒捕集

33、器发动机结构颗粒捕集器发动机结构EGR cooler (water heat exchanger)EGR冷却器冷却器EGR valveEGR阀阀FPT F1C 3.0 L engine4 valves/cylinder4气门气门/缸缸CR injection高压共轨系统高压共轨系统26 June 200733HD with EGR / trap exhaust configuration带带EGR/颗粒捕集器排气系结颗粒捕集器排气系结构构Particulate trap颗粒捕集器颗粒捕集器Silencer消声器消声器Differential pressure sensor压差传感器压差传感器26 June 20