Grammar---relative clause

1、GrammarThe Relative Clause定语从句定语从句的基本概念 n定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句，起形容词作用，也称为形容词性从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟先行词。定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在定语从句中充当一个成分。并在含义上替代先行词。定语从句的基本概念n关系代词有：who（作主语或宾语），whom（只作宾语），两者均指人；which（作主语或宾语）指物；whose（作先行词的所有格）指某人的或某物的；that（作主语或宾语）可指人和物，（指代人称时，并充当从句主语，通常用who）。 n关系代词充当从句主语时，不能省略，充当宾语时，

2、可以省略。 定语从句的基本概念n关系副词有：where指地方，when指时间，why指原因，分别在定语从句中充当地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。 定语从句的基本概念nThe man who came to see me this morning is my cousin. 今天早晨来看我们的人是我表弟 先行词 定语从句 关系代词作主语，不可省 定语从句的基本概念nHe is a student (who, whom, that) we should learn from （他是我们该向他学习的学生。）nThe present (which, that) he sent me last night

3、 is a nice watch. （他昨天送我的礼物是一块精致的手表。） 定语从句的基本概念nFetch me the dictionary which(that) is lying on the desk. （请去把桌上的那本字典拿来给我。） nIs there anyone whose name is Linda? （有人名字叫Linda吗？） nThis is the place where we spent our childhood. （这是我们度过童年的地方。） 定语从句的基本概念nHell always remember the day when his grandmother

4、 passed away. （他会永远记住他祖母去世的日子。） nThis is reason why they were late for the meeting. （这就是他们为什么开会迟到的原因。） 限制性与非限制性定语从句 n定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句用来限制所修饰的对象的意义。这类从句不能被拿掉，如果拿掉了，那么余下部分的意义就会不清楚；非限制性定语从句只是对所修饰的词作进一步说明，仅起补充作用，拿掉它，其它部分仍能成立。非限制性定语从句通常用逗号与它所修饰的对象分开，即从句与主句之间往往用逗号分开；而限制性定语从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号

5、分开。限制性与非限制性定语从句nDo you know the teacher who spoke at the parents meeting just now? （你认识刚才在家长会上讲话的那个老师吗？）限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 nThe book was written by Lu Xun, who was a great writer. （这本书是鲁迅写的，他是一个伟大的作家。）非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 限制性与非限制性定语从句nThey have been to Sydney, which is the most exciting city in Australia. （

6、他们去了悉尼，那是澳大利亚最令人激动的城市。）非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 nWe are going to visit Beijing in October, when the weather will be better. （我们将于十月去北京，那时天气会更好。）非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 限制性与非限制性定语从句nThey plant many flowers, most of which are red. （他们种了许多花，大多数是红色的。）非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 注意点(一)nHe showed me all the stamps that he collecte

7、d during his stay in Beijing. （他给我看了在北京收集的邮票。）说明他只给我看了在北京收集的邮票，还有其它邮票没给我看。） 注意点(一)nHe showed me all the stamps, which he collected during his stay in Beijing. （他给我看了所有的邮票，这些邮票是在北京收集的。）在北京收集只是作补充说 注意点(二)n在非限制性定语从句中不能用that作关系词，关系词也不能省略。 注意点(三)n若非限制性定语从句指代的是前面的整个句子，则用which作关系词。 nHis bike was stolen, wh

8、ich made him angry. （他的自行车被偷，使他很恼火。） nHe accepted the invitation, which was unexpected. （他接受了邀请，这使意料之外的。） 定语从句注意要点 n不能用关系代词“which”，只能用关系代词“that”的几种情况。n当先行词被最高级、序数词修饰时。 nThis is the most beautiful campus that I have ever visited. （这是我所参观过的最美丽的校园。） nTelling you the good news is the first thing that I

9、want to do now. （告诉你好消息是我现在要做的第一件事。） 定语从句注意要点n当先行词是anything，everything，nothing，all，little等不定代词时。 nHe will do everything that he can to help that fatherless child. （他将尽他所能去帮助那位失去父亲的孩子。） nIm not interested in all that he told me.=Im not interested in what he told me.（宾语从句） （我对他告诉我的一切不感兴趣。） 定语从句注意要点n注意

10、：注意： n 当先行词是something时用which、that都可以。 A. 定语从句中关系词没有what 定语从句注意要点n 当先行词被all，no，any，only，very，just等词修饰时。 n This is the very book that Ive been looking for. （这正是我一直在找的一本书。） n This is the only example that I can give you. （这是我能给你的唯一例子。） 定语从句注意要点n 当先行词是由人与物共同组成时，不用who不用which，只用that。 n There are many cars

11、 and people that made the boy excited （许多的人和车使那个男孩感到激动。） 定语从句注意要点n注意：注意：以who开头的疑问句里，如有定语从句在其中，关系代词指人时，需用“that”而不用“who”，否则会在理解上产生错误，误认为是两个句子。nWho is the man that is standing at the door? （站在门口的那个人是谁？） nWho is the girl that is shaking hands with our teacher? （与我们老师握手的那个女孩是谁？） 定语从句注意要点n 不能用关系代词“that”，只

12、能用关系代词“which”的几种情况 n 在非限制性定语从句，“who，whom”指人，“which”指物，不能用“that”。 n 在介词后面 He visited the place in which he was born.（他去看了他出生的地方。） 定语从句注意要点nHe lives in the house the roof of which has been damaged.（他住在一个屋顶被弄坏的房子。） nThere are a lot of trees in our school, ten of which are over 500 years old. （在我们学校有许多树

13、，其中十棵有五百多年历史。） nHe is living in the building in front of which there is a river.（他住在那幢前面有条河的房子。） 定语从句注意要点n注意：注意： n 在介词后面表示人不用“who”，只用“whom” n The nurse to whom my sister is talking is Rose. （我妹妹正与她交谈的那位护士是Rose.） 定语从句注意要点nThe old woman has two sons, one of whom is a PLA man. （那位老妇人有两个孩子，其中一个是解放军战士。）

14、n在此句中，如果是两个并列单句，就可写成：The old woman has two sons. One of them is a PLA man.定语从句注意要点n 名词ofwhichwhose名词 n 上例中： He lives in the house the roof of which has been damaged. =He lives in the house whose roof has been damaged. 定语从句注意要点n又如： The dictionary the cover of which is torn is mine. =The dictionary wh

15、ose cover is torn is mine.（封面被撕的那本字典是我的。） 定语从句注意要点n 关系代词which及关系副词when，where的具体使用 n This is the famous place which we visited last year. （这是我们去年参观过的著名的地方。）关系代词which在从句中作visit的宾语，即“visitthe place” 定语从句注意要点nThis is the supermarket which is open all day and night. （这是一家日夜营业的超市。）关系代词which在从句中作主语 nDo you

16、 remember the days which we spent in Hangzhou last spring? （你记得我们去年在杭州度过的日子吗？）关系代词which在句中作spent的宾语，即“spent the days”。 定语从句注意要点nOctober 1 is the day when the Peoples Republic of China was found. （十月一日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。）关系副词“when”在从句中作为时间状语相当于“on that day”。 定语从句注意要点nThis is the famous place where the kin

17、g used to meet his ministers. （这是国王过去常常接见他的大臣的著名地方。）关系副词“where”在从句中作地点状语，相当于“at that place”。 由此可见，由此可见，which是关系代词，可充当定语从句是关系代词，可充当定语从句中的主语或宾语。中的主语或宾语。when，where是关系副词，是关系副词，不能作主语或宾语，只能作状语。不能作主语或宾语，只能作状语。 定语从句注意要点n 介词which与where，when的转化 n The hotel where they stayed the other day wasnt very clean. =Th

18、e hotel in which they stayed the other day wasnt very clean. （那天他们住的那个旅馆不是很干净。） 定语从句注意要点nHe will always remember the day when he broke the world record. =He will always remember the day on which he broke the world record. （他会永远记住他打破世界纪录的那一天。） 定语从句注意要点n在上述二例中，在上述二例中，where=in which=in the hotel充当从句地点状

19、语；充当从句地点状语；when=on which= on that day充当充当从句时间状语。当然，介词要按照上下从句时间状语。当然，介词要按照上下文而定。文而定。 定语从句注意要点n注意：注意：在2.和3.中分别提到了“介词which”的用法及“介词whom”的用法。介词可以放在关系代词的前面，也可以相应地放在从句中。 定语从句注意要点nThe lab in which the students do experiments is not far from here. =The lab which (that) the students do experiments in is not f

20、ar from here. （学生们做实验的实验室离这里不远。）定语从句注意要点nThe woman to whom I spoke just now is my English teacher. =The woman who (whom) I spoke to just now is my English teacher. （刚才我与她讲话的那个人是我的英语老师。） 定语从句注意要点n但是有些介词短语不能随意搬动， The baby (who) my mother is looking after is my younger brother. The baby after whom my m

21、other is looking after is my younger brother. Here is the man youve been looking for.（这是你要找的人。）以上两句中“look for”和“look after”是固定词组。 定语从句注意要点n 修饰先行词way的三种方法 Can you show me the way in which you cook the fish? =Can you show me the way that you cook the fish? =Can you show me the way you cook the fish? （

22、你能做给我看做这道菜的方法吗？） 定语从句注意要点n先行词是reason后面关系词是why还是that（which）。 nCan you tell me the reason why you were kept after school? （你能告诉我你为什么被放学留下的原因吗？）“why”在从句中作原因状语。 nThis is the reason which (that) may explain his absence.（这是能够解释他缺席的原因。）“which”在从句中作主语。定语从句注意要点nThe reason which you told me is not reasonable.

23、 （你告诉我的理由不合理。）“which”在从句中作宾语。 由此可见由此可见why是关系副词，不能作宾语和是关系副词，不能作宾语和主语，只能作状语，表示原因主语，只能作状语，表示原因。 定语从句注意要点n注意：注意： nDo you know why he was absent?（宾语从句） Do you know the reason why he was absent?（定语从句） Do you know the reason which (that) may explain his absence?（定语从句） （你知道他为什么缺席吗？） 以上三句含义相同，句式不同。 定语从句注意要点n

24、 The reason that you were ill yesterday is not accepted. （你昨天生病的原因没有被接受。） n 这是一句“同位语”从句的句子，“reason”与“you were ill yesterday”表达的是同等意思，因此关系词不能用“which”，只能用“that”。 定语从句注意要点n又如The news that our team won the game made us excited. （我们队赢的消息使我们激动。）（同位语从句） The news which (that) I heard through the radio is ex

25、citing. （我从广播中听到的消息令人激动。）（定语从句） 定语从句注意要点n定语从句中的插入语 nHe made a speech, which I thought was of great importance. （他作了一次演讲，我认为是很重要的。） nJimmy is the boy, who everybody believes will win the first prize in the singing competition. （Jimmy是一位大家一致认为会赢得歌唱比赛第一名的男孩。） 定语从句注意要点n在上述句子中，I thought, everybody believ

26、es是插入语，还有I suppose, everybody knows等在定语从句中出现，容易受其迷惑而用错关系词。比如在上述第二句中就不能用“whom”，因为“who”是从句的主语，而“everybody believes”是插入语。因此在有插入语的定语从句中，考虑用什么关系代词或副词时，可暂时不考虑插入语，以免受其迷惑。 定语从句注意要点n as在定语从句中的用法 n as在定语从句中一般用于suchas和the sameas的结构中。 n I have the same trouble as you have. （我与你有同样的麻烦。） n I feel just the same as

27、 you do. （我和你感觉一样。） 定语从句注意要点nSuch people as you wrote in the article was well worth learning from. （你在文章中写到的人应该好好向他学习。） 定语从句注意要点n as也用于非限制性定语从句中，修饰整个句子。as所引导的定语从句可放在句首，也可放在句尾。而当“which”修饰整句时，只放在句尾。as可作从句主语或宾语。as引导的从句的含义与主句是顺接的，解释为“就象”，而“which”引导的从句含义往往相悖。as is expected; which is unexpected 定语从句注意要点nA

28、s we had expected, all the students attended the lecture. （就象我们预料的，所有的学生听了报告。） nHe opposed the idea, as could be expected. （他反对这个主意，是在预料之中的。）nHe accepted the idea, which was unexpected.（没想到，他接受了这个主意。）定语从句注意要点n 定语从句中谓语的用法 n 定语从句中关系代词后的动词用何种形式，应由其先行词决定。 n I, who am used to getting up early, will get u

29、sed to the life in the boarding school easily. （习惯于早起的我，将会很容易适应住宿生活。） 定语从句注意要点nMartin is one of the boy students in our class who willing to become a teacher. （Martin是许多想成为教师的学生之一。） nMartin is the only one of the students who is willing to become a teacher. （Martin是唯一想成为教师的学生。） 定语从句注意要点n whoever=any

30、one who=no matter who whatever/whichever=anything that=no matter what(which) whenever=in/on/at whatever time that=no matter when wherever=in/at/to whatever place that=no matter where 定语从句注意要点nwhoever,whatever,whichever可引导状语从句或相当于定语从句的句子；whenever, wherever可引导状语从句或在相当于定语从句的句子中替代状语。 定语从句注意要点nWhoever (n

31、o matter who) breaks the law, he must be punished.（状语从句） （无论谁违法都要受到惩罚。） nWhoever (anyone who) breaks the law must be punished.（主语从句）相当定语从句 （任何违法的人都要受到惩罚。）nWe must punish whoever (anyone who) breaks the law.（宾语从句）相当定语从句 （我们将惩罚任何违法的人。） 定语从句注意要点nYou may go wherever (to whatever place that) you want to

32、go.（相当于定语从句） （你可以去任何你想去的地方。） nWherever you want to go, you may go.（状语从句） （无论你想去那里，都可以去。） 定语从句注意要点n every day, each day, every time, each time是时间状语，所以不加定语从句。n Every time we met, we always had a good time.（每当我们见面总玩得很高兴。） 定语从句注意要点n 注意强调句与定语从句的区别n It was a cold morning day when (on which) my father left

33、.（定语从句） （在冬天的一个早晨我父亲离开了。） n It was on a cold morning day that my father left.（强调句） （我父亲是在一个冬天的早晨离开的。） 定语从句注意要点n 定语从句的平衡n 为了保持句子平衡，一些较长的定语从句往往放置句子末尾，以避免句子头重脚轻。 n The days are gone when we have to suffer a very high cost of living. （我们不得不承受高生活费用的日子一去不复返了。）when引导的定语从句修饰the days。Exercisen填入适当的关系词： nThos

34、e _ have seen it like it very much. nMy uncle Jim, _ I havent seen for years, is coming home next week. nThe woman _ umbrella you took by mistake is very angry Exercisen The lab _ the chemist often does experiments is not far away. n I shall remember the days _ we studied together. n The reason _ Im

35、 writing is to tell you about a party on Sunday. n She had three sons, all of _ became doctors. Exercisen There isnt much _ I can do. n I like the way _ she organized the meeting. n He said He had no time, _ isnt true. n Telephone me at four oclock, _ _ time I should have the information. ExercisenL

36、ast Sunday I saw a film, the name _ _ I have forgotten. nDont talk about such things _ you do not understand. nI have two grammar books, _ _ _ are rather poor. nHeres the dictionary. _ the back of _ youll find a list of proper names. Exercisen选择填空 nEach time _ they met, they would talk long hours together. nwhich B.during C.when