助动词分析－情态意义表示法

1、Lecture 6Auxiliaries Guangxi Normal University for NationalitiesContents 情态动词的情态意义表示法情态动词的情态意义表示法 情态动词的情态动词的推测性推测性用法用法 情态动词的情态动词的虚拟虚拟表达表达1. 情态意义表示法情态意义表示法 表示能力和可能 表示许可和不许 表示义务和必然 表示预见和推测 表示意愿、意图和决心1.1. 表示能力和可能表示能力和可能1.1.1. 能力能力can/could/be able to can 一般能力一般能力 He can drive. 现在具体能力现在具体能力 Look! I can

2、do it. 将来具体能力将来具体能力 If I can, Ill do it. 与be able to同义，可互换。 将来一般能力多用将来一般能力多用will/shall be able to. 如： I will be able to speak English in 2 weeks. 1.1.2. 可能可能may/might/can/could (推测性用法推测性用法) 可能性大可能性大小小：can, could, may, might can/could/may/might + 动词原形：动词原形： 现在现在/将来可能将来可能 She may be busy now. can多用于疑问

3、句多用于疑问句/否定句否定句，may/might多用于肯定句多用于肯定句1.2.表示许可和不许表示许可和不许Permission1.2.1. 请求“许可”can/could/may/might 其中may/might较正式，might/could较委婉 Can I use your phone?1.2.2. 给予“许可” may/can Yes, you can.1.2.3. “不许” may not/ cannot等 (不表示过去不表示过去“不许不许”) No, you may not./Im afraid not.1.3.表示义务和必然表示义务和必然must/should/ought to

4、must/should/ought to 语气逐渐减弱语气逐渐减弱1.3.1. 义务- must/should/ought to/have to ought to带 “劝说”意，语气不坚定 should带“劝说”，语气坚定、强烈 must “必须”，命令，主观 have to “必须”，命令，客观 将来必须将来必须will/shall have to 过去必须过去必须 had toMother: Jane, you ought to close the window.(Jane didnt move.)Mother: Jane, you should close the window.(Jan

5、e still didnt move.)Mother: Jane, you must close the window.(Reluctantly, Jane had to close the window.)Example1.3.2. 必然necessity- must/should/ought to 根据一定情况作出的判断和推测，语气渐弱根据一定情况作出的判断和推测，语气渐弱 She should be here in a minute. 估计她一会儿就到。 All men must die. 人都有一死。 推测过去：推测过去：must have done,否定形式为否定形式为cant He

6、r eyes are red. She must have been crying.1.4. 表示预见和推测表示预见和推测1.4.1 预见预见prediction will/shall It will rain tomorrow.1.4.2. 推测推测predictability must/will/would/should/ought to 语气渐弱 They ought to be home by now. They will be home by now. 我估计他们现在一定到家了。1.5.表示意愿、意图和决心表示意愿、意图和决心1.5.1. Willingness will/would

7、/shall Will you go with me? I will go if you need it be. I will call her tomorrow. would表示过去坚持 shall表示说话人强烈的意志、决心和承诺。 You shall obey my orders. I shall never do it again.2. 情态动词的情态动词的推测性推测性用法用法和和非推测性非推测性用法用法情态动词情态动词非推测性用法非推测性用法推测性用法推测性用法Can/could能力、许可能力、许可可能可能May/might许可许可可能可能Will/would意志、预见意志、预见推测推

8、测Shall/ought to义务义务必然必然must义务义务必然必然情态动词推测性用法的句法功能：情态动词推测性用法的句法功能： 接接have done，表示对过去作推测，表示对过去作推测 He must have been disappointed. 接接be doing，表示对现在作推测，表示对现在作推测 He must be watching TV now. 接动词原形，表示对现在作推测，动词为静态动词接动词原形，表示对现在作推测，动词为静态动词 There must be some mistakes. He must have a car. 情态动词情态动词现在完成式现在完成式主要有

9、两个功能：主要有两个功能： 表表已经发生已经发生的情况的情况 表示表示虚拟语气虚拟语气 1）must have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为定推测，译为“（昨天）一定（昨天）一定”。 如： My pain_ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically：“ Are you feeling all right?” A must be B had been C must have been D had to be 2）ca

10、nt / couldnt have+过去分词，表示对已发过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为生情况的否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定（昨天）一定没没”。 如： Mary _ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now. A couldnt have received B ought to have received C has received D shouldnt have received 3）may / might have +过去分词，表示对已发过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或生的事情做不肯定

11、、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为事实上根本没发生，译为“也许也许”。 如: At Florida Powers Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician. 1) neednt have + 过去分词过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，表示做了不必做的事，相当于相当于”didnt need to do”,译为译为“其实没必要其实没必要”。 如： You neednt have come o

12、ver yourself. As it turned out to be a small house party, we _ so formally. A neednt dress up B did not need have dressed up C did not need dress up D neednt have dressed up 2）should have +过去分词过去分词，表示应该做某事但实，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为际上未做，译为“本应该本应该”；should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为译

13、为“本不应该本不应该”。如： I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully. 我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好，但实际上作者还是没有规划好，以至工作没有完成。 3) ought to have +过去分词过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译但实际上未发生，译“该该”，与，与should 的完成式的完成式含义类似。含义类似。如： The porter ought to have called the fire-brig

14、ade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke . 4) could have +过去分词过去分词，表示过去本来可，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为以做但却未做，译为“完全可以完全可以”。这。这点与点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。过去分词用法相似。 如： What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully. 5) may/ might have +过去分词过去分词，表示过去可以做但，表示过去可

15、以做但实际未做，译为实际未做，译为“（那样）也许会（那样）也许会” 如： It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers. 3.3 几个情态动词常考的句型：几个情态动词常考的句型： 3.3.1 may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好不妨，最好”，与与had better相近；相近； Since the

16、flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train. 既然航班已经取消了，你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。 3.3.2 cannot / canttoo “越越越好，怎越好，怎么也不过分么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体。注意这个句型的变体cannotover.如：如： You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 驾车时候，越小心越好。驾车时候，越小心越好。 3.3.3 used not to 或或didnt use to 为为used to (do

17、) 的否定式。的否定式。 3.3.4 should 除了除了“应该应该”一层意思外，还要掌握一层意思外，还要掌握其其“竟然竟然”的意思。的意思。 如：如： I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。我无法想象他竟然这样做。 3.3.5 情态动词被动关系的主动表达法情态动词被动关系的主动表达法 1） want, require, worth（形容词）后面接（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。也可以表示被动意义。 如：如： Your hair wants cutting .The book is w

18、orth reading. The floor requires washing. 2）need既可以用既可以用need to be done 也可以使用也可以使用need doing ，两种形式都表达被动的意义，两种形式都表达被动的意义 The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted. The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.Exercise Two 1. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _ during the day. A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. mu