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1、常考知识在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。通过从句的意思判断先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,,whomwhose,which,that等和关系副词where,when,why等。一、非限制性定语从句记:有逗号的从句,连接词一定不用that。典型例题TheywillflytoWashington,theyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.二、关系代词who,whomwhose引导的定语从句这类定语从句中,who在从句中用作主语,whom从句中用彳宾语,whose从句中用作定语注意:Whose既可代表人,也可代表物eg:Doyous

2、eethehousewhosewindowsareallbroken?三、关系代词that和which引导的定语从句1、只能用which的情况(1)介词+which(2)非限制性定语从句2、只能用that的情况(1)先行词为不定代词(all,nothing,much等)(2)两个the:先行词为序数词和最高级(3)人和物同时做先行词时(4)先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时3、“介词+which/whom”中介词的选择关系代词前的介词使用时根据与名词前面的动词搭配关系和介词的搭配关系及句子结构上的需要而定。eg:We'llneverforgetthedayonwhichwew

3、entcamping.四、关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句1、when,where,why吮词+which,有时为表达清楚,还可在关系副词where、when前加介词from,to。ReasonWhy=reasonforwhich2、关系副词和关系代词的比较记:从句的句子是完整的连接词一定用关系副词3、高考对关系副词where的考查高考中对where的考查趋于复杂,先行词由“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化"。Where不能只理解为表地点,当先行词表示某人/物的处境(situation),或某事所发展的阶段,或表达某事的某个方面(part,point)时都可用wher

4、e这个关系副词。例词:Place地点Case案例Situation形势Point点Top顶点Position地位Stage阶段Occasion场合Aspect方面五、关系代词as,which的区别As主要用于asas;thesameas;suchas等结构中。译为“正如as引导非限制性的定语从句,修饰前面整个句子,而which均可。eg:Themeeting,whichwasheldinthepark,wasasuccess.eg:Themeetingwasasuccess,aswasexpected.典型例题(1)Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown,wasverykin

5、dofhim.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it2)TheBeatles,manyofyouareoldenoughtoremember,camefromLiverpool.六、way的特殊用法Thewaythat/which/不填heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.Thewaythat/inwhich/不填heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.考点剖析命题规律:(1)关系代词的辨析及关系副词的辨析。(2)关系代词的指代情况(3)定语从句的主谓一致问题。例题:规律总结:定语从句一般考连接

6、词,一般分三步完成。1、判断定语从句的先行词和理解从句意思。2、看从句是否完整,完整一定用关系副词。3、不完整的( 1) *关系代词和关系副词的辨析,判断从句是否完整,完整的连接词一定用关系副词。eg:Thisisthefarmwhereheworks.eg:Thisisthefarmwhichhevisits.*遇至Usituation,part,point,place,period等,般连接词用where。遇至Utime,age,day等,般连接词用when。*介词后一定不加that,注意介词的判断。介词+which/whom(不用who)。关系副词=介词+which( 2) *非限制性定

7、语从句及有逗号的从句,一定不用that(特别注意先行词为整个句子时)。*which,that的一些特殊用法。*作宾语的关系代词可省略(3)定语从句的两个特殊句型*Isthisschoolwevisitedthatyear?Istheschoolwevisitedthatyear?Isthistheschoolwevisitedthatyear?名词性从句常考知识一、名词性从句的结构和功能总述名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。具有名词性功能。名词性从句主要有四种从句结构:以that引导的从句;以whether/if引导的从句;以特殊疑问词引导的从句;以what或wh-eve

8、r等连接代词引导的名词性关系从句。主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句作及物动词宾语作介词宾语that一般不省略可以省略一般不省略一般不省略一般不省略whether/if(是否)放于句首时只用whether用whether/if均可,但有区别只用whether只用whether只用whether特殊疑问词注意语序要用陈述语序名词性关系从句注意语序要用陈述语序典型例题( 1) Canyoutellme(我如何去)gettotherailwaystation?( 2) Thesephotographswillshowyou(我们村上看上去是什么样子的)。that从句(一)主语从句1、that从句作主

9、语时,常用it作形式主语,常见的句型有:1)It+be+形容(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable)+that从句。eg:Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.(2) It+be+名词词组(nowonder,anhonor,agoodthing,apity,nosurprise)+that从句。eg:It'sapitythatwecan'tgo.(3) It+be+过去分词(said,reported,tho

10、ught,expected,decided,announced,arranged)+that从句。eg:ItissaidthathasarrivedinBeijing.(4)It+不及物动词+that从句eg:Itseems/happens/appears/turnsout/doesn'tmatter-that注意:Itis(high)timethatwegotdowntowork.ItisthefirsttimethatIhavecometoBeijing.2、that连接词位于句首时,不能省略。eg:Thatweareinvitedtoaconcertthiseveningisgo

11、odnewstous.(二)宾语从句know , imagine ,1 、常见的可接that从句作宾语的动词有see,say,discover,believe,tell,show,think,consider,besure,beafraid(可省略)。在可以接复合宾语的动词之后,如think,make,consider等,可用it做形式宾语。eg:Hehasmadeitclearthathewillnotgivein.eg:Weconsideritnecessarythatheshouldimprovehispronunciation.2 、that从句一般不能充当介词宾语,但可作except

12、,in等介词的宾语。其他介词后需用that时,必须用it作形式宾语。eg:YoumaydependonitthatIshallalwayshelpyou.(三)表语从句that引导表语从句时,不可省略。3 g:Mydecisionisthatallofusaretostartat6o'clocktomorrowmorning.(四)同位语从句连词that引导的同位语从句,在从句中不担当任何成分,不省略。应在某些有内容的名词之后,如:fact,hope,desire,thought,suggestion,idea,news,problem,possibility等。eg:There

13、9;safeelinginmethatwe'llneverknowwhataUFOisnotever.三、whether/if(是否)(一)在表语从句和同位语从句中只能用whether不能用if;当主语从句放于句首时,也只能用whether不用if;当it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末时用whether或if均可。eg:Whetherthemeetingwillbegivenisstillaproblem.eg:Itisdoubtfulwhether/ifhewillcomehere.eg:Theproblemiswhetherthemeetingwillbegiven.eg:Ihave

14、noideawhetherthemeetingwillbegiven.(二)在宾语从句中:介词后只用whether,不用if。eg:Idependsonwhetheryoucandotheworkwell.典型例题( 1) we'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.( 2) Iamnotsurehewillcomehereornot.( 3) Thisdecisionwillhaveeffectonornothewillsucceed.四、特殊疑问词(一)主语从句特殊疑问词引导主语从句时,常用it作形式主语。eg:Itmakesnodiffer

15、encewhereweshallhavethemeeting.(二)宾语从句1 、能接特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句的动词很多,常见的有:see,tell,ask,answer,know,decide,findout,imagine,suggest,doubt,wonder,show,discuss,understand,inform,advise等.eg:Ican'timaginehowhedidit.eg:Theycouldn'tunderstandwhyIrefusedit.2、作介词宾语。eg:Italldependsonhowwesolvetheproblem.eg:Wea

16、reworryingaboutwhatweshoulddonext.(三)表语从句、同位语从句eg:Theproblemiswhereweshouldstay.eg:MyquestionhowIshallgetintouchwithhimhasnotbeenanswered.五、名词性关系从句What是最常用来引导名词性关系从句的关系代词。what=thethingswhich/that,whoever=anyonewho,whichever=anyone/anythingthat,whatever=anythingthat.Where=theplacewhere,when=thetimewh

17、en.(三)表语从句eg:Thisiswhereourproblemlies.eg:Tomorrowiswhenitwouldbemostconvenient.(四)同位语从句eg:Igavethegirlabigdoll,exactlywhatshelongedtohave.(五)名词性关系从句还可作宾语补足语eg:We'llmakehimwhateverheisfitfor.eg:I'llcallthebabywhatevernameyoulike.eg:Hehasmadethecompanywhatitistoday.六、名词性从句的几个难点(一)wh-ever与noma

18、tterwh-的用法区别,wh-ever放句首句中,nomatterwh-放句首wh-ever既可引导名词性从句,又可引导让步状语从句;而nomatterwh-只能引导让步状语从句。eg:WhateverIsaid,hewouldntlistentome.=NomatterwhatIsaid,hewouldntlistentome.eg:HewouldbelievewhateverIsaid.另外,whoever,whatever,whenever,wherever中,ever起强调作用,意为“究竟、到底”。(二)asif/asthough,because,why也可弓I导表语从句。eg:It

19、lookedasifitwasgoingtorain.(三)连词that引导的同位语从句和关系代词that引导的定语从句的区别1、连词that引导同位语从句时,应放在某些具有内容的名词之后,如fact,hope,desire,thought等,对前面的名词起补充说明的作用。只起引导的作用,在从句中不担当任何成分,因此that引导的同位语从句是完整的。2、关系代词that引导定语从句时,在定语从句中担当成分(主、宾),that引导的定语从句时残缺的。eg:Thenewsthatourfootballteamwonthematchwasencouraging.eg:Thenewsthatwehea

20、rdontheradiowasnottrue.并列句和状语从句*并列句1、表递进关系:and,notonlybutalso,neithernor,notbut2、表示选择关系:常用的并列连接词有or,eitheror,otherwise等。3、表转折关系:but,yet,whereas,while等。4、说明关系:so,for。5、while“而,却”表对比。典型例题( 1) Iacceptthatheisnotperfect,Idoactuallyliketheperson.( 2) Followthedoctor'sadvice,yourcoughwillgetworse.( 3)

21、 Hewasjustgoingtosleepheheardsomeoneshout“Fire!Fire!( 4) Sheisseriouslyill,shedoesn'tgiveuphope.( 5) Heisagoodteacher,heisverypopularwithstudents.( 6) doeshedowellinEnglish,buthedoeswellinmaths.*状语从句时间状语从句1、 when、while、as1、 when既可以引导一个持续动作、也可以引导一个短暂动作。2、从属连词while引导的动作必须是持续性的,侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。3、连词a

22、s可表示"一边,(一边)"或"随着”。eg:When/While/AsIwaswalkingdownthesteet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.2、 assoonas,immediately,directly,instantly,themoment,theminute,theinstant,nosoonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen禾口once(一就一)eg:ThemomentIheardthevoice,Iknewfatherwascoming.eg:Nosoonerhadwearrivedatthestat

23、ionthanthetrainleft.eg:Theboyburstintotearsimmediatelyhesawhismother.注意:Ihadhardlygothomewhenitbegantorain.HardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.三、till,until,notuntil1、肯定句:主句动词必须是延续性动词,意为|“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”eg:Heremainedthereuntilshearrived.eg:Youmaystayhereuntiltherainstops.2、否定句:主句动词必须是非延续性动词,意为“某动作之道某

24、时间才开始”。eg:Hewon'tgotobedtill/untilshereturns.3、 till不可以置于句首,而until可以。eg:UntilyoutoldmeIhadnoideaofit.4、not-until句型中的强调和倒装用法:( 1) ItwasnotuntilyoutoldmethatIhadanyideaofit.(强调)( 2) NotuntilyoutoldmedidIhaveanyideaofit.(倒装)典型例题句型转换:Ididn'tleaveuntilshecameback.(1) shecamebackleave.(2) notuntil

25、shecamebackI.四、before和since1、若表达“还未就一;不到就-;才一;还没来得及”时,需用连词before。eg:Wehadsailedfourdaysandfournightsbeforewesawland.2、before从句中谓语不用否定式。eg:Beforetheyreachedthestation,thetrainhadgone.3、Itwillbe+一段时间+before多久之后才eg:ItwillbehalfayearbeforeIcomeback.eg:Itwon'tbelongbeforewemeetagain.4、since从句(一般过去时)的

26、动词一般是非延续性动词,主句的动词(现在完成时或现在完成进行时)时延续性或反复发生的。5、在“Itis+一段时间+since从句”句型。eg:Itisthreeyearssincethewarbrokeout.五、everytime,eachtime,nexttime,thefirsttime,anytime,allthetime等,表示“每当一;每次;下次”等。eg:Every/EachtimeIwasintrouble,hewouldcometohelpmeout.eg:Nexttimeyoucome,doremembertobringyoursonhere.eg:Thelasttimes

27、hesawJames,hewaslyinginbed.地点状语从句和原因状语从句一、地点状语从句1、引导地点状语从句的从属连词where,wherever指具体地点时。2、注意区分where引导的定语从句和状语从句:You'dbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.You'dbettermakeamarkattheplacewhereyouhaveanyquestions.二、原因状语从句1、引导的连词有:because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthat。Because主句前或后直接因

28、果关系语气强能回答whyAs主句前或后双方都知道的原因不能回答whySince/nowthat主句前双方都知道的原因eg:Whyareyouabsentfromthemeeting?BecauseIamill.eg:Asitisraining,weshallnotgotothepark.eg:Nowthat/Sinceeverybodyishere,let'sbeginourmeeting.2、其他表原因的方式Becauseof,thanksto,dueto,owingto等。(for)Hedoesntknowaboutit,forhedidn'tseethefilm.目的状语

29、从句和结果状语从句一、目的状语从句连词有:sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incase,lest等。1、 inorderthat与sothateg:I'llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.eg:Inorderthatwemightseethesunrise,westartedforthepeakearly.2、 forfearthat,incase和lest从句中动词要用should+动词原形,本身带有否定意义eg:Theboyhidhimselfbehindthetreeincase/forfearthathisf

30、athershouldseehim.eg:Takeyourraincoatincase/lestitshouldrain.二、结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连词:sothat,suchthateg:Mikeissuchanhonestworkerthatweallbelievehim.=Mikeissohonestaworkerthatweallbelievehim.当so或such置于句首,主句要用倒装语序。eg:Socleverastudentwashethathewasabletoworkoutallthedifficultproblems.典型例题句型转换:Heissoyoungtha

31、thecan'tjointhearmy.( 1) Heistojointhearmy.( 2) Heistojointhearmy.( 3) Heissoyoungjointhearmy.条件状语从句和方式状语从句一、条件状语从句连词有:if,unless,so/aslongas,incase,onconditionthat。eg:You'llfailtheexamunlessyoustudyhard.eg:Aslongasyoudon'tloseheart,youwillsucceed.eg:Incasetherisafire,whatwillwedofirst?二、

32、方式状语从句连词:as,asif,asthougheg:Doasyouaretoldto,oryou'llbefired.eg:Theoldladytreatstheboyasifhewereherownson.eg:IfeelasifIhaveafever.让步状语从句和比较状语从句让步状语从句1、 although/though,eventhough/evenifeg:Heisunhappy,though/althoughhehasalotofmoney.eg:Although/thoughitwasraininghard,yettheywentonplayingfootball.eg:Eventhough/ifitisraining,we'llgothere.注意:though作“可是,然而”,句末eg:Hesaidhewouldcome,hedidn't,though.2、 as或though引导的让步状语从句倒装的情况eg:Childasheis,heknowsalot.eg:MuchasIlikeit,Iwon'tbuyit,forit'stooexpensive.3、whetheror(不管还是);疑问词+ever与nomatter+疑问词eg:Whethery

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