面向交际的机器人计算机专业英语课程

1、. 计算机专业英语课程论文论文题目Toward sociable robots 面向交际的机器人学生姓名（学号）所在学院信息学院所在班级计科1111班指导教师彭伟民提交时间2013年 10 月 30 日成绩.;目 录目 录1ABSTRACT 摘要2KEYWORDS 关键字31. INTRODUCTION 简介32. PARADIGMS OF SOCIAL ROBOTS 交际机器人的样式43. OUR SOCIABLE ROBOT, KISMET 我们的交际机器人，使命104. REGULATING THE EXCHANGE OF SPEAKING TURNS 调节说话轮流交换114.1. Vo

2、cal turn-taking experiments 声音开启试验134.2. Evaluation 评价155. DISCUSSION 论述196. CONCLUSION 结论22ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 致谢22APPENDIX A. 附录A23REFERENCES 参考文献25VITAE 个人简历26Robotics and Autonomous Systems 机器人和自主系统Volume 42, Issues 34, 31 March 2003, Pages 16717542 卷，3问题4，2003月31，167175页Socially Interactive Robots

3、 交际互动的机器人Toward sociable robotsCynthia BreazealMIT Media Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave, NE 18-5FL, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA面向交际的机器人辛西娅·布雷齐尔MIT媒体实验室，马萨诸塞州77大道，北18-5fl，剑桥，MA 02139，美国Abstract 摘要This paper explores the topic of social robotsthe class of robots that people anthropomorphize in order to i

4、nteract with them. From the diverse and growing number of applications for such robots, a few distinct modes of interaction are beginning to emerge. We distinguish four such classes: socially evocative, social interface, socially receptive, and sociable. For the remainder of the paper, we explore a

5、few key features of sociable robots that distinguish them from the others. We use the vocal turn-taking behavior of our robot, Kismet, as a case study to highlight these points.本文探讨的话题是交际机器人为了与人类互动而诞生的人格化机器人。自从这样的机器人应用的多样性和数量的增加，一些相互作用的不同的模式开始出现。我们区分为四类：有亲和力，能与人交流，适应社会，善于交际。本文的其余部分，我们探讨一些关键功能的交际机器人区

6、别于其他人。我们用声音开启我们的机器人，使命，作为一个案例研究去突出这一点。Keywords 关键字Sociable robots; Humanrobot interaction; Humanoid robots; Facial expression; Social interaction交际机器人；人类机器人互动；仿真机器人；面部表情；交际互动1. Introduction 简介 Recent commercial applications are emerging where the ability to interact with people in an entertaining, e

7、ngaging, or anthropomorphic manner is an important part of the robots functionality. A new generation of robotic toys have emerged (such as Tiger Electronics hamsters-like Furby or Sonys robotic dog, Aibo) whose behavior changes the more children play with it. Video games, such as Creatures, allow t

8、he participant to “genetically” design graphical critters and then interact with them. Lego Mindstorms takes a more engineering approach, providing people with a robot toolkit. 最近的商业应用，出现了一个有趣的，引人入胜的，或拟人化方式的与人交往的能力，是机器人的功能的一个重要组成部分。新一代的机器人玩具出现（如虎电子仓鼠像菲比或索尼的机器狗，AIBO）的行为变化促使了更多的孩子与它们玩耍。视频游戏，如生物，让参与者的“

9、基因”设计的图形动物，然后与他们互动。乐高机器人采用了更多的工程方法，为人们提供了一个机器人工具包。 Although the ability of these products to interact with people (and peoples ability to interact with them) is limited, they are motivating the development of increasingly life-like and socially sophisticated robots. Mediated communication through ro

10、botic avatars would allow one to have a physical and social presence to others despite being geographically distant. Location based entertainment applications such as museum tour guide robots 13 offer not only entertainment value but also provide visitors with information of interest. Health-related

11、 applications are being explored, such as robot nursemaids that help the elderly , or robotic pets (such as Omrons NeCoRo) that are intended to provide some of the health-related benefits of pet ownership. NASAs humanoid robot, Robonaut, developed at the Johnson Space Center is envisioned to be an a

12、stronauts assistant. The success of these robots hinges not only on their utility but also on their ability to be responsive to and interact with people in a natural and intuitive manner. 虽然这些产品与人交往的能力（与人的互动与他们的能力）是有限的，它们是发展越来越生活化和有更有社会经验的机器人。尽管相距遥远，介导的通信通过机器人化身将允许一个物理和社会存在的人交流。基于场所的娱乐应用，如博物馆导游机器人 1

13、3 不仅提供娱乐价值也提供游客感兴趣的信息。与健康相关的应用正在探索，如机器人保姆帮助老年人，或机器宠物（如欧姆龙的尼克罗）的目的是提供一些有益健康的宠物。美国宇航局的人形机器人，机器宇航员，在约翰逊航天中心开发的设想成为一个宇航员的助手。这些机器人的成功不仅取决于它们自己的功能也取决于他们以自然和直观的方式去回应和与人们互动的能力。2. Paradigms of social robots 交际机器人的样式 It is important to recognize that humans are a profoundly social species. Our social-emotiona

14、l intelligence is a useful and powerful means for understanding the behavior of, and for interacting with, some of the most complex entities in our worldpeople and other living creatures 12. Faced with non-living things of sufficient complexity (i.e., when the observable behavior is not easily under

15、stood in terms of its underlying mechanisms), we often apply a social model to explain, understand, and predict their behavior as well 15. For instance, we are all familiar that people anthropomorphize all sorts of technologies (e.g., cars, computers, etc.). The studies of Premack and Premack 14 sho

16、w that people attribute mental states (i.e., intents, beliefs, feelings, desires, etc.) to describe the behavior of interacting shapes on a screen. Even Braitenberg 4 often uses such mentalistic terms to describe the behavior of his ingenious vehicles. Right or wrong, people rely on social models (o

17、r fluidly switch between using a social model with other mental models) to make complex behavior more familiar and understandable and more intuitive with which to interact. We do this because it is enjoyable for us, and it is often surprisingly quite useful.认识到人类是一个深刻的社会物种很重要。我们的社会情绪智力是一个有用的和强大的理解行为

18、方式，并与我们的世界中一些人和其他生物的 12 最复杂的实体互动。面对非生物足够的复杂性，（即，当观察到的行为在机制方面不是很容易理解）我们经常应用社会模型来解释，理解，和预测他们的行为 15 。例如，我们都很熟悉人们赋予人性的各种技术（例如，汽车，电脑，等）。普雷马克研究和普雷马克 14 表明，人们的心理状态归因的研究（即，意图，信仰，情感，欲望，等等）来描述相互作用的形状在屏幕上的行为。即使Braitenberg 4 经常使用这种唯心主义的术语来描述他的巧妙的车辆的行为。对或错，人们依靠社会模式（或使用一个社会模式与其他心理模型之间的流体交换）使复杂的行为更多的熟悉和理解更直观的，交互的。

19、我们这样做是因为它让我们愉快，而且它往往是出人意料地很有用。We argue that people will generally apply a social model when observing and interacting with autonomous robots. Autonomous robots perceive their world, make decisions on their own, and perform coordinated actions to carry out their tasks. As with living things, their be

20、havior is a product of its internal state as well as physical laws. Augmenting such self-directed, creature-like behavior with the ability to communicate with, cooperate with, and learn from people makes it almost impossible for one to not anthropomorphize them (i.e., attribute human or animal-like

21、qualities). We refer to this class of autonomous robots as social robots,1 i.e., those that people apply a social model to in order to interact with and to understand. 我们认为，人们在观察和自主机器人的相互作用时一般会运用交际模型。自主机器人感知世界，做出自己的决定，和执行协调一致的行动来进行他们的任务。随着生活的东西，他们的行为是一种产品，其内部状态以及物理定律。充实自我，像与沟通能力，行为的配合，并从中学习的人几乎不可能使一

22、个非人格化（即，他们赋予人类或动物般的品质）。我们指的这一类的自主机器人为交际机器人，1即，那些人申请一个交际的模型，以互动和理解。 This definition is based on the human observers perspective. One can further distinguish several subclasses of social robots by viewing matters from the robots perspective. Namely, given that people will apply a social model in order

23、 to understand and interact with such robots, to what extent does the robot design support and validate this model? To what extent do these anthropomorphic attributes map to computational entities within the robot? To what extent does the robot apply a social model to understand people? Basically, t

24、o what extent is the robot a full-fledged social participant? 这个定义是基于人类观察者的观点。你可以进一步通过从机器人的角度来看问题区分各种交际机器人的子类。即，因为人们会为了申请一个交际的模型来理解与机器人互动，在何种程度上的机器人的设计支持和验证了该模型的有效性？在何种程度上这些拟人化的属性映射到计算实体内的机器人？在何种程度上的机器人应用的社会模型来理解人？基本上，在何种程度上是机器人完善社会参与？ This is fundamentally an “appearance versus reality” questiondoe

25、s the robot only appear to be socially intelligent or is it genuinely so? (We argue that the robots design does not have to be indistinguishable from human analogs to serve the same function or to exhibit the same competence, i.e., to be genuine.) One could imagine various subclasses of social robot

26、s as lying along an appearance verses reality continuum. 这根本就是一个“外观与现实”的问题机器人只是看起来交际智能的吗？还是真的？（我们认为，机器人的设计不一定是从人的类似物的区分提供相同的功能或表现出相同的能力，即，是真的。）你可以想象一下各种交际机器人的子类谈吐不凡的样子。 Another way to look at this distinction is in terms of the brittleness of the designnamely, when does the robots behavior no longer

27、 adhere to the persons social model for it? Once this occurs, the usefulness of the persons social model for the robot has been marginalizedit breaks down. A robot that only appears to be socially intelligent is “believable” 2. This may be completely acceptable for a sufficiently structured scenario

28、 such as theme park entertainment where the audiences interaction with the robot is highly constrained. 另一种方式来看待这个区别是从设计的脆性，即，当机器人的行为不再拘泥于个人的交际模式吗？一旦这种情况发生，为机器人的人的交际效用模型已被边缘化分解。一个机器人，似乎是唯一的交际智能是“可信的” 2 。这可能是完全可以接受的足够的结构化场景，如观众与机器人的互动是高度的限制的主题公园娱乐活动。As the complexity of the environment and the scenar

29、io increases, however, the social sophistication of the robot will clearly have to scale accordingly. If the robots observable behavior adheres to a persons social model for it during unconstrained interactions in the full complexity of the human environment, then we argue that the robot is socially

30、 intelligent in a genuine sense. Basically, the person can engage the robot as one would another socially responsive creature, and the robot does the same. At the pinnacle of performance, this would rival humanhuman interaction. However, we take the position that dogs, for instance, are another soci

31、ally responsive speciessocially intelligent in a genuine sense, although their social sophistication is less than that of a human. Hence, this criterion for success should not be confused with trying to build a robot that is indistinguishable from a human inside and outthe appearance of the robot an

32、d its internal design details can be quite different from the human counterpart, what matters is how it interacts face-to-face with people, and how people interact with it in the human environment. One could imagine devising a sort of test for sociability, where the behavior of both the human and th

33、e robot are evaluated in order to determine success.随着环境和场景复杂性的增加，然而，机器人的交际复杂显然也会出现相应的规模。如果机器人的可观察行为，坚持一个人的交际模式，它能在人类相互作用过程环境中的复杂性不受约束，这样我们就认为机器人在一定意义上是真正交际智能的。从根本上说，人可以把机器人作为另一个社会响应的生物，机器人本来也是这样的。在表演的顶峰，这将竞争对手的人人类的相互作用。然而，我们以狗作为例子，它在一定意义上是一种社会智能的物种，虽然他们的交际的复杂性是低于人类的。因此，这个成功的标准不应该与试图建立一个跟人体内外没有区别的机器

34、人（也就是说机器人的外观和内部设计细节可以跟人不同）产生混淆，重要的是如何面对面交流，以及人们如何与它交互的环境。你可以想象出一种对人类和机器人的行为进行评估，以确定成功的测试社交。Although the field of social robots and their design is still fairly new, we can begin to distinguish several subclasses of social robots from existing applications and examples. In all cases, people are incli

35、ned to anthropomorphize these robots in order to interact with them. As one moves successively through the list, the design of the robot increases in its ability to support the social model in more complex environments (i.e. approaching the human social environment) and for more complex scenarios (i

36、.e., approaching human style face-to-face interaction).虽然交际机器人和他们的设计仍然是相当新的领域，我们可以从现有的应用程序和实例开始区分各种交际机器人的子类。在所有的情况下，人们倾向于人格化这些机器人为了与他们互动。作为一个依次通过列表的动作，在更复杂的环境支持能力，增加交际模型的机器人设计（即接近人类社会环境）和更复杂的情况（即，接近人类的方式面对面的互动）。Socially vocative. As the term implies, this subclass is designed to encourage people to

37、anthropomorphize the technology in order to interact with it, but goes no further. This is quite common in toys, where a nurture model is leveraged to yield an entertaining interaction (e.g., Tomogotchis and a wide variety of robotic “pets”). Also popular, typically in video games such as Creatures

38、is to use a creator/inventor model where participants “breed” or engineer animated creatures to interact with them. The act of “creating” these simple creatures encourages the participant to feel more invested in their creations “lifespan”. In short, the human attributes social responsiveness to the

39、 robot, but the robots behavior does not actually reciprocate.有亲和力。顾名思义，这类的目的是鼓励人们去实现人格化的技术，与它们进行交互，但却没有。这是很常见在培育新型杠杆产生一个有趣的相互作用的玩具（例如，tomogotchis和各种各样的机器人“宠物”）。最具有代表性的是在视频游戏方面也很受欢迎，如“生物”这个游戏就是使用一个创造者/发明家（主要参加者有“种子”和活生生的生物）模型来与它们互动。在这个“创造”的过程，这些简单的生物鼓励了参与者感受到在它们创作的“寿命”中的更多投资。总而言之，人类认为机器人是有交际反应，可是机器人

40、的行为实际上又没有表现出来。Social interface. This subclass of robots uses human-like social cues and communication modalities in order to facilitate interactions with people (i.e., to make the interactions more natural and familiar). For instance, one might adopt a performance model to communicate with others fr

41、om far away using a robot avatar (giving the distal person both a physical presence and social presence to others). In this case, such a robot would need sufficient social intelligence to appropriately convey (or perform) a persons message to others, complemented with gaze, gestures, facial expressi

42、on, etc. More commonly, an interface model is used, such as robot museum tour guides, where information is communicated to people using speech and sometimes with reflexive facial expressions. Because this class of robot tends to value social behavior only at the interface, the social model that the

43、robot has for the person tends to be shallow (if any) and the social behavior is often pre-canned or reflexive.能与人交流。这类机器人为了促进与人互动，使用类似人类的社会的线索和通信方式（即，使交互更自然和熟悉）。例如，人们可能从很远的地方采取用机器人化身的性能模型与他人沟通（给远端的人都自然存在和社会存在的人）。在这种情况下，这样的机器人需要足够的交际智能地传达（或执行）一个人的讯息，辅以手势，凝视，面部表情等，更常见的是，一个交流模型的应用，如博物馆导游机器人，其中有时使用语音和与

44、自反性面部表情传达给人们信息。因为这类机器人有价值的社会行为只在交流，使人往往认为机器人是肤浅的交际模式（如果有）和交际行为往往是先罐装或反射。Socially receptive. Whereas the benefits of socially communicative applications (e.g., those described in the previous paragraph) are dominantly measured from the humans perspective, socially receptive robots also benefit from i

45、nteractions with people. Such examples often involve robots that learn from interacting with people through human demonstration (following a training model), such as acquiring motor skills 1, or a proto-language 3. Cognitive modeling of a particular competence is more popular in this subclass. Inter

46、actions with people affect the robots internal structure at deeper levels, such as organizing the motor system to perform new gestures, or associating symbolic labels to incoming perceptions. People can shape the robots behavior through other social cues, such as using gaze direction or head pose to

47、 direct the robots attention to a shared reference 16. This class of robots tends to be more perceptive of human social cues, allowing people to shape the robots behavior in richer ways. They are socially passive, however, responding to peoples efforts at interacting with them but not pro-actively e

48、ngaging people to satisfy internal social aims.适应社会。而社会交际应用的好处（例如，在前一段中所描述的）是从人的角度测量为主，适应社会的机器人也获得来自与人互动的利益。这样的例子往往涉及的机器人是通过人的示范的行为交往自学（以下培训模式），如获得运动技能 1 ，或原语言 3 。一个特定的能力，认知建模是更受欢迎的。与人们的互动更高水平地影响了机器人的内部结构，如机器人组织电机系统表达新的手势，或关联感知的符号。人们可以通过其他的交际线索，如使用视线方向或头部姿势指引机器人的注意力，来对机器人行为的形成情况有一个共享的参考 16 。这类机器人更趋于

49、了解人类交际的线索，让人们对机器人行为的形成方式有了更丰富的了解。他们在交际方面是被动的，然而，它能回应人们的努力，与之互动，但是它不积极与人互动，来满足其内部的交际需求。Sociable. Sociable robots are socially participative “creatures” with their own internal goals and motivations. They pro-actively engage people in a social manner not only to benefit the person (e.g., to help perfo

50、rm a task, to facilitate interaction with the robot, etc.), but also to benefit itself (e.g., to promote its survival, to improve its own performance, to learn from the human, etc.) 6. Hence, social interactions with people are valued not just at the interface, but at a pragmatic and functional leve

51、l as well. Such robots not only perceive human social cues, but at a deep level also model people in social and cognitive terms in order to interact with them. The design of the robot maps the humans social model for it to underlying computational entities. Hence the robots social behavior is a prod

52、uct of its computational social “psychology”.善于交际。交际机器人是有”自己内部的目标和动机”积极参与交际的“生物”。他们积极参与交际的方式，不仅给人们带来了好处（例如，帮助执行任务，便于与机器人互动，等），也为了自己的带来了好处（例如，以促进其存活率，提高自己的表现，向人学习等） 6 。因此，人们的社会交往的价值不只是在界面，也在语用和功能水平上。这种机器人不仅提供了人类交际的线索，为了跟人类互动，他们更高水平地模仿人们交际和认知的能力。机器人的设计图详细规划了人的交际模式。因此，机器人的交际行为是其计算社会的“心理”产品。3. Our socia

53、ble robot, Kismet 我们的交际机器人，使命This remainder of this paper focuses on the last paradigm, robot as sociable creature. We highlight a few core attributes of sociable robots by means of a small case studythe design and evaluation of the vocal turn-taking behavior of our robot, Kismet (see Fig. 1). One d

54、oes not use Kismet to perform a task. Instead, Kismet is designed to be a robotic creature that can interact physically, affectively, and socially with humans in order to ultimately learn from them. Accordingly, our robot is designed to elicit interactions with the human that afford rich learning po

55、tential. We have endowed Kismet with a substantial amount of infrastructure that we believe will enable the robot to leverage from playful, infant-like interactions to foster its social development.本论文的剩余部分集中关注最后的范式-机器人作为交际性生物。我们强调交际的机器人的几个核心属性通过一个小案例研究的声音开启我们的机器人行为评价设计“使命”（见图1）。一个不使用“使命”执行任务的机器人。相反

56、，使命的设计是一个为了最终向人类学习可以从身体姿态，情感和社会方面跟人类互动的机器人的生物。因此，我们的机器人的设计目的是引起与提供丰富的学习、潜力的人类的相互作用。我们已赋予“使命”以大量的我们相信将使机器人以好玩的，婴儿般的相互作用促进社会发展的基础设施。Fig. 1. Kismet is an expressive anthropomorphic robot head. Three degrees of freedom direct the robots gaze, another three control the orientation of its head, and the re

57、maining 15 move its facial features (e.g., eyelids, eyebrows, lips, and ears). To visually perceive the person who interacts with it, Kismet is equipped with a total of four color CCD cameras. A lavalier microphone worn by the person is used to process their vocalizations.图1。使命是一个表达的拟人机器人头部。三自由度机器人的

58、目光直接控制，另外三头的方向，其余15将其面部特征（例如，眼睑，眉毛，嘴唇，和耳朵）。视觉感知的人与它的人，使命是配备了共四个彩色CCD摄像机。一种式话筒的人戴的是用来处理他们的发声。These skills and mechanisms help it to cope with a complex social environment, to tune its responses to the human, and to give the human social cues so that he/she is better able to tune him/herself to Kismet. This allows the robot to be situated in the world of humans without being overwhelmed or under-stimulated 5. Currently, these skills include the abilit