动词和动词词组

1、动词分类（一） 1 1）主动词和助动词）主动词和助动词 主动词构成动词词组的语义核心，表示动词词组的基本意义，因此，主动词又叫“实义动词”（Notional Verb）. He buys lemonade every time he goes shopping. She neednt have been waiting in the rain. You should have read the book. 助动词的语法功能是协助主动词表示不同的语法意义或情态意义，比如表示某一动作正在进行或已经完成，应该做某事或不应该做某事。 英语的助动词分为三类：基本主动词、情态助动词和半助动词。 a)基本助

2、动词 基本助动词只有3个：be, do, have。作为助动词，be, do, have本身没有词汇意义，只在动词词组中起语法作用。比如助动词be通常用来协助主动词构成进行体或被动态： I am listening to a Beethoven symphony. The students were praised by the principal. 助动词do 通常用来协助助动词表达否定意义或构成疑问句： My wife doesnt know Russian. What did she give to John for his birthday? 助动词do 还可用来加重语气： You d

3、o look well. Do come and join us. 助动词have通常用来协助主动词构成完成体或完成进行体： Jane has seen that movie. I have been working here for 20years. b)情态助动词 情态助动词共有13个，其中包括一些过去时形式。它们是can / could, may / might, will / would, shall / should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to.情态助动词表达情态意义，其过去时形式并不一定就表示过去时间。情态助动词不能重叠使用；随后的主动

4、词无一例外地是不带to的不定式即动词原形。 It may snow before nightfall. Would you let me use your pen a minute? c) 半助动词 半助动词指某些兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法结构，比如have to, seem to之类的结构既可与主动词搭配构成复杂动词词组并表示情态意义，从而像是情态助动词。 I have to buy a new car. 又能与其他助动词搭配，像是主动词。、 You will have to sell your house. He didnt seem to love her. 2)动态动词和静态动词动态

5、动词和静态动词 英语动词，按其词汇意义，又可分为动态动词和静态动词。动态动词是表示运动状态的动词，而静态动词则是表示一种相对静止状态的动词。 a) 动态动词 动态动词，按词汇意义，又可分为3个小类： 一是表示持续动作的动词，如drink, eat, fly, play, rain, run, sit, stand, sleep, talk, watch, write, work等。这类动词既可用于非进行体，也可用于进行体。 She works at a chemical factory. She has been working there for a long time. 二是表示改变或移动

6、的动词， 如arrive, become, change, come, get, go, grow, leave, reach, turn等。这类动词也是既可用于非进行体，也可用于进行体。 Winter is here. The leaves of the trees are turning yellow. The weather is changing for the better. Shanghai has changed a lot in the past 10 years. 三是表示短暂动作的动词，如hit, jump,kick, knock, open/ close (a door)

7、, put (something on the table), shut, take out等。这类动词可用一般现在时表示说话时正在进行的短暂动作，若用进行体则表示短暂动作的不断重复。 The old man stops at a house and knocks at the door. Who is knocking at the door?这类动词若用一般过去时，则表示发生在过去的一次性短暂动作，若用过去进行体，也表示短暂动作的不断重复。He opened the door and ran out of the house.He was opening and closing the d

8、oor to make sure that it worked properly. b) 静态动词 静态动词表示存在于现时或过去的一种状态。这种动词的最主要的语法特征就是通常用于非进行体，若用进行体，通常会引起语义的改变。这类动词，按词汇意义，又可分为4小类。 第一类是用作主动词的be和have（作“有“解”） Jim is a teacher, but 20years ago he was a soldier. we have friends all over the world. 第二类是含有静态动词be和have意义的动词，如apply to(适用于），belong to, differ

9、 from, cost, weigh, measure, fit(适合）， hold(可容纳），lack, resemble等。 This rule applies to everyone. This house belongs to my brother. 第三类是表示感觉的动词， 如feel, hear, see, smell, taste等。 She doesnt hear very well. The material feels soft. The roses smell fragrant. 第四类是表示心理或情感状态的动词， 如assume, believe, consider,

10、detest, fear, hate, hope, imagine, know, like, love, mind, notice, prefer, regret, remember, suppose, think, understand, want, wish等 I believe we have met before. Jim knows Chinese. We understand your difficulty. 静态动词若用于进行体往往会改变含义，即变成了动态动词。 如He is being foolish.(=is acting foolishly). Were having a

11、wonderful time(=are enjoying ourselves). 又例如某些属于第二类的静态动词，一旦用了进行体也变成了动态动词。 This camera costs 140 dollars. This mistake is costing us dearly(= is bringing great injury to us). 又例如，当表示感觉的动词用于表示主动含义时， 便是动态动词。 I （can）taste pepper in it. Im tasting (品尝）this soup. I am hearing (=attending) lectures at the

12、university. He is seeing (=visiting) the sights. 但是， 表示肉体感觉的动词，如ache, feel, hurt等，用进行体和不用进行体均可，含义不变。 My foot aches / is aching. I dont feel / am not feeling very tired. 限定动词和非限定动词限定动词和非限定动词 英语的主动词出现在词典或词汇表中时通常是以原形出现，但当它出现在句中时，便有5种语法形式，2种限定形式，即现在时和过去时。和3种非限定形式，即不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词。因此，限定动词和非限定动词之间最重要的区别在

13、于前者有“时“的标记，而后者没有“时”的标记。原形原形现在时现在时过去时过去时不定式不定式-ing分词分词-ed分词分词walkwalk(s)walked(to) walkwalkingwalkedpasspass(es)passed(to) passpassingpassed动词的时、体、态、式概说动词的时、体、态、式概说 1）动词的时、体形式 时（tense）是个语法范畴，它是表示时间区别的动词形式。这就是说，“时”和“时间”即使有联系的，也是有区别的。“时间”（time）是个普遍的概念，不管什么肤色和种族的人都有“过去”、“现在”、“将来”的时间概念，然而表达这种时间概念的语言手段却随着

14、语言的不同而各异。如法语动词有过去时、“现在时”、“将来时”以分别表示过去、现在、将来的时间概念，而英语自“古英语”以来却只有“现在时”和“过去时”，而没有“将来时”。在现代英语中，能用以表示“将来”的语法手段是多种多样的，但其中没有哪一种堪称专职的“将来时”。汉语就更不同了。如“我过去是、现在是、将来永远是您的贴心人。” 体（Aspect）也是一个语法范畴，它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语动词有两个体：进行体（Progressive Aspect）和完成体（Perfective Aspect）。进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的-ing分词构成。如： I spe

15、ak Chinese, but I am speaking English now. She taught physics, but she was teaching maths that term. 完成体是由助动词have 的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成。 I have taught English for 20 years. He has been working here for 10 years. 由以上诸例可以看出，现在时和过去时即可以单独使用，也可以和进行体和完成体结合使用，也可以同时与完成体和进行体结合使用。这样，英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式。它们是（以主动词pla

16、y为例）： 一般现在时（Simple Present）: She plays the piano very well. 一般过去时（Simple Past）: She played the piano very well when she was young. 现在进行体（Present progressive）: She is playing the piano now. 过去进行体（past progressive）: She was playing the piano this time yesterday. 现在完成体（Present perfective）: She has play

17、ed the piano for half an hour. 过去完成体（Past perfective）: By lunchtime, she had played the piano for an hour. 现在进行完成体(Present perfective progressive) She has been playing the piano for a long time. 过去完成进行体（Past perfective progressive） By 10 oclock she had been playing the piano for two hours. 2）主动态和被动态

18、 语态（Voice）,简称“态”，是个语法范畴，它表示主语和谓语动词之间的主动或被动关系的动词形式。英语动词有两种语态：主动态（Active Voice）和被动态（Passive Voice）。英语动词的主动态是没有语法标记的，而被动态则是有标记的，通常是由助动词be的一定形式加及物动词的-ed分词构成，即be-型被动态。 Millions of people play baseball in the United States. Baseball is played by millions of people in the United States. 被动态动词词组也可由不同的时、体形式，

19、如： The boy is regarded as brilliant. This book was published in 1998. The visitors are being met at the airport. He told me that the mechine was being repaired. The car has been tuned up. Last month, the new road had been opened to traffic. 被动态动词还可有非限定形式，仍以主动词play为例，它的不定式被动态的一般形式是（to）be played, 其完成体形式是（to）have been played; play的-ing分词被动态的一般形式是being played, 其完成体形式则是having been played. 被动态还可由get+及物