前置后置与倒装

1、后置后置 前置前置 倒装倒装第39讲第一页，共27页。 后置后置是一种语法手段，即为了表示强调而把一是一种语法手段，即为了表示强调而把一个非句尾成分移至句尾。个非句尾成分移至句尾。支配英语词序的两条重要原则支配英语词序的两条重要原则1.End Focus（句尾焦点）（句尾焦点）2.End Weight（句尾重心）（句尾重心）第二页，共27页。Mr. Smith is a friend of my fathers.旧信息旧信息（Known Information）新信息新信息（New Information）信息焦点信息焦点（Information Focus）第三页，共27页。句尾重心句尾重心

2、从句子结构看，主语，作为信息传递的出发点，在结构上通常较从句子结构看，主语，作为信息传递的出发点，在结构上通常较短较简单，而谓语，作为信息传递的着重点，则通常较长较复杂，短较简单，而谓语，作为信息传递的着重点，则通常较长较复杂，这种句构特征叫做这种句构特征叫做“句尾重心句尾重心”（End Weight）。）。 They pushed the car. They gave the car a push. He smokes. He smokes cigarettes. 第四页，共27页。由于句尾焦点和句尾重心的关系，人们在组词成句时往往要将说话人认为最重要的内容置于句尾，使之处于突出的位置，这种

3、语法手段叫做“后置”(Postponement)。He gave me a book.He gave a book to me.前者侧重在前者侧重在a book ，适合于回答适合于回答What did he give me?后者侧重在后者侧重在me，适合回答适合回答Who did he give a book to?由由此可见，间接宾语的位置虽然可前可后，但在一定上此可见，间接宾语的位置虽然可前可后，但在一定上下文中它只能在前或者只能在后。下文中它只能在前或者只能在后。第五页，共27页。Combine each set of sentences into one sentence with n

4、ecessary changes according to the stressed points indicated below:1.Women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events. Men may deny it. a) Stressing womens role in sporting events b) Stressing mens denial2.Cities like New York and Detroit can survive. They can overcome serious probl

5、ems like crime and pollution. a) Stressing the survival of the big cities b) Stressing the serious problemsEven though men may deny it, women may soon be able to compete Women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events, but men may deny it.Provided (that) they can overcome serious

6、problems like crime and pollution, cities like New York and Detroit can survive.Cities like New York and Detroit can survive if they can overcome serious problems like crime and pollution.第六页，共27页。 前置与倒装前置与倒装第七页，共27页。一、不引起倒装的前置 不引起倒装的前置通常是宾语（ Object ）、主语补语（ Subject Complement ）和宾语补语（ Object Compleme

7、nt ）。 A horrible mess youve made it. Books, he had treasured from the earliest period of his life. Very strange it seemed.第八页，共27页。二、引起倒装的前置 当主语补语前置时，如果主语较长或主语结构比较复杂，这种主语补语的前置就会引起倒装。 More serious was the question of how the President would present the joint announcement. Happy indeed are those who r

8、eceive marvelous news after a long silence. 第九页，共27页。 最通常引起倒装的是某些状语的前置。这里最通常引起倒装的是某些状语的前置。这里有两种情况：一种是有两种情况：一种是全部倒装（全部倒装（Full Full InversionInversion），另一种是），另一种是部分倒装部分倒装（Partial Partial InversionInversion）。前者是整个谓语置于主语之）。前者是整个谓语置于主语之前，后者仅是操作词置于主语之前。前，后者仅是操作词置于主语之前。第十页，共27页。部分倒装用法归纳1. 否定副词位于句首时的倒装在正式文体

9、中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装：1）Rarely do I get invited into his office alone 2）Never have I found him in such a good mood3）No longer these days is it necessary for women to wear veils例题例题 I shall never forgive him.Never fo

10、rgive him. She hardly has time to listen to music.Hardly time to listen to music.He seldom goes out for dinner. Seldom out for dinner.shall Idoes she havedoes he go第十一页，共27页。【注意注意】对于对于notuntil句型，当句型，当not until位于句首时，其后位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序：的主句要用倒装语序：Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后

11、他才离开这房间。(2) 某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装：于句首，其后要用部分倒装：On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。In Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。但是，但是，in no time(立即，马上立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序：装语序：In no time he worked out the probl

12、em. 他马上就算出了那道题。第十二页，共27页。2.“only+状语”位于句首时的倒装当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序：Only then did he realize that he was wrong. Only in this way are you able to do it well. Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 例题例题Only yesterday that his watch was missing.(find out)Only through sheer

13、 luck to get some tickets.(manage)did he find outdid he manage第十三页，共27页。3. “so+adj. / adv.”位于句首时的倒装副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后用部分倒装：So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。光速很快，我们几乎没法想

14、像它的速度。So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。第十四页，共27页。4.“so+助动词+主语”倒装当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构：You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。【注意】(1) 若前面提出某一否

15、定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的so改为neither或nor：You arent young and neither am I. 你不年轻，我也不年轻。She hasnt read it and nor have I. 她没有读它，我也没有读。(2) 注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别：It was cold yesterday. So it was. “昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”Father, you promised. Well, so I did. “爸爸，你答应过的。”“嗯，是答应过。”第十五页，共27页。5. 由not onlybu

16、t also引出的倒装当not onlybut also位于句首引出句子时，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式：Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet.Not only did he complain about the food,he also refused to pay for it.Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 第十六页，共27页。6. 虚拟条件句的省略与倒装当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等

17、时，如将if省略，则要将had, were, should等移到主语前，构成倒装句：Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以给我打电话。Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你帮助，我会仍然无家可归。【注意注意】省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词：Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有钱，我就会买它。第

18、十七页，共27页。7.当方式状语、频度状语等移至句首时，有时也引起局部倒装。1） So small was the mark that I could hardly see it 2）Gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing so.3) Many a time has Mike given me good advice.第十八页，共27页。直接引语位于句首。如：直接引语位于句首。如：1）“I love you ，”whispered John 2）“Help! Help! ”cried the boy in t

19、he water. 倒装结构是语言的一种表达形式，除了上述各倒装结构是语言的一种表达形式，除了上述各种情况需要倒装以外，还有些被强调部分也常常可种情况需要倒装以外，还有些被强调部分也常常可以提到句首，形成倒装。以提到句首，形成倒装。 This they kept for themselves习题习题第十九页，共27页。全部倒装1.以here,there,now,then,from,out,down,in,up,away,on,off,over,round等副词开头的句子，且谓语动词都是属于表示移动的含义，主语为名词时，全部倒装：Here comes the bus. There followe

20、d a long silence.Now come the long-awaited guests.From the distance came occasional shots.Away went the runners._ with whom we are familiar.Here the clown comesHere comes the clownComes here the clownA. Here does the clown come例题例题B第二十页，共27页。【注意】以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态，即不能说 Here is coming the bus。

21、(2) 若主语为代词，则不倒装：Here I am. 我在这儿。/ 我来了。Away he went. 他跑远了。Down it came. 它掉了下来。(3) 其中的动词有时也可能是stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)：There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 从前有个人名叫比夫。第二十一页，共27页。2. 状语或表语位于句首时的倒装为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，

22、句中主语和谓语完全倒装：Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。【注意】在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较：主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较：In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。In the box w

23、ere some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。第二十二页，共27页。3.分词和不定式置于句首的倒装有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装：Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。第二十三页，共27页。1. Only then _ how much

24、damage had been caused. A. she realized B. she had realizedC. had she realized D. did she realize2. Only after my friend came _. A. did the computer repaired B. be repaired the computerC. was the computer repaired D. the computer was repaired3._ by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advanta

25、ge over other companies. A.Only B. Just C. Still D. Yet4.So difficult _ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice. A. I did find B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found习题习题DCAB第二十四页，共27页。5. _ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research. A. so curious the couple was B. So curious were the coupleC. How curious the couple wer