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1、动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentWuhan Institute of Shipbuilding TechnologyPower Engineering DepartmentLuobin动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentUnit 2 Auxiliary Machinery第2单元 辅助机械动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentLesson 13 Marine Boilers and Their Construction第13课 船用锅炉及其结构动力工程系动力工程系Power
2、 Engineering Department主锅炉Main boiler辅锅炉Auxiliary boiler , donkey boiler水管锅炉Water tube boiler火管/烟管锅炉Fire tube boiler, tank boiler, smoke tube boiler燃油锅炉Oil-fired boiler废气锅炉Exhaust gas boiler蒸汽锅炉Steam boiler热油锅炉/加热炉Thermal oil boiler / heater混合式锅炉Combined boiler废气热油锅炉Exhaust gas thermal oil boiler /
3、heater燃油废气混合式锅炉Oil-fired and exhaust gas composite boiler立式直水管燃油锅炉Vertical oil-fired straight Water Tube boiler立式横烟管锅炉Vertical-type horizontal smoke tube boiler立式竖烟管锅炉Vertical-type vertical smoke tube boiler卧式烟管锅炉Horizontal smoke tube boiler动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department A boiler in one form
4、 or another will be found on every type of ship. 每种类型的船上总会有某种类型的锅炉。 Where the main machinery is (蒸汽动力), one or more large s(水管锅炉)will be fitted to produce steam at very high temperatures and pressures. 在主动力装置为蒸汽驱动的船舶上,安装一个或多个大型水管锅炉以产生高温和高压的蒸汽。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department On a diesel main
5、machinery vessel, a smaller (usually fire tube type) boiler will be fitted to steam the various ship services. 在柴油机为主动力装置的船舶上,安装一个小型的(通常为火管式)锅炉用来为各种船舶服务提供蒸汽。 Even within the two basic design types, water tube and fire tube. (各种)designs and variations(变化) exist. 甚至在水管锅炉和火管锅炉这两个基本的设计类型中,各种设计和变化都存在。动力工
6、程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department A boiler is used to heat (锅炉给水) in order to produce steam. 锅炉用来加热锅炉给水以产生蒸汽。 The energy released by the burning fuel in the (锅炉炉膛) is stored (as temperature and pressure) in the steam produced. 在炉膛内通过燃烧燃料所释放的能量 (以温度和压力的形式)被储存在产生的蒸汽中。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Dep
7、artment All boilers have a furnace or (燃烧室) where fuel is burnt to release its energy. 所有的锅炉都会有一个炉膛或燃烧室,燃料在里面燃烧,释放出能量。 Air is supplied to the boiler furnace to combustion of the fuel (使成够) (发生). 空气供给到锅炉炉膛内,使燃料能够充分燃烧。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department A large surface area between the (燃烧室) and t
8、he water enables the energy of combustion, (以的形式) heat, to be transferred to the water. 燃烧室与水之间大量的表面面积使燃烧的能量以热的形式传递给水。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department A (锅筒) must be provided where steam and water can separate. (锅炉)必须有一个锅筒,在锅筒中蒸汽和水能分离。 There must also be (各种)s(装置) and s(调节装置) to ensure that fu
9、el oil, air and feed water supplies are (与相匹配)the demand(需求量) for steam. 还必须有各种装置和调节装置以保证燃油、空气和锅炉给水与蒸汽的需求量相匹配。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department Finally there must be a number of s(配件) or s(配件) which ensure the safe operation of the boiler. 最后必须有许多配件以保证锅炉的安全运行。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Departm
10、ent In the (蒸发过程) the feed water enters the boiler where it is heated and becomes steam. 在蒸发过程中,炉水进入锅炉内,并被加热变成蒸汽。 The feed water circulates from the (汽锅筒) to the (水锅筒) and is heated in the process. 炉水从汽锅筒到水锅筒中循环并在循环过程中被加热。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department Some of the feed water passes through
11、tubes ing (vt.环绕)the furnace, i.e. (水冷壁) and s(炉底管), where it is heated and returned to the (汽锅筒). 部分炉水流经炉膛周围的管子,也就是水冷壁和炉底管,在里面水被加热并返回到汽锅筒。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The steam is produced in a (汽锅筒) and may be n(排除) for use from here. 蒸汽在汽锅筒中产生,并且可从里面被排出使用。 (被称作)wet or (饱和蒸汽) in this con
12、dition because it will contain small quantities of water. (这种蒸汽)被称作该条件下的湿蒸汽或者饱和蒸汽,因为蒸汽中会含有少量的水。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department(另外一种情况) the steam may pass to a (过热器) which is located within the boiler. 另外一种情况是,蒸汽可通过位于锅炉内的过热器。 Here steam is further heated and “dried”, i.e. all s (痕量水,) are ed (
13、变成) steam. 在里面,蒸汽被进一步加热并“干燥”,也就是所有的痕量水都变成蒸汽。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department This (过热蒸汽) then leaves the boiler for use in the system. 然后,过热蒸汽离开锅炉在系统中使用。 The temperature of (过热蒸汽) will be above that of the steam in the (锅筒). 过热蒸汽的温度将会高于锅筒中的温度 。 An (调温器), i.e. a (蒸汽冷却器), may be fitted in the sy
14、stem to control the superheated steam temperature. 调温器,即蒸汽冷却器,安装在系统中以控制过热蒸汽的温度。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe type of the marine boiler船用锅炉的类型动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department There are two (截然不同的) types of marine boilers in use on board ship, the (火管锅炉) in which the es(炽热烟气) from th
15、e furnaces pass through the tubes while the water is on the outside, and the (水管锅炉) in which the water through the inside of the tubes while the es(炽热的炉膛烟气) pass around the outside. 船用锅炉有两种截然不同的类型,火管锅炉和水管锅炉。在火管锅炉中,从炉膛里出来的炽热烟气在管中流过,而水在管外;在水管锅炉中,水在管内流动,而炽热的炉膛烟气在管子周围经过。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Depa
16、rtmentWater tube boilers 水管锅炉 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department1. 上锅筒2.下锅筒3.直立水管束4.炉膛5.预燃室8-喷油调风装置9-点火器10-点火喷油咀11-火焰感受器12.汽水分离器13.上排污漏斗15.人孔门6.挡烟墙7.下降水管14.自动水位调节器立式直水管燃油锅炉Vertical oil-fired straight Water Tube boiler动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The (水管锅炉) is employed for high pressure
17、, high temperature, and high capacity steam applications, e.g. providing steam for s (主推进涡轮机)or s(货油泵汽轮机). 水管锅炉用于高压、高温和大容量的蒸汽应用,例如,为主推进(蒸汽)涡轮机或货油泵汽轮机提供蒸汽。 大中型油船常使用汽轮机(蒸汽透平)驱动货油泵(容量较大的蒸汽透平油泵)输送油。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Departments(火管锅炉) are used for s(辅助用途) to provide smaller quantities of low pr
18、essure steam on diesel engine powered ships. 在柴油机作为动力的船舶上,火管锅炉用于辅助用途以提供少量的低压蒸汽。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentFire tube boilers 火管锅炉动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The (火管锅炉) is usually chosen for low pressure steam production on vessels requiring steam for s(辅助用途). 在需要蒸汽作辅助用途的船舶上,火管锅
19、炉通常用来提供低压蒸汽。 Operation is simple and feed water of (中等品质) may be employed. (火管锅炉的)操作是简单的,可以使用中等质量的炉水。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The name “tank boiler(火管锅炉,箱式锅炉)” sometimes d (用于)s(火管锅炉) because of their large water capacity. 有时,火管锅炉使用术语“tank boiler”,因为它具有大的蓄水量。 The s(术语) “(烟管锅炉)” and “(辅
20、锅炉) are also in use. 术语“smoke tube” and “donkey boiler”也被使用。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentCochran boilers考克兰锅炉(立式横烟管锅炉)动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentCochran spheroid vertical boiler动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department1-锅壳2-封头3-炉胆4-出烟口5-燃烧室6-后管板7-前管板8-烟管9-电动油泵10-燃烧器11-鼓风机12-烟箱13-汽空间
21、14-集汽管15-停汽阀16-内给水管17-检查门立式横烟管锅炉Vertical-type horizontal smoke tube boiler动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The modern (立式的) (考克兰锅炉) has a fully (球形的) (炉膛) and (被称为) the “(球形). 现代立式的考克兰锅炉有一个整球形的炉膛,被称为“球形炉膛”。 The furnace is surrounded by water and therefore requires no (耐火炉衬). 炉膛被水包围着,因此不需要耐火炉衬。
22、动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The hot gases make a (单向) through the (横烟管束) before ing (停止,结束) to ( .排气). 在停止排气之前,热的(燃)气单向通过横烟管束。 The use of s(小径管) fitted with s(阻流板) ensures better (热交换) and cleaner tubes (由于) the (扰动的)gas flow. 由于(产生)扰动的气流,使用装有阻流板的小径管可确保热交换更好和管子更干净。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineer
23、ing DepartmentSpanner boilers 斯帕纳锅炉(多回程式锅炉) 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentSpanner vertical boiler动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The Spanner (立式火管锅炉) uses a (专利设计)of tube known as Swirlyflo. 斯帕纳立式火管锅炉使用一种被称为“麻花管”(麻花管,swirly flow tube)的专利设计。 The special twist of the tube (被认为) improve
24、(热传递). (麻花)管的特殊盘旋被认为可改进热传递。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentDouble evaporation boilers 两极蒸发锅炉动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department A (两极蒸发锅炉) uses two independent systems for (蒸发) and therefore avoids any (参混)between the primary and (二次给水). 两极蒸发锅炉使用两个独立的蒸发系统,因此避免了一次给水和二次给水之间的参混。 动力工程系动力工程系Powe
25、r Engineering Department The (初级回路) is (实质上) a conventional (水管锅炉) which provides steam to the s(加热盘管) of a steam-to-steam (发生器), which is the secondary system. 初级循环回路实质上是一个传统的水管锅炉,用来给汽-汽发生器的加热盘管提供蒸汽,汽-汽发生器是二级系统。 The complete boiler is d(封闭) in a (压力箱体). 整个锅炉封闭在一个压力箱体内。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering D
26、epartmentAuxiliary steam plant system辅助蒸汽装置系统动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department废气锅炉和燃油锅炉组成的组合式锅炉联合式组合锅炉废气和燃气废气和燃气可同时工作可同时工作交替式组合锅炉动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The (辅助蒸发装置) provided in modern s(柴油机推进油船) usually uses all exhaust gas (热交换器) at the base of the (烟囱)and one or perhaps two s(
27、水管锅炉). 在现代的柴油机推进油船上安装的辅助蒸发装置通常会在烟囱底部使用废气热交换器,以及一台或两台水管锅炉。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department(饱和的) or (过热蒸汽) may be obtained from the auxiliary boiler. 辅锅炉可以产生饱和蒸汽或过热蒸汽。 At sea it s(充当) a (蒸汽容器) for the exhaust gas heat exchanger, which is circulated through it. 在航行中,辅锅炉为废气换热器充当一个蒸汽容器,并且蒸汽通过辅锅炉循环。
28、 In port it is oil fired in the usual way. 在停靠港口期间,辅锅炉以正常的方式燃烧燃油。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentExhaust gas boilers 废气锅炉动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department热管式废气锅炉Heat Pipe type exhaust gas boiler主机排气主机排气锅炉给水锅炉蒸汽动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department(辅锅炉) on s(柴油机主推进船舶), (除以外) tankers, are
29、usually of (组合式), (使成为可能) steam generation using oil firing or the exhaust gases from the diesel engine. 在油船以外的柴油机主推进船舶上,辅锅炉通常是组合式的,利用燃油燃烧或柴油机废气能够产生蒸汽。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department With this arrangement the boiler s(充当) the (换热器) and s(产生) steam in its own drum(锅筒). 关于这种布置,锅炉充当换热器,并在自身的锅筒内产
30、生蒸汽。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe boiler construction锅炉结构动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Departments(水管锅炉), which use s(小直径管) and have s(小汽锅筒), enables the generation or production of steam at high temperatures and pressures. 水管锅炉使用小直径管和小汽锅筒,能够在高温高压下产生蒸汽。 The weight of the-boiler is much les
31、s than an (相同的) (火管锅炉) and the (升汽) process is much quicker. 水管锅炉的重量比相同(蒸发量)的火管锅炉轻很多,升汽过程也快得多。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Departments(设计布置) are(灵活的), efficiency is high and the feed water has a good (自然循环). 设计布置灵活,效率高,并且炉水有良好的自然循环。 These are some of the many reasons why the (水管锅炉) has replaced the
32、(火管锅炉) as the major (蒸汽发生器 ). 这就是水管锅炉取代火管锅炉来作为主蒸汽发生器的部分原因。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department Early s(水管锅炉) used a (单锅筒). 早期的水管锅炉使用单锅筒。 s(联箱) were connected to the drum by short, s(弯管) with s(直管) between the headers. 联箱通过短弯管连接到锅筒上,且联箱之间有直(水)管。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The hot gases
33、 from the furnace passed over the tubes, often in a (单通道,直流). 从炉膛来的热气流过这些(水)管,通常是单向流过。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department A later development was the bent tube design. 后来的发展阶段为弯管设计。 This boiler has two drums, an integral furnace and is often (被称作,被认为) the D type because of its shape (Fig. 13-1).
34、锅炉有两个锅筒和一个整体的炉膛,由于它的外形通常被称作D形锅炉(图13-1)。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentEconomiserReturn tubesUpper headerLower headerScreen tubesDowncomersgenerating tubes动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The furnace is at (侧面) the two drums and is surrounded on all sides by walls of tubes. 炉膛位于两个锅筒的侧面,并
35、且由水冷壁管包围。 These s(水冷壁管) are connected either to s(上下联箱) or a (下联箱) and the (汽锅筒). 这些水冷壁管或与上下联箱相连,或与下联箱和汽锅筒相连。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Departments(上联箱) are connected by s(回流管,溢流管) to the (汽锅筒). 上联箱通过回流管与汽锅筒相连。 Between the (汽锅筒) and the smaller (水锅筒) below, (大量的)smaller diameter s(蒸发管束) are fitted
36、. 在(上部)汽锅筒和下部较小的水锅筒之间安装大量的小直径蒸发管束。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department These provide the main s(换热面) for steam generation. 这些提供了产生蒸汽的主要换热面。s(大口径管) or s(下降管) are fitted between the steam and water drum to ensure good (自然循环) of the water. 在汽锅筒和水锅筒之间安装大口径管或下降管,以确保炉水有良好的自然循环。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineeri
37、ng Department In the arrangement shown, the (过热器) is located between the drums, ed (保护不受的破坏) the very es(炽热的炉膛烟气) by several s(排) of s(隔板管). 在图示的布置中,过热器位于两个锅筒之间,并由几排隔板管保护,使之不受过热炉膛烟气的破坏。 (耐火材料) or (砖墙,砖衬) is used on the (炉底), the (燃烧器) wall and also behind the water walls(水冷壁). 耐火材料或耐火砖衬使用在炉底、燃烧器壁以及水
38、冷壁的后面。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The (双层炉壳) of the boiler provides a passage for the (燃烧空气) to the air (n.调节装置) or(调节器) surrounding the (燃烧器). 锅炉的双层炉壳提供了燃烧空气通向燃烧器周围的调风器的一个通道。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The need for a wider range of superheated steam temperature controlled to
39、other boiler arrangements being used. 过热蒸汽温度较宽范围的需要使得其它锅炉布置(形式)被采用。 The original (外置过热器) “D” (ESD) type of boiler used a primary(主要的) and secondary(辅助的) super heater located after the (主热水管束) (Fig. 13-2). 最初的外置过热器式D型(ESD型)锅炉采用位于主热水管束后的主辅过热器 (图13-2 )。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentEconomiserF
40、irst pass superheaterDowncomersFloor tubesRefractorysecond pass superheater动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department An attemperator(调温器) located in the (燃气通道) was used to control the steam temperature. 位于燃气通道中的调温器用来控制蒸汽温度。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The later ESD type boiler was similar in
41、(结构) to the ESD, but used a control unit (an additional economiser) between the primary and secondary super heaters. 后来的ESD-型锅炉在结构上与ESD-型相似,但是在一、二级过热器之间采用了一个控制单元(一个附加的经济器)。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department Linked s(风门,挡板) directed the hot gases over the control unit or the super heater (根据) th
42、e superheat temperature required. 根据所需要的过热温度,相连的挡板将热气导向控制单元或者过热器 。 The control unit provided a bypass path(旁路) for the gases when low temperature (过热度) was required. 当需要低过热度时控制单元为热气提供旁路。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department In the ESD boiler the burners are located in the (炉顶), which provides a lo
43、ng flame path and (均匀的) heat transfer throughout the furnace . ESD-型锅炉中,燃烧器位于炉顶,这能得到长的火焰通道,且整个炉膛内均匀的热交换。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department In the boiler shown in Fig. 13-3, the furnace is fully water-cooled and of (单壁,整体) construction, which is d(由.得到) s(翅片管) welded together to form a (气密外壳). 在
44、图13-3所示的锅炉中,炉膛全部被水冷却,并且是整体式结构,这是由翅片管焊接在一起以形成气密外壳而得到。 With monowall construction no (耐火材料) is necessary in the furnace. 在整体式(水冷壁)结构(的锅炉)中,炉膛内不需要耐火材料。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department1-汽包Steam Drum2-水筒Water Drum3-联箱(header)4-炉膛(furnace)5-水冷壁(water wall)6、7-蒸发管束(generating tubes)8-联箱供水管(feed water
45、 tube of header)9-水筒供水管(feed water tube of water drum)10-燃烧器Burner11-过热器super heater 12-经济器economiser动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The furnace side, floor and s(炉顶管) are welded into the steam and water drums. 炉膛侧面、炉底管和炉顶管分别焊接到汽锅筒和水锅筒上。 The front and s(后壁) are connected (在另一端) to upper and l
46、ower s(水冷壁联箱). 在另一端,前后壁连接到上下水冷壁联箱上。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The lower s(水冷壁联箱) are connected by external s(下降管) from the (汽锅筒) and the upper s(水冷壁联箱) are connected to the steam drum by s(上升管). 外部的下降管从汽锅筒连接到下水冷壁联箱,而且上升管将上水冷壁联箱连接到汽锅筒上。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The gases le
47、aving the furnace pass through s(挡板管) which are arranged to permit flow between them. 离开炉膛的烟气流经挡板管,它被布置成允许烟气在它们之间流过。 The large number of tubes (引起) (相当多的) (热交换) before the gases reach the (二级过热器). 烟气在到达二级过热器前,大量挡板管引起相当多的(良好)热交换。 动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The gases then flow over the (一级
48、过热器) and the (经济器) before passing to exhaust. 然后,烟气在排出之前流向一级过热器和经济器。 The (干汽管,过热蒸汽输送管) is located in the steam drum to obtain (适当地) (干燥的饱和蒸汽) from the boiler. 过热蒸汽输送管布置在汽锅筒内以便从锅炉中获得适当干燥的饱和蒸汽。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department This is then passed to the primary superheater and then to the seconda
49、ry superheater. 然后通向一级过热器、二级过热器。 Steam temperature control is d(实现) by the use of an (调温器), located in the steam drum, (起作用) between the primary and secondary superheaters. 通过使用调温器来实现蒸汽温度控制,而调温器安装在汽锅筒内,在一级过热器和二级过热器之间起作用。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Departments(辐射型锅炉) are a more recent development, in
50、 which the (燃烧辐射热) is d(吸收) to (产生) steam, by (红外线). 辐射型锅炉是最新发展的,它通过红外线吸收燃烧辐射热以产生蒸汽。 This usually requires roof firing and a considerable height in order to (vi.运行) (高效率地). 为了高效运行,通常需要炉顶燃烧和相当大的高度。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department Both the furnace and the outer chamber are fully watercooled. 炉膛和
51、外(燃烧)室全部由水冷却。 There is no conventional bank(一排) of s(蒸发管). 没有传统的蒸发管束。 The hot gases leave the furnace through an opening at the (下端) of the (隔墙) and pass to the outer chamber. 热气从隔墙下端的开口离开,然后流向外(燃烧)室。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The outer chamber contains the s(对流受热面) which include the pri
52、mary and secondary superheaters. 外(燃烧)室含有包括一、二级过热器的对流受热面。 Superheat temperature control is (通过)an attemperator in the steam drum. 通过汽锅筒内的调温器实现过热温度控制。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering Department The hot gases, after leaving the primary superheater, pass over a steaming economiser. 离开一级过热器之后的热气经过蒸汽经济器。 This is a heat exchanger in which the (汽水混合物) is flowing (平行地) to the gas. 这是一个汽水混合物与热气平行流动的热交换器。The furnace gases finally pass over a conventional economiser on their way to the (烟囱). 最后炉膛燃气在流向烟囱时通过一个传统的经济器。动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentFurnace wall construction炉壁结构动力工程系动力工程系Power Engineering
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