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1、实用标准文案英语句子成分及句子结构英语句子基本构成成分:主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如I ,we, he, she, they ), 数词、动词不定式,动名词等。最常用的便是 名词、代词、动名词、动 词不定式。主语一般在句首。(1)名词作主语English is very important.英语是很重要的。The studentsall love their English teacher.'这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。(2)代词作主语They go to school by bus.他们乘公共汽车上学。(3)动名词作主语Watching TV too muc

2、h is bad for your eyes.看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。It,s no iregretting it.后悔是无用的。(4)动词不定式(短语)作主语To sees to believe.眼见为实。It is necessaryto master a foreign language.掌握一门外语是很必要的谓语:谓语由动词构成,谓语时态、语态的变化都体现在动词的变化上,一般在 主语之后。(1)及物动词作谓语We shouldhelp each other.我们应该互相帮助。All of the students like the novel.所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。(2)不

3、及物动词作谓语You' reriving too fast.你开车开得太快了。The teachercame in book in hand.老师走进教室,手里拿着书。(3)连系动词作谓语He looks worried.他看起来很担心。The box itself is not so heavy.箱子本身并不重。(4)复合谓语:由情态动词加动词原形构成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks.由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如:Do you speak English ?They are working in a field.He ha

4、s caughta bad cold.注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语成分一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词 必须是"代词宾格”如:me, us, him , her ,themI like Chinese food我喜欢中国菜。I saw him yesterday.(代词)昨天我看到他了。I enjoyed talking to you.我和你谈话很高兴。He wanted to have a cup of tea (不定式短语)他想要一杯茶。We hopedthat you would stay for a few days.我们希望你

5、能多待几天的。直接宾语和间接宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,一个指人,一个指 物,指人的叫作间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。 例如: He gave mesome ink. 他给了我一些墨水。间接宾语直接宾语Our teacher told us an interesting story 老师给我们讲了一个有趣的故间接宾语直接宾语表语:与连系动词连用,构成系表结构,说明主语的身份或特征,一般由形容词、 名词、动名词、动词不定式、分词 等充当。如:The flower is beautiful.They are brother and sister 他们是兄妹。Her father is

6、sixty-five 她父亲 65 岁。The poor boy wasmyself.那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport你只需从机场打个的即可。My favourite sport is swimming我最喜爱的运动是游泳。定语:定语为句子的次要成分,起修饰限制名词或代词的作用,可分为前置定语 和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语)或句子充当。如:1) His father is a doctor.他父亲是一名医生。(代词)2) Mr. Green

7、hastwo sons.格林先生有两个儿子。(数词)3) The girl under the treeis Kate.在树下的那个女孩是凯特。(介词短语)4) I bought a new dictionary.我买了 本新字典。5)This is a green cup.这是一个绿色的杯子。(形容词)6) The peoplehere are very friendly.(副词)这里的人们非常友好。7) Would you like something to drink?你想要些喝的东西吗?(不定式)8) A barking dog seldom bites.吠狗很少咬人。(V-ing)9

8、) The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted.(过去分词)送往委员会的建议被采纳了。10) Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green?(定从) 你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗?状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明时间、地点、方式、原因、条 件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情 况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词 时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些 表示不确定时间(如:often)或程

9、度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位 于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。(1)时间状语I often get up at 5:30 in the morning.我常常在早上 5:30 起床。Hearing the news, they felt very excited.听到这个消息,他们感到很兴奋。Jim went to Shanghai yesterday.( 时间状语,句末 )地点状语Pandas only live in China.熊猫仅生活在中国。I met him in the street.(地点状语)(3)程度状语He is quileyoung.(修饰 adj

10、.,放在 adj.前)(4)目的状语We ll go to the beacfor a picnic this Sunday.这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。She got up early so that she could catch the first bus.她早早地起床,以便能够赶上这辆早班车。(5)方式状语We usually go to school on foot.我们通常步行去上学。Please do it as I told you.请按

11、我告诉你的去做。(6)让步状语Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy.虽然她很有钱,而她并不幸福。No matter what happens, I w川 never lose heart.无论发生什么,我将决不失去信心。(7)条件状语If you don ' t work hard, you ' ll fall behind the others.假如你不努力学习,你将落后于别人。Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better.如果给予更多的关心的话,这些花

12、将长得更好。(8)原因状语We didn,t go to the parecause of the bad weather.由于天气不好,我们没有去公园。Because he was ilj he didn ' t go to school.由于病了,他没有去上学。(9)结果状语The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.风是如此地猛烈,以致于我们寸步难行。He left early, so that he caught the train.他早早地离去,(结果)因此赶上了火车。(10)伴随状语The doctor

13、hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm.这位医生匆匆离去,胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students老师进 到教室里来,后面跟着一群学生。补语:补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。1) We call her Xiao Li.(名词)宾语宾语补足语2) You must keep the room clean and tidy (

14、形容词)宾语宾语补足语3) John asked me to help him with his Chinese (动词不定式)宾语 宾语补足语4) I will have my hair cut tomorrow.(过去分词)宾语 宾语补足语5) We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just now. (v-ing)宾语 宾语补足语6) Rain makesplants grow.雨水使植物生长。(动词原形) 宾语 宾补注意:后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有 call, name, think, make, choose等,后跟

15、 形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有 keep, find, get, think, make等。动词不 定式作宾语补足语时,当谓语动词为感官动词(如feel, see, hear, notice,watch, observe, sound,等),使役动词(如 let, have, make 等),动词不定式 不带to。英语中的五种基本句型结构一、 句型 1: Subject (主语)+ Verb (谓语)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,所谓 不及物动词,就是这种动词后 不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如:work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die

16、, disappear, cry, happen。如:1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。2) The accidenthappened yesterday afternoon.3) Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.5) The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。二、句型 2: Subject 住语)+ Link. V (系动词)+ Predicate俵语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的身份、特点等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类:(1)表示状态。这样的词有:be,

17、look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep。如:1) This kind of food tastes delicious 这种食物吃起来很可 口。2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。3) The dinner smells good.午餐的气味很好。(2)表示变化。这类系动词有:become, turn, get, grow, g龌。如:1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。2) The tree has grown much

18、 taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。3) His face turned red.他的脸红了。三、句型 3: Subject(主语)+ Verb (谓语)+ Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词,所谓及物动词,就是这种动词后可以 直接接宾语,其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来 充当。例:1) He took his bag and left.(名词) 他拿着书包离开了。2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties.(代词) 当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助。3) She pla

19、ns to travel in the coming May Day .(不定式)她打算在即将到来的 五一 ”外出旅游。4) She likes watching TV.(动名词)她喜欢看电视。5) I don ' t knowhat I should do next.以旬)我不知道下一步该干什么。注意:英语中的许多动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词。四、句型 4: Subject(主语)+ Verb(谓语)+ Indirect object(间接宾语)+ Direct object (ft接宾语)这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示

20、物”的名词来充当;问接宾语也被称之为第二 宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子的影响不大,多由指 入”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show,bring, send 等。如:1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday presen她爸爸给她买了 一本词典作为生日礼物。2) The old man always tells the children storiesibout theheroes inthe Long March.老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些

21、英雄的故事。3) Sandy gave the dog some food.桑迪给狗喂了些食物。上述句子还可以表达为:1) Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2) The old man always tells storiesabout the heroesto thechildren in the Long March.3) Sandy gave some food to the dog.五、句型 5: Subject(主语)+ Verb (动词)+Object (宾语)+ Complement的语)

22、此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不 能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示 让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容 词、副词、介词短 语、分词、动词不定式等。如:1) You should keep the roomclean and tidy.(形容词) 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。2) They painted the door green.形容词)他们把门漆

23、成绿色。3) We made him our monitor名词)我们选他当班长。4) What makes him think so?(动词原形)他怎么会这样想?5) His father told him not to play in the street.不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。6) My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball(王见在分词)7) I saw a cat running across the road.现在分词)我看见一只猫跑过了马路.8) Yesterday I had a picturetaken

24、with two Americans.(过去分词)昨天我跟两个美国人合了张影。9) I found it difficult to learn English.(形容词。It充当形式宾语,to learn English是真正的宾语。) 我发现学英语很难。简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀: 英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。 句型种类看动词,后接成分是关键。 系词之后接表语,不及物后无需连。 及物又可分三类,单宾双宾最常见。 还有宾语补足语,各种搭配记心问。Exercises:指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。1. We all study hard atEnglishA.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表

25、语2. Betty likes her new bike very much.A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语D.表语3. My brother is a policemanA.主语 B.谓语C.宾语D.表语4. Were you at homelast night?A.定语B.状语C.宾补D.表语5. Winter is the coldestseason of the year.A定语 B.状语C.宾补D.表语6. He often walks in the park.A.定语B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语7. Mary asked me to help her yesterday.A.定语B.

26、状语C.宾补D.表语8. He bought me a nice present last week.A.宾语B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补9. His parentsare doctors.A.宾语B.表语C.谓语D.定语10. I' ll get you sontea now.A.宾语B.直接宾语C.间接宾语D.宾补11. My mother told us an interesting storyast night.A.表语B.直接宾语C.间接宾语D.宾补12. He has read the book twice.A.主语B.谓语 C.表语D.宾语13. They seemedunhappy when they heard the news.A.表语B.谓语C.宾语D.定语14. Do you have somethingto eat?A.状语B.定语C.宾语D.宾补15. We made him our monitorA.宾语B.定语C.状语 D.宾补Exercises:指出下列句子的基本类型1. They are listening.2. My mother is fifty now.3. I have bought three books.4. My friend gave me a birthday presen

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