被动语态讲解

1、初中被动语态语法讲解主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：1、把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语2、把动词变为被动形式即be+过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词的时态则保持不变。3、原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。4、其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。（一）语态分类英语动词有两种语态.，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表小主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.（主动）Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.（被动）汉语中常

2、用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。（二）被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。一般现在时：am/is/are+done一般过去时：was/were+done一般将来时：shall/will+bedone一般过去将来时：should/would+bedone现在进行时：am/is/are+being+done过去进行时：was/were+being+done现在完成时：have/has+been+done过去完成时：had+been+done将来完成时：shall/will+hav

3、ebeen+done过去将来完成时：should/would+havebeen+done注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态1. 一般现在时：(1)Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.(2)Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.2. 一般过去时：(1)The

4、yagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.(2)Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten3. 一般将来时：(1)Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.(2)Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobswillb

5、egiventoschool-leavers.4. 过去将来时：(1)Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.(2)Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.5.现在进行时：(1)TheradioisbroadcastingEngl

6、ishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.(2)Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.6 .过去进行时：(1)Theworkersweremendingtheroad.Theroadwasbeingmended.(2)Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.7 .现在完成时：(1)Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetingmigh

7、tbeputoff.Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.(2)Hehasbroughthisbookhere.Hisbookhasbeenbroughthere.8 .过去完成时：(1)WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.(2) Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsid

8、eredhimtobeagreatleader.Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader(四)含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。(1)Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.(2)Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim.(五)被动语态的使用1

9、 .当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短0“Mr.White,thecupwasbrokenafterclass.”2 .突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3 .当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+名词作状语，而代替by短语。ThesecarsweremadeinChina.（六）主动语态变被动语态的方法（1） Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语f

10、Iwasinvited（bymyaunt）toherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语（2） Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.fAspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1 .把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2 .把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原旬保持一致。3 .把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。（七）语态转换时所注意的问题1 .把主动语态变为

11、被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.（正确）Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.（错误）2 .含有双宾语的主动句变被动何时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接宾语（指物）改为主语，则在间接宾语（指人）前加适当的介词，如上旬还可以说：Apresentwas

12、giventomeyesterday.注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to,如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。（1） Thebookwasshowedtotheclass.（2） Mybikewaslenttoher.2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。(1) Anewskirtwasmadef

13、orme.(2) Themeatwascookedforus.(3) Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.3 .由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+介词，如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词：如：bring

14、about,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather4 .带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：(1) Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.fTheclassroomisalwayske

15、ptclean.(2)Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.fWeweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,fee等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to,但改成被动语态后都带to,这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.fHeisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.5 .当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中

16、将其变为anybody,作by的宾语,并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：Nobodycananswerthisquestion.误：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.6 .当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noon蚱主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.误：Anythinghasn'

17、tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.7 .以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用bywhom放在旬首：Whowrotethestory?误：Whowasthestorywritten?正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?8 .有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表小主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表小被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：(1)Thecl

18、othwasheseasily.这布很好洗。(2)Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。对比：Thebookssellwell.(主动句)Thebooksweresoldout.被动旬)Themeatdidntcookwell.(主动句)Themeatwascookedforalongtime.被动旬)9 .下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：第一,感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel,look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。(1)Doyoulikethematerial?Yes,itfeelsverysoft.误：Itisfeltverys

19、oft.(2)Thefoodtastesdelicious.误：Thefoodistasteddelicious.(3)Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.误：Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful.第二,谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,ow等。如：Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook.误：Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.Shehadherhandburned.误：Herhandwashadburned.第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addup10。如：Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.误：Thefirewasbro