高中英语语法非谓语动词讲解

1、非谓语动词概述而是充当其他语法功非谓语动词，主要指在主句中表示一个动作但不能充当谓语, 能的词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有语态和时态的变化。非谓语动词的三种形式非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词。名称形式用法不定式to do表目的、将来动名词doi ng表主动及现在分词done表被动及过去这三个基本形式的基础上会有一些变化:1. 动词不定式时态构成被动形式一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式to doto have doneto be doingto have bee n doingto be doneto have bee n done2.动名词动名词主动被动一般式doi n

2、gbeing done完成式havi ng donehav ing bee n done3. 分词动词不定式的用法1. 动词不定式的否定式n ot toShe decided not to be late aga in.2. 动词不定式的完成式完成式表示的动作或状态发生在位于动词表示的动作或状态之前。I am sorry to have kept you wait ing.注意若谓语为表示"愿望、打算、意图”的动词时，如hope, think, want, plan,expect, mea n, in te nd等，其后可以跟不定式的完成式表示"本来想要或打算做某事，而实际

3、上未能实现”。如：We meant to have stopped him from doing such a thing.3. 在It is/was + 形容词+不定式的复合结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式符合结构的介词应为of前面常用的形容词有：ki nd, n ice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel,wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite,right, wrong 等。It is very kind of you to h

4、elp me.区别 It is important for us to learn English well.4. 在某些动词后， 可用 it 做形式宾语， 然后加宾语补足语， 最后加不定式作真正的 并于。常见的动词有 find, think consider, feel, make 等。They find it difficult to repay the money.5. 动词 +不定式作宾补ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, fo

5、rbid, advise, teach等。6. 只能用动词 +不定式作宾语口诀 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装；主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/ determine, learn, want, expert/hope/withrefuse, manage, care, pretendorder, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help7.在使役动词 make, have, let 和感官动词 see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补，不

6、定式不带的全过程。当他们转换成被动语态时，作为主语补足语的不定式必须带 看三使两听一感觉一发现） Nobody saw him come in.She was seen to enter the room last night. 注意 get 也能当使役动词，表示“使、让、叫”之意，相当于 有所不同。to ，表示做某事 to （五have，但两者也have sb. do sth.get sb to dosth. 使 / 让 / 叫某人去做某事have sth. done = get sth. done使 / 让某事由别人去做have sb./sth. doing使/ 让某人 / 物持续地做某

7、事 get sb./ sth.dong使某人 / 物开始行动起来 You'dbetter have/get your hair cut.He managed to get the horse running.8. 在动词 help 后，做宾补和宾语的不定式符号 to 带不带都可以。如 He helped her walk across the street.He often helps do some housework at home.9. think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove等动词的英语后可与带

8、to be 结构，也可与省略。如果不定式的动作发生在位于动词以前， 常用不定式的完成式。 另外， 这些动 词也常用作被动语态后接不定式作主补。10. 当名词被 first, last, secondHe found the answer (to be) satisfactory. We considered him to have acted excellently.以及 only 等词修饰时，其后可用不定式作定语。且充当定语的不定式不含有将来意义或情态意义，却经常含有过去时意义。 She was the first to come.11. 在下列固定词组或短语之后要跟不带 to 的不定式 h

9、ad better , had best , would rather , (than , ) would sooner , than , cannot help but cannot but cannot choose but. may/might as well , do no more than ,12. wh- 连接代词、副词后跟不定式构成的短语，可在句子中做主语、宾语、表语，还 可以做定语。 ( why 和 if 后不能直接跟动词不定式) 它的作用相当于一个名词性从句，通常在某些动词 ( 如 tell, know, imagine, learn, decided, forget, r

10、emember, consider, understand等 ) 后面做宾语，有时也用作主语、表语、同位语等。如： He didn ' t know how to answer her.When to start has not been decided.I don ' t know who to ask advice from. Would you please advise me which to buy?Please explain (to me) where to begin and how to do it. They exchanged views on the q

11、uestion of whom to elect.注意：按英语习惯，疑问词 why 后面通常不接不定式。但在以 why 或 why not 开头 的省略型疑问句中，其后可跟不带 to 的不定式。如：Why get upset just because you got a bad mark?You are looking tired. Why not take a holiday? When to start has not been decided.13. like ( would like ), love (would love ), hope, hate, need, try, want,

12、 wish, plan, mean 等动词后used to, be going to 结构后 + to ，代替整个不定式内容。 be glad, be willing, be happy 等词语后- Would you like to go to the cinema?- I ' d love to.14. 在介词 but, except, besides, than, save 等表示“除了 , ”之意的词前， 若有 实义动词do时，常用无to的不定式作其介词的宾语，若无实义动词do,则用带to的动词不定式。He was not able to do anything but/exc

13、ept wait.He had no choice but to give in.15. 评论性动词不定式 有些不定式常用来表示说话人对所谈的内容的态度和看法,即对句内容的评 论，故称为评论性动词不定式，也称独立不定式。 综合： so to speak 可以说，可谓 to be exact 精确地说 to be sure 无可否认，诚然 to make things(matters) worseThe dog is, so to speak, a member of the family.He'sin his mid-fifties; well, fifty-six to be exa

14、ct. 表真诚： to be fairto be (perfectly) frankto be honestto do sb justice to tell (you) the truth 表总结： to be briefto concludeto cut/make a long story shortto sum up表让步 : not to mentionto say nothing ofto put it mildlyto put it another wayto say the least不夸张的说表顺序： to begin withto start with16. 不定式的主动形式表

15、示被动意义1) 不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系， 并且不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的 主语。I have two letters to answer.2) 有些结构中， 不定式表达被动意义， 却用主动形式， 因为可以在句子中找到不 定式这个动作的发出者。Give her some books to read.Would you bring me a bench to sit on?The morning air is so good to breathe.注意： 用做定语的不定式为“动词 +介词”时，介词不能省略。如： a piece of paper to write on a nice

16、place to live in3) 某些动词的不定式与 be 连用时，常见的有 to blame ，to rent 等。如： The house is to rent.He is to blame for not driving carefully.17.动名词的用法1. 动名词的否定式 not+ 动名词2. 动名词的完成式 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。He was praised for havi ng done a good deed.look forward to succeed in get dow n to set aboutgive up3. 动词+介词构成的短

17、语，其后跟动名词做宾语be/get used tofeel likein sist ondevote , to ,put off4. 只能用动名词做宾语的动词口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想； 避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏； 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。con sider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pard on; admit, delay/put off, fancy; avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid,ima

18、gine, risk; can' t help, mind,allow/permit, escape5. 可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能a wait ing cara wait ing rooma sleep ing boya sleep ing bag6. 动名词的复合结构由形容词性的物主代词/名词所有格+动名词构=动名词的复合结构，在句子中可作 主语、宾语、表语等。物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。Do you mind my/me smok ing here?I insisted on my husband/husband' s paying th

19、e bill.1）在口语和非正式英语中，这种结构不用在句首，常用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，用米歌词普通格代指所有格。如：There are many reas ons for ani mals dying out.2）如果动名词的复合结构在句首，就必须用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格。如：His smok ing caused the fire in the forest.3）there be 的动名词的复合结构为there being女口：What's the cha nee of there being a rain tomorrow?7. 动名词做主语的句型a waste (of

20、,)+ -i ngs while+ -i ngIt is/was n o(little) good /use hardly any good/use worthwhile /worth oneno way.-no sense inThere is/waso point inno use/good (in) nothinc worse tha n8. 动词+不定式或动名词后意义差别大的:to do 、try doing remember/ forget/ regretdoi ngmea n to dodoiingcan' t help (to) do can' t help do

21、ing厂 be afraid to do- be afraid of doing厂 be sure to do- be sure of doing9. n eed, want, require做需要讲的时候，用动名词表示被动意义，也可用不定式的被动式The gate n eeds/wa nts/requires mending. = to be men ded.分词的用法1. 分词的独立主格结构一般说来，分词在句中都有其逻辑主语，分词做状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语或宾语。 如果分词的逻辑主语不在句中，则分词前可加上其自己的逻辑主语，由名词或代词主格充当， 置于分词前，这种结构称为分词独

22、立主格结构。它不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语。 它可以放于句首或句尾，做时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语等。The meeti ng being over, they went home.There being no bus the n, he had to walk home.1）表示伴随情况、原因等的分词独立主格结构前有时可以加上without或with构成"with/without+ 名词（或代词）+分词”结构，如：With prices going up so fast, we can' t afford luxuries.He kept the money

23、 without anyone knowing where it was.2）独立主格结构也可以由“名词（或代词）+不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语”构成。Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next mon th.He came into the classroom, book in hand.2. 分词做状语过去分词常用作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情况，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。Asked why he was late, he went red.G

24、iven more time, we could have done it better.3. 分词做状语与独立主格结构(悬垂结构)做状语的区别分词与独立主格均可作状语。 但分词做状语时， 它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语； 而独立主格结构做状语时， 前面的名 (代) 词就是这个结构的逻辑上的主语， 它和 句子的主语不保持一致性。如：Seen from the sky, the mountain is very small. Everything considered, I prefer the first plan.4. 英语中有一部分分词短语， 它独立存在， 没有自己的逻辑主语。 这些分词短语已成 为固定的习惯用语，常被看做句子的插入语，常见的有： generally speaking strictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly) speaking considering , judging from/by , talking all/everything into conside