托福写作方法指引

1、托福写作方法（1）首段写法首末段写法1 首段首段是阅卷人重点关注的部分之一。独立作文的引言部分指文章的首段，一个好的引言段落完成以下的几项任务：1 引起读者的兴趣2 告诉读者本文总的话题3 告诉读者本文的主题为了在考试中获得高分，首先，文章要使用一些能吸引读者注意力的手段，其次，要交代关于本文话题的一些背景信息；最后，要以一句话陈述本文的主题，而且如果合适的话，在主题陈述句中预览本文的主要观点。例如，Schools should ask students to evaluate their teachers. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific rea

2、sons and examples to support your answer.首段Universities in the US have long had evaluation of teaching quality to help students make decisions as to which classes to take.It is no longer a question of whether or nor schools should ask students to comment on their teacher s work, but simply how and t

3、o what extent. As far as teaching quality is concerned, I fully support the decision to require students to assess their teachersperformance.上述段落作为首段，达到了上面所说的对首段的要求：第一句话交代了关于本文话题学生评价老师的一些背景信息，吸引读者的注意力；第二句话复述了题目，最后一句做了主题陈述。综合来说，比较符合 ETS 提出的高分标准。要达到 ETS 提出的首段写作标准，必须做到三点。第一点是使用一些能引起读者兴趣的首段。这一点极为重要。如果阅卷

4、者一开始就觉得文章过于老套与平淡，很难拿到高分。要求学生在首段就要将阅卷人的注意力抓住。在英语中，这种方法被形象称为“ hook”，主要有五种：1 漏斗鱼钩（ funnel hook ）2 问题鱼钩（ question hook ）3 驳斥鱼钩（ refutation hook ）4 叙事鱼钩（ dramatic hook ）5 引语鱼钩（ quotations hook ）1 漏斗鱼钩作为引起读者兴趣的手段，写作按照从大范围到小范围，从概括到具体的“漏斗型”模式展开。文章开始的时候提供概括性背景信息，接着过渡到本文的具体话题。注意两点：第一，开始的背景信息不能过于宽泛笼统；第二，讨论本文的具

5、体话题时要紧贴题目的要求。此方法适用于描述解释型、比较对比型、二选一型。具体的做法是交代一些与题目相关的背景，然后用自己的话复述题目。注意：不能完全照抄题目，尤其是题目很长时更不要逐字照搬，否则会给阅卷老师留下懒惰和表达能力差的印象。In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.首段：It is reported that people in most parts of

6、the world have a longer life expectancy than in the past. This is especially true of developing countries where people enjoy increasingly higher living standards. A few factors contribute to this phenomenon.这是一篇描述解释型文章，首段使用了“漏斗鱼钩”，前两句简单交代了背景，复述了题目，第三句给出了主题陈述。 ”Thisistrueofnations as itisofindividual

7、s.“What are some of the qualities of a good parent? Use specific details and examples to explain your answer. 首段Everyone wants to have good parents, but not every parent is good enough for their children.It was fortunate to have greatparents, so it is not difficult for me to identify the qualities t

8、hat make them good. These qualities are love, trust and respect for their children.It has recently been announced that a new restaurant may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan?Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.首段Whether the residents of a neig

9、hborhood would support or oppose the building of a new restaurant near their homes would largely depend on the requirements and needs of the neighborhood. If it were a restaurant that produced much pollution and was incompatible with other businesses in the area, then the residents would certainly o

10、ppose the action: if it were a restaurant that produced little pollution and was compatible with other local businesses, then most of the residents were likely to support the new restaurant. Assuming that the new restaurant belongs to the second category, I welcome the restaurant.这是一篇比较型文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，

11、首先是一句老生常谈的背景交代，然后根据背景中包含的两种情况进行论述，末句为主题陈述。Some people think that governments should spend as much as possible on developing or buying computer technology. Other people disagree and think that this money should be spent on more basic needs. Which one of these qualities do you agree with? Use specific

12、 reasons and details to support your answer.首段Governmental spending, whether it is for developing computer technology or buying it, need not always be at the expense of other needs. The two needs are not always mutually exclusive, forcing one to choose between the two. With planning and wise decisio

13、ns, often both can be accomplished. If, however, one were forced to choose between the two needs, that of developing or purchasing computer technology versus more needs, I believe most people would put people s more basic needs first.这是一篇二选一的文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，交代大的背景，然后复述题目，最后给出主题陈述。It is better for childr

14、en to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay.首段As soon as the decision is made to have children, parents debate whether it is better to raise them in the city or in thecountryside. Although sometimes a job may

15、dictate where to raise a family, if I had the choice, I would choose to raise my children in a big city.这是一篇二选一的文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，交代大的背景，然后复述题目，最后给出主题陈述。2 问题鱼钩问题鱼钩以提问的方式引起阅卷者对主题的思考，这一方法较为容易使用，适用于三大题型。使用时要注意：问句不宜过多，一般不能超过三个，而且要紧扣题目。It has been said, “ Noteverything that is learned is contained in books”. C

16、ompare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?首段We all crave knowledge, especially in this Age of Information, but what is the best source of knowledge? Are we to believeAlbert Camus, who said “The place we

17、 are to get knowledge is in books”? Or are we better served by following Albert Einstein s counsel that “The only source of knowledge is experience ”? Although books have their place in one s learning, there is no substitute for experience; indeed, it is experience that is ultimately the most import

18、ant source of knowledge.这是一篇比较型文章，首段以三个问题开始，每个问题都紧扣题目经验知识和书本知识重要性的比较。段末做了主题陈述，经验知识更为重要。这个问题鱼钩使用的十分巧妙，引发读者对主题经验知识与书本知识相对重要性的思考。Your school has enough money to purchase either computer for students or books for the library.Which should your schoolchoose to buy computers or books? Use specific reasons

19、and examples to support your recommendations. 首段Have you ever accessed the vast number of research articles in academic databases via a computer in your school? Have you ever checked your important emails via a computer in the hallway outside of your classroom? Have you ever tried to improve your as

20、signments untiringly via a computer to make them look perfect? If one has never had such experiences, one would never know how computers are indispensable to a student s survival in school.Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? Use specific reas

21、ons and examples to support your answer.首段Have you experienced the exhilaration of bungee jumping? Have you had the excitement of car racing? Nowadays an increasing number of people are flocking to such dangerous activities, for a variety of reasons such as love of risks, relaxationor money.3 驳斥鱼钩驳斥

22、鱼钩在议论文中使用的非常普遍， 它尤其适用于有争议的话题。 就独立作文而言， 其中“二选一” 题目，包括 agree or disagree, prefer 都可以使用驳斥鱼钩开头。所谓驳斥鱼钩就是在处理有争议话题的时候，以让步的方式引出自己的观点。这意味着先总结对立的观点与意见，先承认对方观点一定的合理性，然后驳斥对方的观点，并在主题陈述中明确表达自己的观点。In some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea?首段As a teenager

23、 student, I enjoyed having a job, because it provided me with the money I needed for my schooling. However, as an adult, I can truly appreciate the pressure of a teenager who has to divide his or her energy between study and an after-class job. I think keeping a job as a teenager student is relative

24、ly difficult and these students should not have or be forced to have jobs.Some people say that physical exercise should be a required part of every school day. Other people believe that students should spend the whole school day on academic studies. Which opinion do you agree with?It is true that ph

25、ysical exercise is important. For example, it helps students reduce stress, lose weight and improve academic performance. However, it is not responsibility of a school to offer physical training to its students. Should physical exercise be part of the school program, it would be a waste of effort an

26、d resources for the following reasons.4 叙事鱼钩叙事鱼钩是一种常见的文章开头，描述一个具有戏剧性的故事或者场景，引发读者的兴趣。Some people spend their entire lives in one place. Others move a number of times throughout their lives, looking for a better job, house, community, or even climate. Which one do you prefer: staying in one place or m

27、oving in search of another place?It is not uncommon for siblings to represent both phenomena, some siblings spending their entire lives in one place, others moving around many times throughout the years. My elder brother and his wife have lived in the same house for 22 years whereas my younger broth

28、er and I have had to, and chosen to move around more than a few times. There are three main reasons for this scenario.使用自己亲身经历，紧扣问题又具有戏剧性。段末做了一个简单的主题陈述。Imagine that you are preparing for a trip. You plan to be away from your home for a year. In addition to clothing and personal care items, you can t

29、ake one additional thing. What would you take and why?Once I was working away from home for a long time, but I did not feel lonely, because I had brought all my favorite books withme. In my spare time, I read my favorite books one by one and had almost finished all the books before I had a chance to

30、 gohome. This reminds me that a meaningful life for me is one that provides opportunities for reading. Thus, in a future trip for ayear away from home, I willstill bring some books that I love but do not have the time to read at home, for example,theChinese classics and their English translations.5

31、引语鱼钩使用专家的话，或者使用谚语，前者增加讨论的可能性，后者可以使讨论更具可信度，缩短读者与作者之间的距离。要注意引文的准确性，It is sometimes said that borrowing money from a friend can harm or damage the friendship. Do you agree?As Shakespeare put it, “Neither a borrower, nor a lender be; For loan oft loses both itself and friend, and borrowing dulls the edg

32、e of husbandry .”Inmy experience, being on the opposite side of a business deal from a friend or relative can ruin a good relationship. Borrowing more than three days worth of salary is essentially a business deal. In these types of situation, I concur that borrowing money from a friend can harm or

33、damage the friendship.开始引用莎士比亚关于借钱伤害友谊的话，紧扣题目。Do you agree or disagree with the following statement. All students should be required to study art and music in secondary school.In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson said, “Art is a nation s most precious heritage. For it is in our works of art that we

34、reveal to ourselves and to others the inner vision which guides us as a nation. ”Iagree that we should mandate the curriculum in art and music in secondary school. Art and music are important to us in many ways. They can provide knowledge necessary for future jobs, entertain people in many ways and

35、help us to learn other types of knowledge.本段引用了美国总统Johnson 关于艺术重要性的话，紧扣主题，增加了讨论的权威性。（2）主体段写法段落 =主题句（分论点）+支持句发展原则：每个主体段都必须包含一个明确的主题句，明确分论点支持句必须围绕主题句展开例： Some people are always in a hurry to go places and get things done. Other people prefer to take their time and live life at a slower pace. Which do

36、you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Living life at a slower pace has allowed me to pay much more attention to detail and work through my assignments at school more thoroughly. Before I was always rushing through my reading and my writing, and my concentration was not

37、 very strong. The clubs and sports teams I belonged to demanded a lot of attention. After I decided to get rid of some of the more involved activities I had more time to focus on my studies and results have shown in my marks.确立分论点：方法一：针对个人：（ 1）健康（空气、医疗条件、生活压力、运动、温饱, ）（ 2）乐趣（人多的乐趣、人少的乐趣、娱乐项目的乐趣、技术进步的

38、乐趣, ）（ 3）成就感（成功/荣誉感 /财富 /自信 /压力 /动力）（ 4）生活质量（设施、工作压力 , ）（ 5）交流（交流技巧 /家人 /朋友同学 /领导 /网友）（ 6）品质（善良 /坚韧 /乐观 /刻苦 /责任心强）针对国家和社会（ 1）经济（农业、工业、贸易、收入、旅游、证券市场、通货膨胀、物价、失业）（ 2）政治（法律、民主自由）（ 3）文化（艺术、传统）（ 4）技术进步（交通、通信、太空探险）（ 5）资源与环境（能源节约、环境污染、人与自然的和谐）二者都适合（ 1）有效率（节约时间）（ 2）方便（步骤少，麻烦少）（ 3）省钱（ 4）安全（不威胁健康、不威胁生命/不怕坏人、不含

39、放射性、不具有摧毁力、抗灾害能力强）（ 5）耐久（保存时间长）（ 6）环保（污染少）方法二：具体化、分情况、分领域直接拆分：具体化题目中的某个抽象概念从而形成拆分：? People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing.分析：在这个题目中， “人们不喜欢做的事”是一个抽象概念，可以细分为“作业” 、“家务”、“考试”三个层面去谈。? Progress is always good.分析：在这道题目中， “进步”是一个抽象概念，可以细分为“方便食品” 、“便捷交通” 、“电脑通讯”三个层面去谈。分情况、分领域讨论：? Pa

40、rents are the best teachers.分析：在这道题目中，很难直接考虑家长是不是最好的老师，所以可以换个思维，考虑“在什么情况下”或者“遇到什么问题时” ，比如“设计独立旅行的安全问题时” ，“当社会进步太快，价值观出现变化时” ，“当家长在某一领域有一技之长时” 。?Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals asmembers of their family. In your opinion, ar

41、e such relationships good?分析：在这道题目中，很难直接考虑宠物和人的关系对人好不好，因此可以换个思维，考虑“对于小孩子来讲”，“对于年轻夫妇来讲” ，“对于老年人来讲”三个角度。注： 1. 论点容易展开2擅长3不可脱离实际生活4不能触及政治敏感话题5不能涉及宗教争端6不要过于具体（3）尾段写法重申立场例： It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfilling personal life.结尾： In

42、 conclusion, given the growing demands of career on today professionals, a fulfilling personal life remains possible by working smarter, by setting priorities, and by making suitable career choices.重申立场 +总结理由例： Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society, scho

43、ols should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the arts and humanities.结尾： In conclusion, schools should not devote less time to the arts and humanities. These areas of study enhance learning in mathematics and science, as well as helping to preserve the richness

44、 of our entire human legacy while inspiring us to further it. Moreover, disciplines within the humanities provide methods and contexts for evaluating the morality of our technology and for determining its proper direction.让步 +重申立场例： Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, no

45、t on years of service. Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining consistently high levels of productivity.结尾： In the final analysis, the statement correctly identifies job performance as the single best criterion for salary and job security. However, the

46、statement goes too far, it ignores the fact that rewarding employees for their service years not only enhances loyalty and, in the end, productivity, but also is required by fairness.重申立场 +引申扩展（提出建议、深化意义等）例： How far should a supervisor go in criticizing the performance of a subordinate? Some highly

47、successful managers have been known to rely on verbal abuse and intimidation. Do you think that this is an effective means of communicating expectations? If not, what alternative should a manager use in dealing with someone whose work is less than satisfactory?结尾： In conclusion, supervisors should a

48、void using verbal abuse and threats. These methods degrade subordinates, and they are unlikely to produce the best results in the long run. It is more respectful, and probably more effective overall, to handle cases of substandard work performance with clear, honest and supportive feedback.七作文的连贯与衔接

49、“启”：首先： first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with, in the beginning, at first,一方面： on the one hand ( on the other hand) For one thing , for another 一般说来： generally speaking, in general现在，目前： at present, now, currently最近： recently“承”第二 / 第三： second, secondly / thi

50、rd, thirdly此外： besides, in addition, furthermore, what s more, moreover, in addition to, moreover而且： also, too例如： for example, for instance, as an example, as another example即，也就是说：namely, in other words, (In other words, she must give up singing.换言之 , 她必须放弃唱歌。 。 ) that is to say, it means that, tha

51、t is,同样地： in the same way, similarly （用于句首） = likewise后来： from now on, later on, after a few days, after a while, then,与此同时： meanwhile,此时： by this time不久： soon因此： as a result, consequently, so同样重要： equally important“转”虽然： though, as, although,尽管： nevertheless（后面跟句子）, despite, in spite of但是： but, yet

52、 ， however即使： even though/even if（后面加从句）相反： on the contrary, conversely （相反地，颠倒地）另一方面： on the other hand不幸地： unfortunately（后面加名词或代词）, rather than, instead of 仍然： still与 不同： unlike“合”因此： hence， as a result, so, for this reason, as a result总之： in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, briefly最终：

53、eventually, at last,如我所说： as I have said, as has been said于是： accordinglye.g. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。的确： indeed,A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难的朋友才是真正的朋友。Truly 真正地He is a truly good man.他的确是个好人无疑： surely, certainly显然地： obviously

54、八句式的多样性（ 1） the + est + 名词+ (that) +主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/ heard/ had/read, etc)例句： Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.张老师是我曾经

55、遇到最仁慈的教师。（ 2）Nothing is + er than to + V Nothing is + more +形容词+ than to + V例句： Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。（ 3） cannot emphasize the importance of ,too much.( 再怎么强调 .的重要性也不为过。)例句： We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性

56、也不为过。（ 4）There is no denying that + S + V .( 不可否认地 .)例句： There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认地，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。（ 5） It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 (全世界都知道 .) 例句： It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。（ 6）There is no doubt that + 句子 (毫无疑问地 .)例句： There is no