新托福TPO28听力原文(附答案)

1、TPO28Listento partofaconversation betweenastudentandthe professor.(man)Im sosorryIm late, professorMills,I justfinishedatthestudentmedicalcenter,Itwisted myankleplaying soccerthismorning. Ittook longerthan I expected to seethedoctor(woman )That sOK.Dontworryaboutit,David.So,let sgetstarted.Yourpaper

2、onJohnDewey spoliticalphilosophyhasafewissues that Idliketocover.Yougaveagreatbiographicalsketchinthebeginning.OK,butthenasyougetintohispoliticalphilosophy,Idon tthinkyouvedoneenoughtosituatehis philosophywithinthetimeperiod.Inotherwords,youhaventconnectedDeweysphilosophyto thethinking ofotherintell

3、ectualsofthetime.(man)SoIhaventcapturedthemostcriticalinfluences,theinfluencesthatweremostsignificanttohispolitical thinking?(woman )Exactly!OK,now,lookbackupatthesectionhere,whereyouwroteaboutDeweysviewofindividuality.Thisisallgoodcontentbutyouhaventpresentedtheinformationinasystematicway.Ireallyth

4、inkthisportiononindividualityneedstocomelater,afteryourparagraphsonDeweysintellectual influences.(man)Aftermy revised paragraphs on whatinfluenced them?(woman )Yes,revised.Letmeask,whenyouwerefinishedwriting,didyougobackandaskyourselfifallofthematerial wasrelevant?(man)Well, no.(woman ) I do think t

5、hereare areas that can be cut. I guess what Imsaying isthat yourparagraphsaren reallypresentedinalogicalorder.Thedirectionofyourargumentisntcrystalclear,andtherearesomeunnecessarymaterial gettingintheway.(man)OK. Sounds likeI havea lotto do.(woman )Andonemorething:doyouhaveacopyofthedepartment sdocu

6、mentonthecorrectformatforin-text citationsand references?(man) No,uh,I mean,I looked at it on-linewhen I wasworking on thisassignment.(woman )Youreallyshouldprintitout.You regoingtoneeditforeverypaperyouwriteinthepoliticalsciencedepartment.Itlookslikeyouweregettingitmixed up withanotherreferencing s

7、ystem.(man)Oh! Yeah,Iusedsomethingdifferentinhighschool.Itssoconfusingswitchingtoanew system.(woman )Iknow.But,remember,everythingneedstobeconsistentwhenitcomestoreferencing.It saveryimportant academicconvention.Oh,also,Iwantedtoaskyou.Willyoubeatthe political scienceclub meeting this Saturday?(man)

8、Definitely!Thetopic sJohn Dewey.(woman )Yes.Areyouinterestedinleadingpartofthediscussion?TomHaywardislookingforsomeonetohelp out. I think you llavealottoh contribute.(man)Thatdbefun . Igivehimall call.1. What is theconversation mainlyabout?A) Criticisms ofDewey spolitical philosophyB) Methodsforlead

9、inga discussion groupC) Recent changes madeto a referencedocumentD) Problemswith theorganization ofa paper2. Whyis thestudent lateforhis meeting?A) Seeing thedoctortook longerthan expected. B) No nearbyparking spaceswereavailable.1C) His soccerpracticelasted longerthan usual. D) Hehadproblems printi

10、ng his paper.3. Whatrevisions does thestudent need to maketo his paper? choose three answersA) Describe theinfluences on Deweyin moredetailB) Expand theintroductorybiographical sketchC) Removeunnecessarycontent throughout thepaperD) Useconsistentreferences throughout thepaperE) Add an explanation of

11、Dewey sviewon individuality4. Whydoes theprofessormention thepolitical scienceclub?A) To encouragethestudenttorun forclubpresidentB) To point out thatJohn Deweywasamemberofa similar clubC) To suggestan activitythat might interest thestudentD) To indicatewherethestudentcan get help with his paper5. W

12、hydoes theprofessorsaythis:A) To find out howmanydraftsthestudentwroteB) To encouragethestudenttoreviewhis own workC) To emphasize theneed forthestudentto followtheguidelinesD) To proposeadifferent solution to theproblemListento partofalecture ina philosophyclass.(Maleprofessor) OK,so,uh,to continue

13、ourdiscussion,whenphilosopherstalkaboutthebasis ofknowledge,theydon tmeanthesourceofinformationaboutanyparticularsubject.Theymeanhowweknowwhatweknow. Let sstartwith onephilosophical view:foundationalism.Foundationalismistheviewthatourknowledgeclaims,whatwethinkweknowthatis,theyneedtohaveabase,andthi

14、nkofknowledgeasahouse.Youneedasolidfoundationonwhichtobuildyourhouse.Andifyou haveastrongfoundation,yourhouseismorelikelytobesolid.Well, foundationaliststhinkthe samething is trueofknowledge. Ifyouhavea solid baseforyourknowledgeclaimsthenyour knowledgestructureismorelikelytobestrong,valid,true,firs

15、t you needsomegoodfoundationalknowledgeclaimsandthentherestoftheknowledgeclaimscan bebasedonthese. Now,as to what kinds knowledgeclaims arefoundational,well,that s where thisgetsparticularlyinteresting,inthatitsortofdependswhichphilosopheryouask.TakeJohnLockeforinstance.Lockes viewpointessentiallywa

16、sthatwhenhumansareborntheirmindsarelikeblankslates,thatis,wedo n thaveanykindofknowledgewhenweareborn.Wegetourknowledgefromoursenses,youknow,taste,touch,smell,sight,hearing.So,whenwelookattheworld,firstas babies and thenas we grow,that s where ourknowledgecomes from: our senses. Our experiences serv

17、easthefoundation forourknowledge.Now, for verydifferent view,let s turn toanother philosopher, Renee Descartes. Descartesthoughtthatyouhavetogomuchdeepertofindthefoundations.Hebelievedthatoursensesarenot tobetrustedsohewantedtofindamoresolidfoundationforknowledge.Hebeganwithwhathascometobecalledmeth

18、odologicaldoubt.And,whenwesaymethodologicaldoubt,well,Descartesbelievedthateverythingshouldbequestioned,thatis,approachedwithdoubt,andifyoucouldfindonethingthatcannotbefalse,thatonethingwouldserveasafoundationforall2otherknowledgeclaims.So,unlikeJohnLocke,Descartesdoubtsthatknowledgecomestohimfromhi

19、ssenses.Hepointsoutthatatsometimeoranothereveryonehasbeen deceivedbytheirsenses. Weveallhad experienceswhereoursenseshavebeenwrong:illusions,uh,perhapsmirages,whendrivinginacaronahotsummerdayyoumayseewhatlookslikeshimmeringwaterontheroad,whichassciencetellsusisreallyjustamirage,anillusioncausedbythe

20、heatingoftheair.Oursensesarewrong.They vedeceivedus.AndDescartesthinksthatsinceoursensescandeceiveus,weoughtnottotakeforgrantedthatwhattheytell usis reallytrue. Thatsthefirststepinhis methodological doubt.From there,hewonders,well,OK,Icandoubt mysensesbut can I doubt that Imsitting inthisroom?Can it

21、seemthatwe renotreallyherethatweresomewhereelse?Heconceivesthatmostofuswouldknowthatweresittinginroombut thenhesays, “Well,couldn usttIjbedreaming ?” Heshaddreams thatareso realthat hethought hewas awakewhen,in fact,hewas actuallyasleep. Andthis is anothergoodpoint:it sreally hard to be surethat you

22、 re not actuallydreaming,yetanotherproofforDescartesthatwecan lwaystrusttawhatoursensesareapparentlytellingus.Wecouldbedreamingandthere sreallynogoodwaytoprovethatwe renot.So,thecommonsensepictureofrealitythattheworldreallyisthewayitlookstous.Descartes showsthatwecannotjustassumethistobetruebeyondal

23、ldoubt,and hedoesthisbytalkingaboutillusionsand also byarguing thatwecouldbedreaming.But,considerthis,hesayswhileoneisthinkingordoubtingordoinganyofthosesortsmentalactivities,onehastoexist,right?ToeventhinkIdoubtIexist,youhavetoexist!Andsowhat Descartes has doneisfind at least onething that hecanbec

24、ertain of,hesays, “I exist.”And that s a start. And otherknowledgehetells uscan bebasedonthatfoundation.6. What is thelecture mainlyabout?A) TheimportanceofLocke sviewsto modern philosophical thoughtB) HowDescartesviewofknowledgeinfluenced trends inWestern philosophyC) Howtwo philosophersviewed foun

25、dational knowledge claimsD) Thedifferencebetween foundationalism and methodological doubt7. Whydoes theprofessormention a house?A) To explain anidea about theorganization ofhumanknowledgeB) To illustratetheunreliability ofourperception ofphysical objectsC) To clarifythe differencebetween two points

26、ofviewabout thebasis ofhuman knowledgeD) To remind students ofa point hemadeaboutDescartesin a previous lecture8. What did Lockebelieveto themost basic typeofhumanknowledge?A) Knowledgeofone sown existenceB) Knowledgeacquiredthrough thesensesC) KnowledgehumansarebornwithD) Knowledgepasseddown from p

27、reviousgenerations9. Accordingto theprofessor,whatwasDescartes purposeforusingmethodological doubt?A) To discoverwhatcan beconsideredfoundational knowledgeclaimsB) To challengethephilosophical concept offoundationalismC) To showthat one sexistencecannot beproven3D) To demonstratethatLocke sviewswere

28、essentiallycorrect 10.ForDescarteswhatwas the significanceofdreaming?A) Hebelieved that his best ideascameto him in dreamsB) Heregarded dreamingas thestrongest proofthat humansexist. C) Dreaming supports hiscontention thatrealityhas manyaspects.D) Dreamingillustrateswhyhuman experienceofrealitycanno

29、talwaysbetrusted.11.Accordingto Descartes,what typeofbeliefshould serveasa foundation forall other knowledge claims?A) Abeliefthat isconsistentwith what oneseesand hearsB) Abeliefthat most otherpeopleshareC) Abeliefthat onehas held sincechildhoodD) Abeliefthatcannot befalseListento partofalecture in

30、an animalbehavior class.(Femaleprofessor)Asyouknow,researchershavelongbeeninterestedindiscoveringexactly howintelligent animals are.Todaywearegonnatalkabout aparticularcognitiveabilitysome animals seem to have:theabilityto recognizethemselvesin a mirror.(Femalestudent)Oh,Iveheard about that. Chimpan

31、zees have it.(professor)Right!Chimpanzeeandotherprimates:chimps,gorillas,orangutansand,ofcourse,humans,but it s also havebeenfoundin elephants andbottle-nosedolphins,abit ofasurprise. Its veryrare,mostanimals do nthave it,and it scalled mirrorselfrecognitionor MSR.(femalestudent )Well,howdoesitwork?

32、Imean,howdoresearchersknowifelephantsor chimpsrecognizethemselves?(professor)Researchersgivethemthe mirrormarktest.Inthemirrormarktest,researchersput amark ontheanimal wheretheanimal isunabletoseeitorsmell itorfeelit, likeonthesideof theirhead,without looking in themirror.Now,typically,whenanimalsfi

33、rstseethemselvesinamirror,theythinktheyreseeinganotheranimal,oftentheyooklllforthisanimal behindthemirror.Theymayevenexhibitaggressivebehavior.Butsomeanimals,afterthisperiodofexploration,exhibitbehaviorsthatshowtheyknow they relookingatthemselves.Forinstance,elephantswilltouchthemarkontheirheadswith

34、theirtrunks.Now,it sbeenassumedthattheprimatesandsomeothermammalsstoodaloneatthetopofhierarchyofcognitiveevolution.But,recently,birdshavebeenfoundtopossesssomeofthesamecognitiveabilities.Inparticular,researchershavediscoveredtheseabilitiesincorvids,birdsofthecorvidaefamily.Corvettes includeravens,ja

35、ys,crowsand magpiesamong others.Andwhatkindsofcognitiveabilitiesarewetalkingabout?Well,corvettesandsomemammalshavetheabilitytoplanforthefuture,tostorefood,forinstance,inplaceswheretheycanfinditlater.It sbeensuggested,infact,thatjays,corvettesknownforstealingeachother sfood,mayhidetheirfood precisely

36、becausethey reprojecting their own tendencyto steal onto otherjays.4So,letstalkaboutastudyrecentlyconductedwithmagpies.AsIsaid,magpiesarecorvettesandbecausecorvetteshavetheseothercognitiveskills,researcherswantedtoseeiftheywerealsocapableofmirrorselfrecognition.Sotheygavethemthemirrormarktest,placin

37、gayellowstickeronthebird sblackthroatfeathers.Atfirst,themagpiesallengageinthesamesocialbehaviorsthatotheranimalsdo:lookingbehindthemirroretcetera.Buteventually,someofthebirds,whilelookinginthemirror,keptscratchingatthemarkuntiltheygotridofitandtheydidn scratch atitwhen therewas no mirroraround. Sot

38、heypassed thetest.(Male student )Wow!Doanyotherbirds havethisability?(professor)Well,notthatweknowof.Therewasastudyusingpigeonswhereresearchersseverreplicatedthestudy,butmoreimportantly,itmissesthepoint.Theissueisn twhethersomebehaviorscanbelearned;it swhethera species has developed thisabilityspont

39、aneously.(Male student )So what does thetesttell usaboutcorvettes orchimpanzees?(professor)Goodquestion!Foronething,it simportantbecauseitsetsanimalsliveasenseofselfapartfromthosewithoutasenseofself.Butmoreimportantly,manyresearchersbelievethatMSRisindicativeofotheradvancedcognitiveabilities.Selfawa

40、reness,eveninitsearlieststages,mightentailanawarenessofothers:theabilitiestoseetheirperspective,tolookattheworldfromanother spointofview.Thisiscrucialbecauseitimpliesahighlevelofcognitive development.It sperhaps thefirststagetowardthedevelopment of empathy.(Male student )But birds brainsareso small

41、compared toprimates?(professor)True.Thecorvettesdohaveunusuallylargebrainsforbirds.Butsizeisn tthewholestory.It sthoughtthatprimatesaresointelligentbecauseacertainpartoftheirbrainswhich birdssimplydon thave.Butthere isanareainbirds brainsthatresearchersbelievegovern similarcognitivefunctions.So,prim

42、ate sand birdsbrainshaveevolvedalongdifferenttracksbut ended upwith similarabilities.12.What is themain purposeofthelecture?A) To showthat somebirdshavecognitiveskills similarto thoseofprimatesB) To explain howthe brains of certain primatesand birdsevolvedC) To comparedifferenttests that measure the

43、cognitiveabilities ofanimalsD) To describea studyoftherelationship between brain sizeand cognitiveabilities13.When giving magpies themirrormark test,whydid researchers placethe markon magpies throats?A) Throat markings triggeraggressivebehaviorin othermagpies. B) Throat markingsareextremelyrare in m

44、agpies.C) Magpiescannot seetheirown throatswithout looking in a mirror. D) Magpiescannoteasilyremovea mark from their throats.14.Accordingto theprofessor,somecorvettesareknownto hidetheirfood. What possible reasons does sheprovidefor this behavior? choosetwoanswersA) Theyareensuring that theywill ha

45、vefood to eatata laterpoint in time.5B) Theywantto keep theirfood in a singlelocation that theycan easilydefend. C) Theyhave been conditioned to exhibit this typeofbehavior.D) Theymaybeprojecting their own behavioral tendenciesonto othercorvids.15.What is theprofessor sattitudetoward thestudyonpigeo

46、nsand mirror selfrecognition?A) Sheis surprisedthat thestudies havenot been replicated. B) Shebelieves thestudy s findingsarenotverymeaningful. C) Sheexpects thatfurtherstudieswill showsimilarresults.D) Shethinks that itconfirmswhat isknown about magpiesand jays.16.What does theprofessor implyabouta

47、nimals thatexhibit mirrorselfrecognition?A) Theyacquired thisabilitythrough recentevolutionarychanges. B) Theyarenotnecessarilymoreintelligent than otheranimals.C) Theirbrainsall havean identical structurethatgoverns thisability. D) Theymaybeableto understand anotheranimal sperspective.17.Accordingt

48、o theprofessor,whatconclusion can bedrawn from what is nowknownaboutcorvettes brains?A) Theareain corvids brains thatgovernscognitivefunctionsgoverns otherfunctionsas well.B) Corvidsbrains haveevolvedin thesamewayas otherbird sbrains,onlymorerapidly. C)Corvidsand primates brainshaveevolveddifferentl

49、ybuthavesomesimilarcognitive abilities.D) Thecognitiveabilities ofdifferent types ofcorvidsvarygreatly.Listento aconversationbetween astudentand his academicadviser.(man)Hi,sorryIm late,ProfessorBlaine(woman )No problem,Jim. So you vegot somequestionsaboutyourseniorthesisrequirement?(man)Yeah,Ivegot

50、acoupleofproblems,actually.So,thefirstthingis,younormallywriteit during thefirsthalfoftheacademic year,right,in yourfinal yearofstudies?(woman )Right!(man)ButIhavemystudentteachingschedulesforthattime.IwanttoteachhighschoolEnglishaftergraduation.SoIreallyneedtogivethatmyfullattentionandIjustworrytha

51、tIwontbeabletoifI mwritingmyseniorthesisatthesametime.Imean,it ssupposedtobe35to50 pages!That sa seriouscommitment.(woman )Youreright. Butitreallyisn taproblem.(man)Really?(woman )No,alotofEnglishmajorsgetteachercertification.Sowehavestudentslikeyoudo theirseniorthesis after theirstudent teaching. I

52、t worksout well becausemanystudents want to usetheunit theytaughtas thebasis oftheirpaper. So,you lljustenroll in a thesis seminarforthe second semester.(man)Well,that sabigrelief!Butitbringsustomysecondproblem.I vereallyfocusedmystudiesonOldandMiddleEnglishLiterature.I meventhinkingaboutdoingagradu

53、atedegreewithaconcentrationinthatafterItaughtforawhile.SoIwashopingtodomyseniorthesisonChaucer,onThe Canterbury Talesbecausethatwould obviouslybeuseful ifI do go on but. (woman )Ah.But,ProfessorJohnson!(man)Exactly!ProfessorJohnsonisgoingtobetakingasabbaticaltodoresearchinFranceduringthesecondhalfof

54、theyear.Sowithouthimaround,Im,uh,notsurehowIcoulddoaseniorthesis onTheCanterbury Tales. I mean,thefocus ofhis teaching and research is unique around here.6(woman )Yes,Iunderstand.ItwouldbedifficulttodoyourpaperwithoutProfessorJohnson around.Hmm,would you allowmeto tryto sell you on an alternateplan?

55、 (man)Well,you cantry,butChaucer s sort ofmyhero,ifyou knowwhatI mean. (woman )Well,ImteachingacourseontheliteratureoftheRenaissanceinthefisthalfoftheyear.Itllmeetlateinthedaysoitwon nterfereti withyourteaching.AndIhaven toffereditin quitea while nowso I doubtyou veeverstudied that period in thecollege