过去分词作定语和状语

1、概念引入在前两个单元我们已经学过过去分词作定语和表语，及过去分词作宾语补足语，在本单元中我们先复习一下过去分词作定语，然后学习过去分词作状语。看下面句子：1. Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.2. Well-known for their expertise, his parents ' company, called"Future Tours ”,tran sported me safely into the future in a time capsule.3. Hit b

2、y a lack of fresh air, my head ached.4. Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.5. Described as an enormous round plate, it spins slowly in space to imitate the pull of the earth ' s gravity.这些句子中斜体词部分都是过去分词，在句中作状语。那么过去分词作状语，有什么需要注意呢？4过去分词作定语4过去分词作状语-入门篇*过去分词作状语-用法小结篇4分词作状语的区别作插入语的分词用法讲解

3、过去分词作定语在第一单元，我们已经学过了过去分词作定语的用法，这里做一简单复习。1. 过去分词作定语与定语从句：过去分词作定语，具有形容词或副词的作用，该分词及其修饰成分相当于定语从句。如果把分词短语转变成定语从句时，这个定语从句应具备两个特征：1）从句的主语和所修饰的先行词一致；如 2）的例句1中定语从句的主语就是所修饰词 a teacher 。2）从句的谓语动词为被动语态形式。She is a teacher respected by all her stude nts.她是位受所有学生尊敬的老师。=She is a teacher who is respected by all her

4、stude nts.This is the best novel of its kindever written .这是这类小说中写得最好的。=This is the best novel of its kindthat has ever bee n writte n2.作定语的分词的逻辑主语分词作定语，其逻辑主语是所修饰词,现在分词动作与所修饰词常是主动关系，而过去分词动作与所修饰词常是被动关系。这个坏了的钟表该尽The broke n clock should be repaired as soon as possible.快修好。（定语broken与所修饰的词clock是被动的，即被弄坏

5、的表）正在大哭的那个婴儿病了两天了。The crying baby has bee n ill for two days.（定语crying是所修饰词baby做的，是主动关系）注意：不定式和-ing形式的被动式与所修饰词也是被动关系，但在时间上与过去分词 不同。3.作定语的非谓语动词的时间过去分词作定语，多表示动作已经完成；to be done 表示动作将要发生；bei ng done表示动作正在进行。built last year去年建的桥 the bndge J being built 正在建的桥- to be built next year 明年要建的桥4.表示情感的动词的分词作定语现在

6、分词表示事物的性质，而过去分词表示内心的感受，尤其注意分词修饰expression ， look等词时，一般用过去分词表示内心感受所表现的表情。The frighte ned look on her face whe n see ing the dog surprised her pare nts.她看到小狗时脸上害怕的表情让她父母很吃惊。（感到害怕的表情）对比：The tall man gave me a frighte ning look.高个子男人向我做了一个吓人的表情。（让别人害怕的表情，是性质）过去分词作状语-入门篇1.什么是状语：状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词、其他状语或主句的，可以

7、表示时间、地点、方式、比 较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。可以充当状语的有副词、介词短语、动词不 定式、分词短语、形容词、名词词组和从句等。如：Helpless , we watched our home destroyed before our eyes.我们束手无策，只能眼睁睁地看着自己的家园被毁掉。（形容词作伴随状语，说明“看着”时的状态是“无助的”）He wrote with a red pencil.他用红铅笔写的。（介词短语作方式状语）The students went awaylaughing .学生们笑着走开了。（现在分词作伴随状语）Tom tried hard to

8、 improve his English .汤姆努力尝试来提高英语水平。（hard是副词作状语表示程度，to improve his English是不定式短语作状语表示目的）I ' ll write to you as soon as I get there.（从句作时间状语）我一到那儿就给你写信。2. 过去分词作状语非谓语动词作状语时，做题的窍门是：要看作状语的非谓语动词与主句的主语构成的主被动关系。1）Born into a peasant family, he only had two years' schooling.他出生于农民家庭，只受过两年的教育。（某人出生于

9、要用sb. was born. ，因此用born ）2）Compared to many women, she was very fortunate.与许多女子相比，她很幸运。（人 compare A to/with B ，此句中是 When we compare her to many women，即 she is compared ., 因此用compared）3） Exhausted by the journey, he soon fell asleep.由于旅程而精疲力竭，他不久 就睡着了。（我们说“ I am exhausted （= am tired），被使筋疲力尽”，有些学生会误

10、写为beingexhausted，一定注意这种由过去分词变来的形容词作状语时表示状态，不需加being，即表示感情的过去分词作状语，不需要加being。这是考试时要特别注意的。）4）Although built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order.这个引擎虽然是战前造的，仍然状态良好。（引擎是被制造的，所以用built。分词作状语时，可以加某些连词，如while doing/ done5) Uni ess cha nged, the law will make the life difficult for farmers.如

11、果不做变革，这项法律会使农民的生活困难。因此用cha nged，加了连词 uni ess，即 uni ess cha nged )用法讲解 过去分词作状语-用法小结篇1）作状语的过去分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语。Writte n in a hurry, this article was not so good!因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。（过去分词 Written作原因状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语this article，是动作的承受者。）对比：Usi ng the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。（现在分词Using作时间状语，其逻辑主语也是

12、句子的主语I，动作是主语发出的。）如果过去分词作状语时，主句的主语不是分词的逻辑主语，而是在前面另加了逻辑主 语，这种结构叫独立主格结构。信号一发出，汽车就开动了。不是主句主语 the bus 。）The sig nal give n, the bus started.(give n 的逻辑主语是 the sig nal她把头昂得咼咼地走了过去。Her head held high , she went by.，而不是主句主语 she。）（held high的逻辑主语是 her head2）过去分词作状语时的特点也是被动、完成。及物动词的过去分词形式语态上表示被动，时间上表示已经完成，有时也表

13、示模糊的时间概念。Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。（used与句子的主语是被动关系-书是被用的；used的动作已经完成）3）如果我们把该分词短语转变为一个状语从句时，该状语从句也应该具备两个特征： 从句的主语和主句的主语必须一致;谓语动词为被动语态形式。Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.=As I_ was worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the fi

14、rst few days. 因为担心旅程，前几天我感到心绪不宁。Though warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields.=Though they had bee n war ned of the storm, the farmers were still work ing in the fields.虽然得到了警告，农民们还是在地里干着活。4）分词作状语时，有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词，如when,while, unl ess, once, though, eve n if, tha

15、 n等，这时分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。也可以理解为：当这些连词引导的状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，从句中的主语和be动词部分可以省略。When (you are) give n a medical exam in atio n, you should keep calm.做体格检查时要保持镇定。Do n' t speak un til (you are) spoken to.别人对你说话时你再说话。(注意：主语主句是祈使句，祈使句的主语一般是you)Even if (I ' m) invited, I won ' t take part in the pa

16、rty.即使被邀请，我也不会参加这个聚会。While (he was) waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.他在那儿等着的时候，看见两个靓妹走出大楼。5) 过去分词作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随等。 表示时间When asked why he was late, he went red. He didn ' t say anything until invited. 表示条件Un ited, we sta nd; divided, we fall.Given more mon

17、 ey, we could do it better. 表示原因当问他为什么迟到时，他脸红了。直到被邀请，他才说话。联合，我们就能站立；分裂，我们必然倒下。如果多给点钱，我们会做得更好。Seriously injured, he had to be take n to hospital.由于伤得很严重，他不得不被送往医院。Surprised at what happened， Tom didn ' t know what to do.因为对发生的事感到吃惊，汤姆不知道该做什么了。 表示让步Though warned many times, the boy still reads in

18、bed.虽然警告了他好多次，那个男孩还是躺在床上读书。Even if given more money, I can ' t finish the work only by myself.即使给再多的钱，我一个人也做不完这个工作。 表示伴随、方式The teacher en tered the classroom, followed by a group of stude nts.老师走进教室，后面跟着一群学生。他失望地走开了。He turned away disappo in ted.用法讲解分词作状语的区别1)现在分词作状语，句子的主语是现在分词的动作的执行者，而过去分词作状语，句

19、子的主语是分词的动作承受者。Seei ng the new bike, he jumped with joy.看见了新自行车，他高兴地跳了起来。（he做了 see这个动作）Seenfrom here, the picture appears beautiful in deed.在这里看，这张画确实很美丽。（画是被看的）2）从时间上看。过去分词可以表示完成或模糊的时间概念，而与现在分词的一般式表示与主语动词 同时或几乎同时 发生，现在分词的完成式表示 先于谓语动词发生。他们到那时发现男孩病了。听到外面的吵闹声，他冲了出去。做完了作业，他出去了。Arrivi ng there, they foun

20、d the boy ill.（arriving 与found同时发生）Heari ng the no ise outside, he rushed out.（hear和rush几乎同时发生）Having fini shed his homework, he went out.（finish 先于 went）Seenfrom the top of the mountain, the city looks small.从山顶上看，城市看上去很小。（seen不表示完成，也不强调正在进行，只表示被动）Explained many times （ = Having been explained many

21、 times） , he understood what to do in the en d.给他解释了好多次了，他终于知道该做什么了。（Explain与句子的主语是被动的，而且在谓语动作understood之前完成，可以用过去分词表示，相当于现在分词的完成式的被动形式，但是后者Having been explained更强调已经完成。）作方式或伴随状语时常用过去分词，习惯上不用bei ng followed 。The hun ter, followed by his wolf dog, walked slowly in the forest.猎人在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一只狼狗。（fol

22、lowed是伴随状语，表示猎人走着时的伴随状况，不表示已经完成；因为作伴随状语，不用 being followed ）拓展：不定式作状语不定式作状语，多表示目的、原因、结果等。None of us would choose to stop to have a rest.没有人愿意停下来休息。（目的）I ' m sorry to have troubled you so much.麻烦你这么多，真对不起。（原因）（多跟在表示高兴、愉快、生气、荣耀、遗憾等情绪的形容词之后）I opened the box only to find it empty.我打开盒子，却发现里面什么也没有。（结果

23、）（多是出乎意料的结果，或too.to, en ough to结构等）作插入语的分词有些分词作插入语的结构是固定的，其逻辑上的主语并不是句子的主语，它们往往作为独立成分来修饰全句，引出说话人的态度、观点等。这些结构需要记住。gen erally speak ing般说来 strictly speak ing严格的说roughly speaking大致来说 judging from 从判断considering考虑至U taking all things into consideration全面看来例如：从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。Judgi ng from his fa

24、ce, he must be ill.Gen erally speak ing, dogs can run faster tha n pigs.(speaking 不是dogs的动作)巩固练习I .用分词的正确形式填空:1. He saw his friend(go) out with Sue.2. The bus crashed into the blue car(drive) dow n the hill.3. Peter hurt his leg(do) karate.4. The umbrella(find)at the bus stop bel ongs to Joh n Smith

25、.5. The people(dance)in the street are all very frie ndly.6. I heard my mother(talk) on the phone.7. My un cle always has his car(wash).8. We stood (wait) for the taxi.9. (look)down from the tower, we saw manypeople walking in the streets.(steal) car.10. The people drove off in an .用非谓语动词把下面复合句改成简单句

26、。1.1 was glad whe n I heard the n ews.2. My idea is that we should go there on our bikes.3. I saw a child who was weari ng very thick glasses.4. As I had n't received an an swer from him, I wrote aga in.5. Since this book is written in easy English, it will be useful to beginners.6. If weather p

27、ermits, we are going to work outside.7. He rushed into the room and his face was covered with sweat.8. Because he was caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.9. If these seeds are grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.10. The concert which was give n by their friends was a success.川.单项选择。1. a

28、n importa nt role in a new movie, Andy has a cha nee to become famous.A. OfferB. Offeri ngC. OfferedD. To offer2. Tsinghua University, in 1911, is home to a great number of outstandingfigures.A. foundB. foundingC. foun dedD. to be foun ded3. Ideally for Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue, the New Yo

29、rk Park hotelis afavorite with many guests.A. locati ngB. being locatedC. havi ng bee n locatedD.located4. Michael ' s new house is like a huge palace, with his old one.A. comparingB. comparesC. to compareD . compared5. and short of breath , Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the topof Mount

30、Tai.A. To be tiredB. TiredC. TiringD. Being tired6. such heavy loss , the bus in essma n did n ' t have the courage to go on.A. Havi ng sufferedB. Sufferi ngC. To sufferD. Suffered7. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessonsforthe day .A. finishingB. finishedC. had finishedD.

31、 went finished8. in thought , he almost ran into the car in front of him.A. LosingB. Having lostC. LostD. To lose9. Thelook on her face suggested that she her manager' s idea .A. confusing , wouldn ' t quite understandB. con fused , had n' t quite un derstoodC. confusing , hadn' t qu

32、ite understoodD. con fused , should n ' t quite un dersta nd10.from a high mountain,a horse is as small as an ant.A. Havi ng viewedB. ViewedC. Viewi ngD. View11. Don' t worry. There ' s still time a newspaper before the bus leaves.A. left to buyB. leav ing to buyC. left buyingD. leavi ng

33、 buy12. Whenthe museum will be ope n to the public n ext year.A. completedB. completingC . being completedD. to be completed13. The morning, the father came into the lonelyhouse,by hisn aughty boy.A. followi ng, followi ngB. followed, followedC. followi ng, followedD. followed, followi ng14. , but h

34、e still could not un dersta nd it.A. Told many timesB. Havi ng bee n told many timesC. He has bee n told many timesD. Though he had bee n told many times15. and , they ran out of the classroom.B. Exciting; happyA. Being excited ; happilyC. Exciting; happilyD. Excited ; happy16. from this point of th

35、e view , the question will be of great importanee.二A. ConsideringB. Considered _C. Being consideredD.Con sider17. Thoughof the dan ger, he still went skat ing on the thin ice.A. warni ngB. to warnC. warnD. warned18. While building a tunnel through the mountain, .A. an underground lake was discovered

36、B. there was an underground lake discoveredC. a lake was discovered undergroundD. the workers discovered an underground lake19. the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recoverfrom the operatio nA. Give nB. To giveC . Givi ngD. Bei ng give n20. Of the 2000 stock in vestorslast mon

37、 th, 90% were foundinfinan cial kno wledge.A. surveyed ; lackingB . having been surveyed; to lackC. surveyed ; lackedD. to have been surveyed; lack答案与解析0i. 用分词的正确形式填空：1. going。go是宾语his friend做的，是主动关系，因此用going作宾语补足语。此题要求用分词填空，否则也可以用省略to的不定式go作宾语补足语，表示看见的全过程。2. driving 。车急驶着（drive ），是主动语态，drive此处是不及物动

38、词，因此用driving 。3. doing。do与句子主语Peter是主动关系的，用doing。句意：彼得做空手道时伤了腿。4. found。雨伞是被发现的，所以用过去分词作定语。注意谓语动词是belongs。5. dancing。句子的谓语动词是 are。人们跳舞，是主动关系的，用dancing作定语，表示“正在（街上）跳舞的（人）”。6. talking 。妈妈打电话，主动关系，用talking作宾语补足语，表示正在进行。7. washed。让车被洗，用 washed,即卩 have sth. done.8. waiting。我们站在那儿等出租车，wait与句子主语“我们”是主动关系的，

39、用waiting 作伴随状语。9. Looking。look与句子的主语“ we”是主动的，用现在分词做状语。10. stolen 。 steal （偷）与所修饰词 car是被动的，用过去分词stolen作定语。n .用非谓语动词把下面复合句改成简单句。1. Hearing the news, I was glad.2. My idea is to go there on our bikes.3. I saw a child wearing very thick glasses.4. Not having receivedan answer from him, I wrote again.5.

40、 Written in easy English, it will be useful to beginners.6. Weather permitting , we are going to work outside.7. He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat .8. Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.9. Grownin rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.10. The concertgiven by their friends was a

41、success.解析：2：主语是idea, dream, plan等词时，表语都用不定式表示“要做的具体的事”。4：首先“我”与“接信”是主动的，用现在分词；从句谓语“hadn' t received ”先于主句谓语“ wrote ”发生，用现在分词的完成式，注意not在分词最前面。6:天气允许的话，weather permits , permit这一动作有自己的主语weather，而且是主动形式，用weather permitting构成了独立主格结构作状语。川.单项选择。1. C。offer （提供）与句子主语 Andy是被动关系，所以用过去分词作原因状语。2. C。found （

42、建立）与所修饰词“ Tsinghua University ”是被动关系，所以用过去分 词作非限定性定语。3. Do locate 是一个及物动词，意思是“把 设置在”，sth.和locate 之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词在句中作状语。现在分词的完成式havi ng been located ，强调动作已经完成，不合题意。locate sth + for，即“为 而设置”。句意：纽约公园酒店 简直是为了百老汇剧院和第五大道所设立的，是很多宾客的最爱。4. D。compare与句子主语 Michael ' s new house 之间构成被动关系，所以用过去分词作条件状语。句意：和旧房子相比，Michael的新房子就像一座巨大的宫殿。5. B。tire sb. 意思是“使某人累”，某人是 tire的宾语，所以表示“某人感到累”应用过去分词，此处说明主