心理学与生活（双语）：3Long-term memory 2

1、Long-term memoryLong-Term Memory Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory Long-term Memory Definitions Long-term memory is the storehouse of all the experiences, events,information, emotions, skills, words, categories, rules, and judgments that

2、have been acquired from sensory and short-term memories.EncodingEncoding: modifying information so that it can be placed in memoryContext and Encoding The principle of Encoding specificity suggests that memories emerge most efficiently when the context of retrieval matches the context of encoding. C

3、ontext-dependent memory Serial-position effectContext and Encoding Serial-position effect the first and last items in a series will be remembered better than items in the middle. The primacy effect suggests that the first items learned in a series will be remembered better than others. The recency e

4、ffect suggests that the last items learned in a series will be remembered better than others.RetrievalRetrieval :The location of stored information and its return to consciousness.Retrieval Retrieval Recall involves the reproduction of information to which you were previously exposed. Recognition re

5、fers to the realization that a certain stimulus event is one you have seen or heard before.Long-term memoryShort-termMemorySensory InputSensory MemoryAttentionEncodingRetrievalRetrieval Retrieval cues are stimuli you use to search for a particular memory. Retrieval cues can be external, in the envir

6、onment, or generated internally by physical states. Retrieval cues are more useful for recognition than for recall.RetrievalRetrievalInterference according to interference theory, we also forget material in short-term and long-term memory because newly learned material interferes with it. Proactive

7、interference occurs when information acquired in the past makes it more difficult to acquire new information. Retroactive interference occurs when the acquisition of new information makes it harder to remember older information.The processes of encoding and retrieval Levels of processing Processes a

8、nd impilicit memoryLevels-of-processing theory Levels-of processing theory suggests that the deeper the level at which information was processed, the more likely it is to be committed to memory . If processing involves more analysis, interpretation, comparison, and elaboration, it should result in b

9、etter memory. Improving Memory for Unstructured InformationImproving Memory for Unstructured Information Information that is not meaningful is difficult to remember. Strategies for improving encoding include the following: Elaborative rehearsal MnemonicsImproving Memory for Unstructured Information

10、Elaborative rehearsal refers to elaboration on the material to enrich encoding, such as inventing a relationship that makes an association less arbitrary.Which Level is More Effective? Elaboration leads to better recall than shallow processingImproving Memory for Unstructured Information Mnemonics are devices that encode a long series of facts by associating them with familiar, previously encoded information. Method of loci associates objects with some sequence of places with which the individual is f