句子结构成份讲解

1、句子结构成份讲解1、主语： 就是一个句子陈述的对象， 或是动作的执行者。 它回答的是“谁”“什 么”的问题。如：我看书。谁看书？ “我”。“我”就是这句子的主语。主语由名词或 相当于名词的词充当。（如动词不定式，动名词，代词都可作主语，主语从句）主语（subject）:句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east.（名词）_Helikes dancing.（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. （数词）Seeing is believing.（动名词）To see is to believe.（不定式）Whathe n

2、eeds is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round andtall like a tree. （It 形式主 语，主语从句是真正主语）2、谓语：说明主语是什么，干什么，怎么样。它回答的是主语“干什么，是什么”的问题。如上句中主语“我”干什么？“看书”。“看书”就是谓语部分。一个句子， 一般都可分成主、谓两大部分（祈使句是省主句）。再细分又可分成谓语（动词）、宾 语，表语，补语（包括宾补和主补），定语，状语，同位语等。如第一例中谓语部分可划分成谓语（看）和宾语（书）。谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词，要么是行为动 词，要

3、么是系动词，不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。谓语（predicate ）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征。Westudy English.He is asleep.3、宾语：指谓语动词所涉及的对象，由名、代、数，宾语从句等相当于名词的词 句充当，但人称代词要用宾格。如：还说上例。谓语动词是“看”，看什么？看“书”， “书”是动词“看”所涉及的对象，是“看”的宾语。需要说明的是：只有及物动词和 介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语。宾语：1）动作的承受者-动宾I like China.（名词）Hehates you.（代词）Howmanydo yo

4、u need? Weneed two.（数词）Weshould help the old andthe poor.（形容词）I enjoy working with you.（动名词）I hope to see you again.（不定式）Did you write downwhat he said?（宾语从句）2 ）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake?Un der the snow, there are many rocks.3 ）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday.Give the

5、poor man some money.4、表语： 是和系动词紧密相连的。 在陈述句中系动词后面的就是表语， 这就是“主 系表”结构。作表语的也是名词性的词，也可以是从句。表语（ predicative ）:系动 词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heis a teacher.（名词）Seventy-four! Youdon t look it.（代词）Five andfive is ten.（数词）Heis asleep.（形容词）His father is in.（副词）The picture is on the wall.（ 介词短语）Mywatch is gone/ missi

6、ng / lost.（形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “ I mpoor, I can t buyaring.（不定式）（常见的系动词有：be, sou nd（听起来），look（看起来），feel（摸起来），smell（闻 起来）,taste （尝、吃起来）,feel （感觉）It sounds a good idea.Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious.The food tastes good.Now I feel tired.5、定语：修饰限定名词、代词的词，说明所修饰词的性质、特征等，如 a tall

7、boy 中,tall 修饰 boy,tall 是 boy 的定语。可作定语的有形容词、名词、畐寸词、定语从句、分 词等。不定代词的定语一律后置。定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Ya nli ng is a chemistry teacher. （名词） Heis our frie nd.（代词）Webel on g to the third world.（数词）He wasaJazboy a less on.（形容词）The manover there is myoid friend.（ 畐寸词）Thewomarwith a baby in her armsis mysist

8、er.（介词）Theboys playing football are in Class 2.（现在分词）I have something to eat.（不定式）6、状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、 方式、伴随状况、目的等等。如：他在灯下看书。“在灯下”是状语。7、补语：补充说明主语或宾语的成份，补充说明主语的叫主语补足语，补充宾语叫宾语补足语。如：他把我逗笑了。Hemademelaugh. 1）宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。Wecalled him monitor.（名词）Wewill makethem happy.（形容词）Please mak

9、eyourself at home.介词短语）Don t let him do that.（省 to 不定式）His father asked him to teach me （带to 不定式）Don t keep the lights burning.（现在分词）2）主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was foun d singing in the n ext room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesso n.答案（一 teacher man dictionary To do（二妙 BA CAC

10、 CD CAA（三homework.English.attentionwordsto go swimminghe wasill.him monitorbridge museumitschool.whoFather Christmasreally is.（四tired.worriedyellow. in terestedthe first（五）familygiventhirdsomedownstairsof the other shoe!other mach ine.（八us,间接宾语a story,直接宾语me,间接宾语 a new bike,直接宾语us,间接宾语 history,直接宾语T

11、om,间接宾语 it,直接宾语 me,间接宾语 message 直接宾语（六to read n ewspapers andbooks busplaying footballto take the boy（七on her face.Every nightwhen he was eleven.medic ine box un der herarmbecause she loves books.difficultLilyget on thetoo fast.With theif youve lost itto see the练习题:句子成分练习题（一）（一） .指出下列句中主语的中心词（4 分，4

12、分钟）1The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.2There is an old man coming here.3The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.4To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.（二）选出句中谓语的中心词（10 分，10 分钟）1I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B.

13、likeC. picture D. wall2The days get Ion ger and Ion ger whe n summer comes.A. get B. Ion ger C. days D. summer3Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus4There will be a meeti ng at the library this after noon.A. will be B. meet ing C. the library D. after noon5Did the twi ns ha

14、ve porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B. twi nsC. have D. breakfast6Tom did nt do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. did ntC. do D. his homework7What I want to tell you is this.A. wa ntB. to tellC. you D. is8We had better send for a doctor.（三） 挑出下列句中的宾语（10 分，10 分钟）1My brother has nt done his homework.

15、2People all over the world speak En glish.3You must pay good atte nti on to your pronun ciati on.4How many new words did you learn last class?5Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?6The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.7They made him mon itor of the class.8

16、Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.9You will find it useful after you leave school.10They did nt know who Father Christmas really is.（四）挑出下列句中的表语（5 分，5 分钟）1The old man was feeli ng very tired.2Why is he worried about Jim?3The leaves have turned yellow.4Soon They all became

17、 interested in the subject.5She was the first to learn about it.A. We B. hadC. send D. doctor9He is in terested in music.A. is B. i nterested C. inD. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B.didC. whom D. book（五）挑出下列句中的定语（6 分，6 分钟）1They use Mr, Mrs with the family n ame.2What is your give n n am

18、e?3On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.4I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.5The man dow nstairs was tryi ng to sleep.6I am wait ing for the sound of the other shoe!（六）挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6 分，6 分钟）1She likes the childre n to read n ewspapers and books in the read ing-room.2He asked her to take the boy out of school.3She found it difficult to do the work.4They call me Lily sometimes.5I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.6Did you see Li Ming play ing football on the playgro und just now?（七）挑出下列句