托福阅读长难句[答案]

1、Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted senten ce? In correct an swer choices cha nge the meaning in importa nt ways or leave out esse ntial in formati on.1. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the gen eral form of applie

2、d-art objects, they follow basic patter ns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.CFunctionalapplied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.CThe fun ctio n of applied-art objects is determ ined by basic patter ns in the l

3、aws of physics.CSince functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisi ons cannot have determ ined their gen eral form.CThe gen eral form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decisi on that is not determ ined by the laws of physics.2. The structure of t

4、he backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though_a_fluke_was_miss ing.CEven though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.CThe backb one of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim,

5、provides evide nee of its miss ing fluke.CAlthough Ambulocetushad no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.CBy moving the rear parts of their bodies up and dow n, moder n whales swim in a differe nt way from the way Ambulocetus swam.The extreme seriousness of desertific

6、ation results from the vast areas of land and the treme ndous nu mbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficultyiiof reversi ng_or_eve n_slowi ng_the_process.CDesertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of

7、 people.CSlow ing dow n the process of desertificati on is difficult because of populati on growth that has spread over large areas of land.CThe spread of deserts is con sidered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large nu mbers of people in various coun tries are invo Ived in the effo

8、rt.CDesertificati on is extremely hard to reverse uni ess the populatio n is reduced in the vast areas affected.3. He refused to develop projectio n tech no logy, reas oning that if he made and sold projectors, the n exhibitors would purchase only one mach in e-a projector-from him in stead of sever

9、al.CEdison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in develop ing a tech no logy based on only one.CEdis on refused to work on projecti on tech no logy because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with n ewer machi nes.CEdison did not want to develop projec

10、tion technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.CEdis on would not develop projectio n tech no logy unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more tha n one projector from him.4. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likel

11、y to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is n ever justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.CPeople who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they ar

12、e fighting an unjust war do not.CPeople who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.CPeople who no rmally do not believe that aggressi on is n ecessary and justified may act aggressively duri ng wartime.CPeople who bel

13、ieve that aggression is necessary and justified do not n ecessarily act aggressively duri ng wartime.5. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teach ing their appre ntices a trade but also for providi ng them some educatio n and for supervis ing the

14、ir moral behavior.CMasters dema nded moral behavior from appre ntices but ofte n treated them irresp on sibly.CThe responsibilitiesof the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.CMasters preferred to mai nta in the trade within the family by supervis ing and educati ng the youn

15、ger family members.CMasters who trained members of their own family as appre ntices dema nded excelle nee from them.6. One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamli ning of these fishes and tends to slow them dow n.CThese fishes ofte n have a problem ope ning

16、their mouths while swimmi ng.CThe streamli ning of these fishes preve nts them from slowi ng dow n.CThe streamli ning of these fishes tends to slow dow n their breath ing.Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the speed of these fishes.7. Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of per

17、manence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively_short-lived _in_ geologicaLterms.CWhen they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of n ature.CAlthough they seem permanent, hills and mountains exis

18、t for a relatively short period of geological time.CHills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of n ature, but only for a short time.CHills and mountains resist the destructive forces of n ature better tha n other types of Ian dforms.8. The Whigs were stron gest in the tow ns, ci

19、ties, and those rural areas that were fully _in tegrated_i nto_the_market_ec onom y,_whereas_Democrats_do min ated_areas_ of semisubsistenee farming that were more isolated and Ianguishing econo mically.CWhigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats

20、 domin ated in other areas.CWhig and Democratic areas of in flue nee were n aturally split betwee n urba n and rural areas, respectively.CThe semisubsistenee farming areas dominated by Democrats became in creas in gly isolated by the Whigs' con trol of the market economy.CThe Democrats' powe

21、r was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.9. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would resp ond if they were the characters in stories 【that called for basic emoti onal resp on ses】CTh

22、e Fore's facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story characters.CThe Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressi ons whe n they told their stories.CThe Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressionsand basic emotions 【that is seen in Western cultu】

23、 when they acted out stories.CThe Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories.10. 【Although her early theatrical career had in cluded sti nts as an actress J she was not primarily interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dan ce; the dra

24、ma of her dancing ema nated from her visual effects.CFuller was more interested in dance' s visual impact than in its narrative oremotional possibilities.CFuller used visual effects to dramatize the stories and emotio ns expressed inher work. 强加关系CFuller believed that the drama of her dancing sp

25、ra ng from her emoti onal style of storytelli ng.CFuller ' s focus on the visual effects of dameeulted from her early theatrical trai ning as an actress.12.0ne explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion【when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun 】，bu

26、t green icebergsstand_ out_ among_ white_ and_ blue_ icebergs_【under_ a_ great_ variety_ of_ lightcon diti ons一个对于绿色冰山的解释把它们的颜色归因为一个当蓝色的冰被接近地平线的 红太阳照亮时产生的光学错觉；但绿色冰山在多种多样的光线条件下都会在白色 和蓝色冰山中间凸显出来。COne explanation notes that green icebergs stand out among other icebergs under a great variety of light co

27、nditions, but this is attributed to an optical illusion.COne expla natio n for the color of gree n icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion that occurs when the light from a near-horizon red Sun shines on a blue iceberg. in completeCOne expla natio n for gree n icebergs attributes thei

28、r color to a great variety of light conditions, but green icebergs stand out best among other icebergs when illu min ated by a n ear-horiz on red Sun.COne explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions, but green icebergs appear distinct from

29、 other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.13. Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were unsuspected a few decades agoCUntil recently, nobody realized that Earth is exposed to unpredictable violent impacts from space.On the last few dec

30、ades, the risk of a random violent impact from space has in creased.CSince most viole nt eve nts on Earth occur ran domly, n obody can predict whe n or where they will happe n.CA few decades ago, Earth became the target of random violent events orig in at ing in outer space.14. Large wind farms migh

31、t also in terfere with the flight patter ns of migratory birds in_ certa in_ areas,_a nd_they_have_killed_large_birds_of prey_(especially_hawks,_fa Icons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.CHawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridg

32、e lines, where wind turb ines can kill large nu mbers of migratory birds.CWind turb ines occasi on ally cause migratory birds to cha nge their flight patter ns and therefore may in terfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to6hunt.QSome of the best locations for large wind farms are places t

33、hat may cause problems for migrating birds and birds of prey.CLarge wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a more ideal path for the flight of migratory birds.15. These pla nts(Da ndeli ons) are termed opport uni sts because they rely on their seeds 'al

34、ling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes,【such as along an eroding riverbank, on Iandslips, or where a1tree falls and creates a gap in the forest can opy.】CBecausetheir seedsgrow in places where competingplants are no longer present, dandelions are classified

35、as opportunists.QDan delio ns are called opport uni sts because they con tribute to the n atural processes of erosi on and the creati on of gaps in the forest can opy.CThe term opport uni sts apply to pla nts whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other pla nts.CThe term

36、 opport uni sts apply to pla nts whose falli ng seeds are removed by n atural processes.16. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small eno ugh, the water in them will exist as th in films, to

37、o light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.QSurface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rockswith small pores.Shelter, coverCWater in

38、rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.CSmall pores and large pores both in teract with surface tension to determ ine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thi n film.Cf the force of surface tension is too weak to hold wate

39、r in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a th in film whe n large pores exist.17. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-be ing and aba ndoned them, n evertheless, they reta ined as parts of their oral tradit

40、ion the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather tha n for their religious usefu In ess.CA society 'rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.CThe artistic quality of a myth wa

41、s sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.CSome early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be see n as useful for social well-be ing.CMyths sometimessurvivedin a society 'tradition becauseof their artistic quali

42、ties even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.18. Wind velocity also in creases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as_is_made_evide nt_by_the_deformed_shapes_at_high_altitudes.CBecause of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are no t likely to be seri

43、ously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.CAs altitude in creases, the velocity of winds in crease, lead ing to a seriousdecrease in the nu mber of trees found at high altitudes.CThe deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, c

44、an cause serious hardship for trees.decreased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.19.1n order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because t

45、hey are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while buildi ng materials have cha nged dramatically.CUn cha nging physical laws have limited the size and stre ngth of buildi ngs that can be made with materials discovered long ago.CBuildi ng materials have

46、 cha nged in order to in crease architectural size and stre ngth, but physical laws of structure have not cha nged.CWhen people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide stre ngth and size were in adequate because they were not based on physical laws.CUnlike building materials,

47、the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.20. Estimates in dicate that the aquifer contains eno ugh water to fill Lake Hur on, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the regi on, rates of

48、additi on to the aquifer are mini mal, amounting to about half a cen timeter_a_year.CDespite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region ' s climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.CAlthough the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a9cen timeter

49、 a year, it will eve ntually accumulate eno ugh water of fill Lake Huron.CBecause of the region' s present climatic conditions, water is being added eachyear to the aquifer.CEve n whe n the regi on experie nces unfortun ate climatic con diti ons, the rates of additi on of water continue to in cr

50、ease.21. Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the“ patchines' of theenvironment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kin ds_of_orga nisms_tha n_a n_e nviro nmen t_that_is_u niform.CEcologi

51、sts now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather tha n patch in ess.CPatchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.CUniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of orga ni sm

52、s as patchy en vir onmen ts.CA patchy environment is thought to increasestability becauseit is able to support a wide variety of organisms.22. Perhaps, like many con temporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and wome n believed_that_the_drawi ng_of_a_huma n_image_could_cause_death_of_injury,_a nd_if_

53、 that were in deed their belief, it might explai n why huma n figures are rarely depicted in cave art.CUpper Paleolithic people, like many con temporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury.CMany con temporary people believe that the dra

54、w ing of a huma n image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted huma n(1) : marked by, consisting of, or diversified with patches. (2) : irregular in appearance, makeup, or quality. 10figures in their cave art.Qf Upper Paleolithic people, like many contempo

55、rary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.QAIthough many con temporary peoples believe that the draw ing of a huma n image can cause death or inju ry, researchers cannot expla in w

56、hy Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.23. In additi on to finding an in crease of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Ein arse n. Ion gtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantiall

57、y more nutritive.QArthur Ein arse n 'longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an in crease in suitable browse.QArthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.CBiologist like Ein arse n believe it is importa

58、 nt to find additi onal ope n areas with suitable browse for deer to in habit.QAccordi ng to Ein arse n, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetati on that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.24. Continued sedimentation the process of deposit

59、s' settling on the sea bottom buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which con vert the orga nic matter to oil and gas.QHigher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is resp on sible for petroleum formatio n.CDeposits of sedime nts on top of orga nic matter in crease the temperature of and p