初中英语零基础学语法--英语句子结构

1、英语句子结构 基本成分基本成分 附属成分附属成分 独立成分独立成分 省略成分省略成分 连接成分连接成分 简单句简单句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句 主语主语 系动词系动词 表表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 ( S + Vt + O)主语动词主语动词+间宾间宾+直宾直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语主语 动词动词 宾语宾语 补语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl)简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动

2、词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。主主语语谓谓语语宾语宾语宾语宾语宾补宾补表语表语宾语宾语(间)宾语宾语(直直)Vt（及物动词及物动词）系动词Vi（不及物动词不及物动词）be / feel / seem / lookappear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keeptaste / smell etc. 1、主语、主语 系动词系动词 表语（主语补语）表语（主语补语） She is happy2、主语、主语 不及物动词不及物动词

3、 She came/ My head aches.3、主语、主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 She likes English.4、主语、主语 动词动词 间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语 She bought John a book/She bought a book for John.5、主语、主语 动词动词 宾语宾语 补语补语 She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.简单句基本句型实例简单句基本句型实例主语（主语（subject）句子的主体，全句述说的对象句子的主体，全句述说的对象, ,一般常

4、置于句首。一般常置于句首。 Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true. （名词）（名词） （代词）（代词） （数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式） （动名词）（动名词） （名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词） （句子）（句子）找出句中主语找出句中主语The s

5、un rises in the east. Twenty years is a short time in history. The poor are now living in the shelter. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. He likes dancing. What he needs is a book.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（名词）（名词） （代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（动名词）（动名词） （不定式）（不定式）

6、（句子）（句子）(名词化的形容词）名词化的形容词）（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语谓语说明主语的动作、状态，常置于主语后说明主语的动作、状态，常置于主语后 简单谓语简单谓语:由由动词动词或或动词词组动词词组组成组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语复合谓语 :由由情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词+动词动词构成构成; He can speak English well. She doesnt seem to like dancing My fath

7、er is watching TVShow your passport, please. She didnt say anything. How many do you want? - I want two. They sent the injured to hospital. They decided to leave now. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? （名词（名词 ）( 代词）代词）(数词数词)(名词化的形容词名词化的形容词)(三三)宾语宾语动作的对象或承受者，常置于及物动词或介词后动作的对象或承

8、受者，常置于及物动词或介词后（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子） 宾语分为宾语分为直接宾语直接宾语和和间接宾语间接宾语.直接宾语指直接宾语指物或事物或事,间接宾语指人或动物间接宾语指人或动物. He gave me some books.间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.（四）表语（四）表语表述主语的特征、身份、状态等，置于表述主语的特征、身份、状态等，置于系动词系动词后后My father is a boss.This book is mine.Tim

9、e is precious.Ill be twenty next year.The war was over.1. I dont feel at ease. (形容词形容词)(代词代词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(副词副词)(介词短语介词短语)7. They seem to know the truth.8. His main hobby is smoking .9. This story is very interesting .10. Never touch an electric wire when it is broken . 11. Is that why you were angry

10、? (不定式不定式)(现在分词现在分词/形容词形容词)(动名词动名词/名词名词)(过去分词过去分词/形容词形容词)(从句从句) 注：注：除了除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表表感官的动词感官的动词:2) 表表转变变化转变变化的动词的动词:3)表表延续延续的动词的动词feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。等。become, get, grow, turn, go,等等remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等等。There be 结构1、定义：There be

11、句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2、结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语. 注意事项：注意事项： there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如： There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。 There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生

12、。 There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一个女孩。 1.不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 2.名词 At the meeting we elected him monitor. I think your brother a clever boy. 3.形容词 I found the classroom empty. 4.副词 Please call the students back at once. 5.现在分词

13、 We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.过去分词 He saw his face reflected in the water.认识补语认识补语附属成分附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。定定 语语Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby

14、She likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very

15、 angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状 语语Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed again (哎呀哎呀,唉唉) Come here，John（呼语）

16、（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on(流动啊，海洋，流动 )句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分独立成分（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you l

17、ike it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成分省略成分连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词并列连词。He tried hard but he was unsuccessful. I used to live in Paris and Lo

18、ndon. 另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词从属连词。从属连。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。词主要用于引导各种从句。He said that he did not want to go . You may come if you want to. 一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到个到4个基本成分，个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更

19、多其他的句子成分。成分。连接成分连接成分There be 结构1、定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2、结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语. 注意事项：注意事项： there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如： There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。 There is a teacher and man

20、y students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。 There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一个女孩。 总结：总结：句子必须主谓俱备句子必须主谓俱备一般情况下主在谓前一般情况下主在谓前表语定在系动词后表语定在系动词后宾语有双宾结构和复合结构（宾补），宾补肯定在宾语后宾语有双宾结构和复合结构（宾补），宾补肯定在宾语后定语不一定在它修饰的词前面定语不一定在它修饰的词前面状语最灵活，功能最为强大状语最灵活，功能最为强大除了谓语、宾补之外，其它都可以由从句充当除了谓语、宾补之外，其它都可以由从句

21、充当简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作用中的一种。 作一种陈述作一种陈述 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹表示一种感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop c

22、lose at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主语动词部分动词部分宾语宾语 状语状语（谓语）（谓语） 方式方式地点地点时间时间Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They

23、drove him away in a police car.简单句的扩展成份简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy

24、 cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.两个简单句的主语可以连词两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接组等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。成一

25、个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.Th

26、e boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.主语、谓语、宾语的合并主语、谓语、宾语的合并两个简单句的宾语可由两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词

27、连接组成等连词连接组成一个简单句。一个简单句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。两个

28、或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主语、谓语、宾语的合并主语、谓语、宾语的合并并列句并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：用分号：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fishe

29、d all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.并列句并列句常用并列连词常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions 平行并列连词平行并列连词: 转折并列连词：转折并列连词： 因果并列连词因果并列连词: 选择并列连词选择并列连词:and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and thenbut, however, while, yetfo

30、r, soor, eitheror并列句并列句并列句的词序：并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。的词序。主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 连词连词 主语主语 动词动词 表语表语Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.五种简单句型可用五种简单句型可用并列连词并列连词连接起来组成并列句。连接起来组成并列句。 主主 谓谓 状（方式）状（方式） 连连 主主 谓谓 表表Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect.主主 谓谓 宾宾 连连 主主 谓谓 地点地点I ve got a

31、 cold, so I m going to bed. 主主 谓谓 宾宾 宾补宾补 连连 主主 谓谓 宾宾They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tired. He went to bed. 2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog

32、.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.He made a promise, but He didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用，不能独

33、立存在。主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词从属连词引引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。 复合句复合句 = 主句主句 + 从句从句复合句复合句复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句

34、主要包含以下类型从形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：句： 1. 主语从句主语从句 2. 宾语从句宾语从句3. 表语从句表语从句 4. 定语从句定语从句5. 状语从句状语从句 6. 同位语从句同位语从句 英文写作中最常使用的从句英文写作中最常使用的从句 宾语从句宾语从句 状语从句状语从句 1. 定语从句定语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.宾语宾语how much he was prepared to

35、 pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris.that his fatherwas working in that school.宾语从句宾语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句I dont know him.He has f

36、inished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.宾语从句宾语从句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.复合句与简单句：复合句复

37、合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主语主语That he didnt know the answerin the room.定语定语who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句That is the fact.

38、表表 语语what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived t