非谓语动词的用法

1、 动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词 + -ing 构成，否定形式为not doing，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语作主语、宾语、表语和定语。一、动名词的形式：时态主动式被动式一般式(谓语动词同时发生)doingbeing done完成式(谓语动词发生之前)having donehaving been done二、动名词的用法1.作主语动名词做主语有三种形式： 动名词在句首直接做主语 It 在句首做形式主语，而动名词短语在后面做真正的逻辑上的主语 There be + no + 动名词 动名词在句首直接做主语动名词在句首直接做主语 动名词动名词是由动词变

2、化而来，所以，动名词的意义往往是表是由动词变化而来，所以，动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情示某个动作或某件事情。当动名词作主语时，谓语动词用。当动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单单数。数。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good. 早晨朗读英语会给你带来许多好处。Cheating on an exam ruins ones character. 考试作弊毁坏人的性格动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一

3、般采用采用“It is ”和和“There is ”两种两种句式来句式来表示。表示。（1）用）用“It is ”句型表示句型表示 Its nice talking with you. 和你谈话很高兴。 Its a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这件事很浪费时间 It is no use waiting for him any longer. 等他是没有用的。（2）用）用“There is ”两种两种句式来表示句式来表示There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。Thereisnolitteringabou

4、t.不许乱扔杂物。Thereisnoharmindoingso.这样做没有害处。2.作宾语有些动词或短语动词后常用动名词作宾语宾语，如admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel like，finish，forgive，give up，imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practice，put off，resist，risk，suggest，cant help（情不自禁），cant stand（无法忍受）等动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用

5、不定式。但不能用不定式。 I suggest doing it in a different way.我建议用另一种方法做这件事He is not very well；he doesnt feel like eating.他不太舒服，吃不下。She practices speaking English every day.注意：（1）有些动词后面，如有些动词后面，如forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等既可等既可带动名词或不定式作宾语带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。 to do 将要发生的动作将要发生的动作 forget remember

6、 regret doing 已经发生的动作已经发生的动作（2）有些句子中，介词常可省去。uI have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.u我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。uHe used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games.u过去他经常花很多时间玩游戏。uWhat can prevent us (from) getting married?u有什么能阻止我们结婚呢？（3）动名词可以和一些介词如动名词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, b

7、y, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。等构成短语，在句中作状语。uHe left ahead of time without saying a word.u他一句话也没说就提前离开了。uBesides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.u除了做饭和缝纫以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。uOn hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy.u听到这个消息后，所有的学生都高兴得跳起来了。（4）在want, need, deserve, r

8、equire等词后面，我们用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思。后跟动名词的主动式与不定式的被动式作宾语，意义没有区别。即V.+ doing = V.+ to be doneYour car need filling.你这车要充气了。This city deserves visiting.这座城市值得一游。The problem requires studying carefully.这个问题需要认真研究。The trees want watering. 这些树需要浇水了。3.作表语句子结构：主语句子结构：主语+系动词系动词+表语表语 （S. +be + doing）His hobby is co

9、llecting stamps.他的爱好是收集邮票。Their task is exploring oil mines in the west.他们的任务是在西部探查油矿。In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别1.动名词作表语时相当于名词名词，说明主语的含义及内容含义及内容，它与主语是同等关系，主语与表语互换位置互换位置不影响句子的基本含义，但不可用副词来修饰。2、现在分词作表语时相当于形容词形容词，说明主语的特征、性质、状态特征、性质、状态等，主语与表语不可互换不可互换位置

10、，但可用very, quite等副词来修饰My job is looking after the children.My job is looking after the children. = Looking after the children is my jobThe volleyball match we watched was very exciting. Our duty is serving the people. Our duty is serving the people. = Serving the people is our duty. The situation is

11、encouraging.4.作定语动名词作定语时一般前置一般前置，与所修饰的名词间没有逻辑上的主谓关系，表用途用途。Reading room 阅览室阅览室Swimming pool 游泳池游泳池Dining car 餐车餐车Singing competition 歌咏比赛歌咏比赛Waiting room 候车室候车室注意注意:动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别：a walking stick the walking mana swimming pool 区别 the swimming girla sleeping car the sleeping boy动名

12、词动名词修饰名表示名词的功能功能现在分词现在分词修饰名词表示该名词所处的状态所处的状态5.动名词复合结构动名词复合结构：1)物主代词物主代词/名词所有格名词所有格+动名词动名词在句子中作主语或宾语，作主语或宾语，e.g.Marys coming late made her teacher angry.I dont mind your opening the window2)人称代词宾格人称代词宾格/名词名词+动名词动名词在句中作宾语，在句中作宾语，e.g.Im sure of him coming on time.He has never heard of a woman being a pi

13、lot.1. It was impolite of him _without _good-bye. A) to leave, saying B) leaving, to sayC) to leave, to say D) leaving, saying2. Its no use _ to get a bargain these days. A) to expect B) expectingC) wanting D) you expect 3.We had some trouble _ the house and nobody seemed _ where it was. A) in findi

14、ng.knowing B) finding.to knowC) to find.knowing D) to find.to knowABB结构：结构：to+动词原形 时态时态和语态：和语态：一般式、进行式、完成式 主动、被动用法：用法：主语 、表语、宾语、宾补、 定语、状语、 时态和语态：时态和语态：时间时间主动语态主动语态被动语态 一般式to writeto be writtento have been written进行式to be writing完成式to have written时态和语态：时态和语态： 一般一般式：式：表示的行为常与谓语动词所表示的行为同时或在其后发生 She tri

15、ed to convince me They decided not to take the CET-4 this June时态和语态：时态和语态：进行式：进行式：表示的动作正在进行，且和谓语表示的动作同时进行It seemed to be getting windy. The leaves were being blown about.时态和语态：时态和语态：完成式：完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动作发生之前I sorry to have kept you waiting.时态和语态：时态和语态：完成完成进行式：进行式：表示动作在谓语动作之前一直在进行Frank seems to have b

16、een working there all these years.时态和语态：时态和语态：动词不定式的被动语态动词不定式的被动语态当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式，不定式的被动式在句中可作主、表、宾、定、状和宾补等，其时态有一般式和完成式两种To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness on earth.句法功能句法功能不定式：表目的和将来；在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补、主补以及状语（一般是原因、目的、结果等）句法功能句法功能不定式和动名词作主语的区别l 动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作

17、；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited here.这里禁止抽烟 It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟 对你身体很 不好l动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 句法功能句法功能动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 mountains is interesting. a car during the rush hour is tiring.句法功能句法功能Climbing mountai

18、ns is interesting. Driving acar during the rush hour is tiring.句法功能句法功能不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 句法功能句法功能不定式作表语 不定式作表语一般表示具体的动作，特别是表示将来的动作 To do two things at a time is to do neither What I would suggest is to start work at once 如果主语是不定式（表示条件）表语也是

19、不定式（表示结果） To see is to believe To work means to earn a living.句法功能句法功能如果主语是以aim, duty ,hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用 His wish is to buy a house in the near future The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the fu

20、ture of the plan句法功能句法功能不定式作定语不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He was the last one to leave school yesterdayhe train to arrive was from London句法功能句法功能不定式作定语不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Get him something to eatShe has a lot of work to do in the morning句法功能句法功能不定式作状语动词不定式和分词作状语的区别分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。They stood by the roadsi

21、de talking about the plan They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan句法功能句法功能不定式作状语动词不定式和分词作状语的区别分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因 Reading attentively ，he forgot the time for lunch.（原因）Reading carefully， he found something he had not known before（时间）Reading carefully， yo

22、u will learn something new.(条件）His family was too poor to support him（结果）The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.（结果）We are glad to hear the news.（原因）句法功能句法功能 不定式作宾语英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求句法功能句法功能 不定式作宾语英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求Afford aim appearagree arrange ask be dec

23、idebother care choosecomedaredemanddesiredetermine expect elect endeavorhopefail happen helphesitatelearn longmean manage offer ought planpreparepretend promiserefuseseem tend wait wish undertake句法功能句法功能 不定式作宾补ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, wa

24、nt, wish句法功能句法功能 不定式作宾补His parents meant him -science research, but he showed no interest and turned poet.A going in for B to have gone in forC to go in for D having gone in forC句法功能句法功能 不定式作宾补有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)2)stop to do 停止、的中断(某件事)，目的

25、是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、的后悔5)try to do努力、的企图做某事try doing试验、的试一试某种办法句法功能句法功能 不定式作宾补6) mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味着7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建议

26、(做某事)9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为;+doing sth 表示抽象、的倾向概念(注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。 例如：I should like to see him tomorrow.10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动态表示“要”意思。句法功能句法功能 不定式作宾补Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要记

27、着是明天动身。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。 I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做， 我实在没办法。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。 Lets try doing the work some other way.让我们试一试用另外一种办 法来做这工作。I didnt mean to hurt your feeling.我没想要伤害你的感情。 This illness will meango

28、ing to hospital.得了这种病就要进医院。形式主语形式主语 it 当当不定式，动名词，从句不定式，动名词，从句等用作主语时，为避免等用作主语时，为避免主语过长，给人头重脚轻的感觉，通常在句首使用形主语过长，给人头重脚轻的感觉，通常在句首使用形式主语式主语 it,而把而把真正的主语真正的主语放在句子的末尾放在句子的末尾,it无实义。无实义。it作形式主语替代不定式作形式主语替代不定式 1.It + be + adj. /n.(for sb. / of sb.) + to do sth. 这一类形容词有difficult，hard，easy，impossible，nice，good，b

29、ad，kind等；名词有a pity,a pleasure,an idea等。例句：It is wrong to tell lies. = To tell lies is wrong. It is a great pleasure to do this.区别使用用区别使用用for 和和of 的情况：的情况：该句型中的形容词通常是表示事物的特点或特征的如difficult，hard，easy，impossible，necessary，important,wrong等，此时用for例句：It is difficult for me to understand his words.表示人的性格特征或

30、特点的如nice，kind，silly，foolish，wise，clever， 等，用 of（同时It is +adj. +of sb. to do sth.=sb. be+adj.+to do sth.）例句：It is kind of you to say so. = You are kind to say so. 2.It + v. + to do sth. 动词不定式作主语时除动词be以外，动词take,cost， need,require,make,sound,occur 等也可用it作形式主语，而把动词不定式放在后面。例如： It took us three years to c

31、omplete the project（工程）.It didnt occur to me to ask him to help me. 我根本没想到要找他帮忙。固定表达：固定表达：It is ones turn to do sth. It is your turn to clean our classroom today. It is up to sb. to do sth. It is up to him to clean our classroom today. It is up to parents to teach their children manners. it作形式主语替代动名

32、词作形式主语替代动名词1.Its +n.（名词或名词短语）/adj.（形容词）+ doing sth.1）下列名词或名词短语作表语时常用动名词作真正主语:use,good,fun,a waste of,job,task等。例如：Its a waste of time doing this. Its no good (use) doing that. 那样做没好处（没用）。 It is not an easy task doing this work. 做这工作真非易事2）下列形容词后常用动名词作真正主语：nice,good,useless,hard,foolish,enjoyable,wort

33、hwhile等。It is nice talking to you.It is useless doing that. 它与不定式作真正主语的区别在于，它与不定式作真正主语的区别在于，动名词动名词说到的动作说到的动作已经已经发生发生例如：It was nice meeting you. （分别时用） It is nice to meet you. （刚刚见面时用)it作形式主语替代从句作形式主语替代从句It is +名词+从句： 这样的名词有a fact,a surprise,an honor（非常荣（非常荣幸），幸），a pity,common knowledge（常识）（常识）等。例句：I

34、t is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question. It is a pity that he is ill. It is +形容词+从句: 这样的形容词有natural,true,strange,necessary,obvious,important,certain,wonderful,funny,possible,likely等例句：It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city. 我们城市的多数人将享受免费医疗，

35、这是一定的。It is probable that he has known everything. 很可能他什么都已经知道了。It +动词+从句：这样的动词有seem,appear,happen,look, matter,make,strike,occur等。例句：It appeared that he had a taste for music. It made us very happy that she was saved.It + be +v-ed+从句： It is said (reported， learned.) that . 据说（据报道，据悉） It is said tha

36、t he has come to Beijing. = He is said to have come to Beijing. It is suggested / ordered / demanded/ insisted/ commanded. ) that +should + 动词原形. 主句中的过去分词是表示请求，建议，命令等词时主句中的过去分词是表示请求，建议，命令等词时,that后的从后的从句要用虚拟语气（句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），动词原形），should 可以省；常可以省；常译为译为“据建议；有命令据建议；有命令” 例句：例句：It is suggested th

37、at the meeting ( should ) be put off.固定句型：固定句型： It is time ( about time ，high time ) that . 该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是常用过去时态表示虚拟常译为“是（正是).的时侯” It is time that children went to bed. It is the first ( second . ) time that . “是第一(二).次.” It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I

38、 have been here. 3.It doesnt matter whether ( if ) . 该句型中whether(if) 引导的从句是真正主语，常译为“不论(是否).;没关系.”It doesnt matter if they are old.4.It looks ( seems ) as if . 常译为常译为“看起来好象看起来好象.”;如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气气,反之，则不用。反之，则不用。It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了）It looks as if he were ill. （没有生病）5.It is .

39、 when .该句型中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的 it 指时间，表语由具体的时间充当。常译为“当的时候,是”It was late at night when he got home.6.It be . before .该句型主句中的 it 指时间, 主句中的时态常是将来一般时或过去时两种时态主句中的表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为“之后”It was 2 weeks before he met her again.There be句型的用法结构:there be +(not/no)+名词+地点状语

40、 “某处有/没有（存在/不存在）某人或某物”There is a pen on the desk.There is no pen in her bag.遵循就近原则：be动词要和它最靠近的主语保持数上的一致There is a pen and books on the desk.There are books and a pen on the desk.除此之外, there be句型还有一些特殊的结构： 1. there + 情态助动词 + be表示 “预见”、“可能”、“必然”或“过去习惯存在”等。There might be some desserts if you wait a bit

41、. 如果你等一会儿，可能会有甜点。 There ought to have been someone on duty all the time. 本来应该有人全天值班。 也可以用there + 某些半助动词 + be(很少使用完成体形式)，如：be going to, be certain to, be sure to, be likely to, have to be等。 There is going to be a rain. 要下雨了。 Theres likely to be an interview.可能会有一场面试。 There has to be a mistake. 必定有错。

42、一般疑问句：一般疑问句：There be结构的一般疑问句变化只需把结构的一般疑问句变化只需把be动词移到动词移到句首，再在句尾加上问号即可。句首，再在句尾加上问号即可。例如：1) There is some money in her handbag. Is there any money in her handbag? 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句：There be句型的特殊疑问句有以下三种形式句型的特殊疑问句有以下三种形式 对主语提问：当主语是人时，用 “Whos + 介词短语?”；当主语是物时，用 “Whats + 介词短语?”。其中there在口语中常常省略。注意：无论原句的主语是单数还是复数

43、，对其提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。如： 2) There is a bird in the tree. Whats in the tree? 3) There are some bikes over there. Whats over there?4) There is a little girl in the room. Who is in the room?对地点状语提问：用对地点状语提问：用 “Where is are + 主语?”表示（注意其答语变化）：表示（注意其答语变化）：例如： 5) There is a computer in my offic

44、e. Where is the computer? -Its in my office. 6) There are four children in the classroom. Where are the four children?-Theyre in the classroom. 基本构成形式:n./pron.+非谓语动词/adv./adj./n./介词短语特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同， 它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不 定式，介词等是主谓关系或动宾关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。eg:The lights off, we could not go on with the work. n./pron.+n./pron.+非谓语动词：非谓语动词：This done, we went home.（表时间）Weather permitting , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. （表条件）An important lecture to be given tomorrow