高三第一轮复习物质的分离与提纯

1、石门中学我们毕业啦其实是答辩的标题地方物质的分离提纯班级授课老师201609秦泽鑫考试要求含义与原则常见物理方法常见化学方法问题讨论CONTANTS总结考试要求含义原则物理方法化学方法问题讨论1、了解过滤、结晶、萃取、蒸馏等物质分离、提纯的常用方法，能对常见物质进行分离和提纯；“”2、能综合运用化学实验原理和方法，设计实验方案解决分离提纯问题。总结考试要求含义原则物理方法化学结果问题讨论分离提纯区别利用物质的性质差异将其组分彼此分开，得到纯净物组分的过程。将混合物中杂质除去，以提高目标物质纯度。分离出来的物质都是目标物质。提纯得到的物质是目标物质。总结考试要求含义原则物理方法化学结果问题讨论原

2、则不增易复原易分离不减不引入新的杂质不减少目标物质目标物质与杂质易分离目标物质容易复原总结含义原则物理方法化学方法问题讨论考试要求例题1用物理方法将下列混合物进行分离。用物理方法将下列混合物进行分离。（1）固体混合物：）固体混合物：氯化银中的氯化钠氯化银中的氯化钠 硝酸硝酸钾中的氯化钠钾中的氯化钠 氯化钠中的碘。氯化钠中的碘。（2）液体混合物：）液体混合物：石油中的汽油、柴油石油中的汽油、柴油 溴溴水中溴和水水中溴和水 氢氧化铁胶体中的氯化铁氢氧化铁胶体中的氯化铁 蛋蛋白质和水白质和水 氯化钠溶液中的水。氯化钠溶液中的水。（3）气体：）气体：空气中提取氮气空气中提取氮气 氯气中除去氯氯气中除去

3、氯化氢化氢（1）溶解、过滤溶解、过滤 溶解、结晶、过滤溶解、结晶、过滤 升华升华（2）分馏分馏 萃取、蒸馏萃取、蒸馏 渗析渗析 盐析、盐析、过滤过滤 蒸发、冷却蒸发、冷却（3）液化、蒸发液化、蒸发 饱和食盐水洗气饱和食盐水洗气 答案总结含义原则物理方法化学方法问题讨论考试要求过滤NaCl(CaCO3)注意点KNO3(NaCl)结晶适用范围溶 解 度 差 别大 的 溶 质 分离渗析淀粉与NaCl适用范围分 离 胶 体 与混 在 其 中 的分子、离子CO2(HCl)洗气注意点长进短出一贴、二低、三靠；沉淀要洗涤；定量 实 验 要“无损”总结含义原则物理方法化学方法问题讨论考试要求例题2判断下列说法

4、是否正确。判断下列说法是否正确。（1）蒸发操作时，待蒸发皿中的水分完全蒸干）蒸发操作时，待蒸发皿中的水分完全蒸干后再停止加热。后再停止加热。（2）分液操作时，分液漏斗中下层液体从下口）分液操作时，分液漏斗中下层液体从下口放出，上层液体从上口倒出。放出，上层液体从上口倒出。（3）选用水将溴从苯中萃取。）选用水将溴从苯中萃取。（4）为加快过滤，可用玻璃棒在漏斗适当搅拌。）为加快过滤，可用玻璃棒在漏斗适当搅拌。（5）蒸馏操作中，温度计的水银球应置于液面）蒸馏操作中，温度计的水银球应置于液面以下。以下。总结含义原则物理方法化学方法问题讨论考试要求例题3为提纯下列物质（括号内的物质是杂质），所为提纯下列

5、物质（括号内的物质是杂质），所选用的除杂试剂和分离方法都正确的是（选用的除杂试剂和分离方法都正确的是（ ）。）。C总结含义原则物理方法化学方法问题讨论考试要求分离提纯CO2(O2)MgCl2(FeCl3)NaHCO3(Na2CO3)CuS(FeS)氧化还原法转化法水解法酸碱溶解法总结含义原则物理方法化学方法问题讨论考试要求例题4制备下列有机化合物时制备下列有机化合物时,常会混有括号内的杂质常会混有括号内的杂质,以下除杂方法正确的是以下除杂方法正确的是A苯（苯酚）苯（苯酚）,加入浓溴水加入浓溴水,分液分液B乙烷（乙烯）乙烷（乙烯）,催化条件下通入催化条件下通入H2C乙酸（乙醛）乙酸（乙醛）,加入

6、新制氢氧化铜加入新制氢氧化铜,蒸馏蒸馏 D甲酸乙酯（甲酸）甲酸乙酯（甲酸）,用饱和碳酸钠溶液洗涤、用饱和碳酸钠溶液洗涤、分液分液答案D总结含义原则物理方法化学方法问题讨论考试要求例题5为了除去粗盐中的为了除去粗盐中的Ca2+， Mg2+，SO42-及泥沙，及泥沙，得到纯净的得到纯净的NaCl，可将粗盐溶于水，然后在下，可将粗盐溶于水，然后在下列操作中选取必要的步骤和正确的操作顺序列操作中选取必要的步骤和正确的操作顺序过滤；加过量过滤；加过量NaOH溶液；加适量盐酸；溶液；加适量盐酸；加过量加过量Na2CO3溶液；加过量溶液；加过量BaCl2溶液溶液A B C D答案B总结含义原则物理方法化学方

7、法问题讨论考试要求HCl在过滤之后为了除去Ca2+过量的Ba2+Na2CO3在BaCl2之后粗盐粗盐提纯提纯为了除去过量的NaOH，Na2CO3，可选用pH试纸控制加入量，或直接蒸发总结问题讨论化学结果含义原则物理方法考试要求例题6具有挥发性（或易升具有挥发性（或易升华）华）具有较好的热稳定性具有较好的热稳定性HNO33Cu+8HNO3(稀稀)=3Cu(NO3)2+2NO+4H2O3Ag+4HNO3(稀稀)=3AgNO3+NO+2H2O总结问题讨论化学方法含义原则物理方法总结考试要求123方法总结善于利用物质的物理性质差异，如熔沸点、溶解度等善于利用物质的化学性质，如氧化还原性、水解条件与范围

8、、酸碱性等善于利用题目中已知信息THANKSFromJackhim论文绪论研究背景研究方法研究结果问题讨论论文总结例题3增大固体接触面积，加快反应速率BSiO22Fe2+2H+H2O=2Fe3+2H2ODFe(OH)33Cu2(OH)2CO3+4NH3=6Cu+3CO2+9H2+2N22研究结果It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. 研究背景研究方法研究结果问题讨论It was the best of times,

9、it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. 论文绪论论文总结研究背景研究方法研究结果问题讨论TEXTTEXTTEXTIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of

10、 wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. 论文绪论论文总结毕业论文题目研究背景研究方法研究结果问题讨论It was the best of times, it was the wors

11、t of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. 论文绪论论文总结问题讨论It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. 问题讨论研究结果研究背景研究方法TEXTswoTIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was

12、 the age of foolishness. ADD TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. ADD TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. ADD TITLEIt was the best of times, it

13、 was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. ADD TITLE论文绪论论文总结问题讨论研究结果研究背景研究方法123TEXTIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of incredulity. It

14、was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. ADD YOUR TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of inc

15、redulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. ADD YOUR TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the

16、 epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. ADD YOUR TITLE论文绪论论文总结论文总结It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. 问题讨论研究结果研究背景研究方法论

17、文总结ABCIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of desp

18、air. ADD YOUR TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. ADD YOUR TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst o