资料讲义教案成果splanchnology

1、Part II SplanchnologyThe general DescriptionPart II SplanchnologyChapter 4 The general DescriptionI.The definition and subdivisions of the splanchnology : alimentary system respiratory system urinary system genital systemThe study of viscera.Most of them are situated in the thoracic, abdominal and p

2、elvic cavities and are associated with the pleura or peritoneum.It also opened to outside of body directly or indirectly. II . The main functions of viscera: The alimentary system: to ingest foods; secrete enzymes that modify the sizes of food molecules; absorb the products of this digestive action

3、and to eliminate the unused residua. The respiratory system: to carry out the gass exchanges - supply of oxygen for the living cells and remove of carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism. The urinary system: to keep the body in homeostasis by removing and restoring selected amount of water and

4、 solutes. It also excretes selected amount of various wastes. The genital system: to produce germ cells and to secrete some hormones.IV. The reference lines and abdominal regions1. References lines of the thorax: Anterior median line Lateral sternal line Midclavicular line Parasternal line Anterior

5、axillary line Midaxillary line Posterior axillary line Scapular line Paravertebral line Posterior median line 2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: 2 transverse lines : subcostal line transtubercular line 2 longitudinal lines: mid-inguinal lines 9 regions: epigastric region umbilical

6、region pubic (hypogastric) region right and left hypochondriac regions right and left lumbar（lateral）regions right and left inguinal (iliac) regions 2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: a transverse line through the umbilicus and a vertical line in the midline of the body. 4 regions:

7、 upper right ( RUQ ) upper left ( LUQ ) lower right ( RLQ ) lower left ( LLQ ) Part II SplanchnologyThe Alimentary System . General Description: * Constituents: 2 parts Alimentary canal: the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestines: the duodenum(Upper gastrointestinal tra

8、ct ),the jejunum, the ileum the large intestines: the cecum and appendix, the colon, the rectum, the anal canal (Lower gastrointestinal tract ) Digestive glands: the salivary glands: the parotid gland the submandibular gland the sublingual gland the liver, the pancreas * Functions: ingest foods, sec

9、rete enzymes, absorb nutrients eliminate unused residues.The Mouth:2 parts: oral vestibular, oral cavity proper. * walls: oral lips, cheeks, palate, Tongue. isthmus of fauces * contents: teeth, tongue. * palate: hard palate soft palate palatine velum palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch palatine

10、 tonsil * isthmus of fauces: uvula free margin of palatine velum palatoglossal arch root of tongue. * The teeth deciduous teeth permanent teeth form crown root neck of teeth The structure: dentine enamel cement periodontal membrane dental cavity, root canal apical foramen dental pulpdeciduous teeth:

11、 20 2 pairs of incisors 1 pair of canine tooth 2 pairs of molarspermanent teeth: 28-32 2 pairs of incisors 1 pair of canine tooth 2 pairs of premolars 3 pairs of molars (wisdom tooth) The tongue 3 parts- root, apex and body Dorsum: V-shaped terminal sulcus 4 kinds of papillae- Filiform papillae no t

12、astbuds tastebuds associated with Fungiform papillae Foliate papillae Vallate papillae lingual tonsil Inferior surface of tongue: the Frenulum of tongue the Sublingual caruncle the Sublingual foldsStructures: mucosa, muscles of the tongue Position: in front of the 16th cervical vertebrae Parts: Naso

13、pharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Features and structures: nasal part-opening of auditory tubetubal toruspharyngeal recess oral part-palatine tonsil, tubal tonsillaryngeal part-piriform recess . The pharynx: Communication of pharynx: anteriorly: -choanae-nasal cavity -isthmus of fauces-oral cavity -

14、aperture of larynx-laryngeal cavity inferiorly: -esophagus Laterally:-pharyngeal opening of auditory tube-tympanic cavity .The Esophagus: 3 parts: cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts 3 constrictions: 1st-at its commencement, 15cm from the incisor teeth 2nd-where is crossed by the left principal b

15、ronchus anteriorly, 25cm from the incisor teeth 3rd-where it passes through the diaphragm, 40cm from the incisor teeth position.The stomach :vThe shape and parts 2 openings: cardia, pylorus 2 surfaces: anterior and posterior 2 curvatures: greater curvature lesser curvature angular incisure 4 parts:

16、the cardiac part the fundus of stomach the body of stomach the pyloric part pyloric antrum pyloric canal v The position and relations - the position: Its between the end of the esophagus and the beginning of the small intestine. It lies in the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions of

17、abdomen. cardiac orifice at left side of 11th thoracic vertebra pyloric orifice at right side of 1st lumbar vertebra - the relations: anteriorly- left costal margin diaphragm left pleura the base of the left lung the left pleural cavity the pericardium left and quadrate lobes of the liver the anteri

18、or abdominal wall transverse colon posteriorly- the diaphragm the spleen the left suprarenal gland the upper part of the left kidney the splenic artery the left colic flexure the anterior surface of the pancreas the upper layer of the transverse mesocolon “ stomach bed ” omental bursa .The duodenumC

19、-shaped4 parts-superior part descending part horizontal part ascending partStructure- Descending part has longitudinal fold major duodenal papilla Position and relationshap- It encloses the head of the pancreas; A retroperitoneal organ;Most part of it attached the posterior abdominal wall. . Jejunum

20、 and Ileum: . Large intestine: Parts- colon cecum rectum anal canal structures - except rectum anal canal and appendix 3 colic bands haustra of colon epiploic appendicesu The cecum and vermiform appendix : position: in the right iliac fossa, above the lateral half of the inguinal ligament and below

21、the ileocecal valves. structure: ileocecal valves opening of the vermiform appendix Vermiform: shape: worm shaped tube, 220 cm in length, about 8.3cm in average Position: right iliac or inguinal region , the posteromedial wall of the cecum. common positions of the tip: retrocecally, inferior to the

22、cecum, behind or front of ileum, into the lesser pelvis Surface projection of the root of vermiform appendix- McBurneys point McBurneys pointAt the junction of the meddle and lateral thirds of a line that joints the right anterior superioriliac spine and the umbilicus.u Colon: 4 parts- ascending col

23、on transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon u The rectum: position- It lies in the posterior part of less pelvis, anterior to the sacrum and coccyx. shape- 2 flexures: Sacral flexure Perineal flexure Ampulla of rectum structures 3 transverse folds of rectum u The Anal Canal: position: structu

24、res: mucous membrane- anal columns anal valves anal sinuses dentate line anal pecten (hemorrhoidal ring ) white line submucosa- muscular layer- sphincter ani internus sphincter ani externus . The liver : v The external features : - 1. 2 1. 5 kg (male) 1.0 1.3 kg (female) - cuniform : 2 extremities :

25、 right (larger) left (smaller) 2 surfaces: diaphragmatic surface visceral surface 2 borders: anterior border posterior border diaphragmatic (superior) surface: - 2 ligaments: falciform ligament; coronary ligament (right and left triangular ligaments) - 2 lobes: right lobe (large) left lobe (small) -

26、 bare area visceral (inferior) surface: - “H” shaped groove: 4 lobes the right and left lobes, the caudate lobe, the quadrate lobe the fissure for ligamentum teres hepatis the fissure for ligamentum venosum the fossa for gallbladder the fossa for vena cava (the secondary porta hepatis ) hepatic vein

27、s the transverse fissure ( porta hepatis) proper hepatic artery hepatic ducts. hepatic portal vein, nerves , lymphatic vessels - The anterior border: - the notch for ligamentum teres hepatis - the notch for gallbladder The posterior border: bare areav The position and relations: Position: right hypo

28、chondriac and epigastric regions. right half of the anterior border at the same level of the right costal arch at the middle line of the body, the anterior border below the xiphoid process about 2-4cm. Relations: superiorly- diaphragm, lungs, pleura and pleural cavities, heart, pericardium and peric

29、ardial cavity Relations: superiorly- the esophagus, the stomach, the duodenum, the gallbladder the right colic flexure, the right kidney the right suprarenal gland The function: it is very complicated, but one of them is secreting the bile to digest the fat in the food.The Extrahepatic apparatus: 1. The gallbladder fundus body neck cystic duct 2. formation: the right and left hepatic ducts the common hepatic duct the gallbladder and cystic duct the common bile duct the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla) the major duodenal papilla . The Pancreas:1. The exter