英语语言学Chapter 12 Pragma

1、.Pragmatics The study of intended speaker meaningInvisible meaning, how we recognize what is meant when it is not actually saidDepend on a lot of shared assumptions and expectationsHeated Attendant ParkingBABY & TODDLER SALE.Context Linguistic context known as co-text, a set of other words used

2、in the same phrase or sentenceHas a strong effect on what we think the word meansPhysical context: physical location, time and place all influence interpretation of linguistic expressions.Deixis Some words that cannot be interpreted unless the physical context, esp. the physical context of the speak

3、er is knownPlace deixis: here, there, yonderPerson deixis: I, you, him, her, themTime deixis: now, then, tonight, last week.Reference An act by which a speaker (writer) uses L to enable a listener (reader) to identify somethingMr. Kawasaki: a person goes loud and fast on his motorcycleThe fresh sald

4、: a customer in restaurantChomsky: a linguistic bookInference: additional info used by the listener to connect what is said to what must be meant. Page 131 examples.Anaphora Antecedent: first mentionAnaphora: subsequent reference to an already introduced entity Connection btwn referent and anaphora

5、may not always be directI was waiting for the bus, but he just drove by without stopping.Presupposition What a speaker assumes is true or is known by the hearer Have you stopped beating your wirfe?Constancy under negation: two sentences with opposite meanings having the same presuppostionMy car is w

6、reck. Vs. My car is not a wreck. I have a car.Speech ActsTerm covers action such as requesting, commanding, questioning and informingDirect speech act: Did he? Are they? Indirect speech act: Can you pass the salt?You left the door open.Example on page 133.Politeness Face: your public self-image, emo

7、tional and social sense of self, expects others to recognizePoliteness: showing awareness of another persons faceFace-threatening act: sth represents a threat to another persons self-imageFace-saving act: sth lessens the possible threat to another persons face.Politeness Negative face: the need to be independent and to have freedom from impositionI am sorr