跨文化交际第二章文化与跨文化交际

1、精选pptChapter TwoHuman beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. Confucius精选pptWarm-up CasevFish Is Fish精选pptLearning ObjectivesvDefine the term of culturevDescribe the characteristics of culturevUnderstand the nature of culturevBe aware of cultu

2、ral differences精选pptCulturevSome people in many parts of the world put dogs in their ovens, but people in the United States put them on their couches and beds. Why?vSome people in Iran pray five times each day while sitting on the floor, but some people in Las Vegas sit up all night in front of vide

3、o poker machines. Why?vSome people paint and decorate their entire bodies, but others spend hundreds of dollars painting and decorating only their faces. Why?vSome people talk to God, but others have God talk to them, and still others say there is no God. Why?vSome people shake hands when introduced

4、 to a stranger, but other people bow at such an encounter. Why?精选pptCulturevDefinitions of culture are numerous. vWe define culture as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, social hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relationships, concepts of

5、the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.精选pptThe Basic Function of CulturevAt the core of culture is the idea that it is intended to make life easier for people by “teaching” them how to adapt

6、 to their surroundings.vAs the English writer Thomas Fuller wrote 200 years ago, Culture makes all things easy.精选pptElements of CulturevHistoryvReligionvValuesvSocial organizationsvLanguage精选pptCharacteristics of CulturevCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture Is Transmitted from Generation to

7、 Generation.vCulture Is Based on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integrated System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.精选pptCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture is learned in a variety of ways and from a host of different sources.Informal learning, which is often very subtle, norm

8、ally takes place through interaction, observation and imitation. The formal teaching of a culture is far more structured and is often left to the various institutions of the culture, such as schools and churches.精选ppt精选pptLearning Culture through Proverbs 精选pptLearning Culture through Proverbs 精选ppt

9、Learning Culture through Proverbs.vStrike while the iron is hot and He who hesitates is lost.vActions speak louder than words and Nothing ventured, nothing gained.vMan does not live by bread alone and Make hay while the sun shines.vGod helps those who help themselves, Pull yourself up by your bootst

10、raps, and No pain, no gain.vA mans home is his castle.vThe squeaky wheel gets the grease.vVariety is the spice of life, Lightning never strikes twice in the same place, and There is more than one way to skin a cat.精选pptHow would someone from a culture other than the United States interpret the follo

11、wing sentences?vThere is just too much red tape involved in applying for a fellowship.vPassing the history examination was a piece of cake.vTry not to deal with him; hes a cutthroat.vThe deadline has passed; I think I have missed the boat.vThe only way she could do it was to go cold turkey.精选pptLear

12、ning Culture through Folktales, Legends, and MythsvAmericans revere the tough, independent, fast-shooting cowboy of the Old West.vThe English admire good manners, courtly behavior, and dignity, as is reflected in the “Canterbury Tales”.vThe Japanese learn about the importance of duty, obligation, an

13、d loyalty from “The Tale of the Forty-Seven Ronin”.vThe Chinese teach the folly of impatience by telling the tale of a farmer who did not like the slow growth of his plants so he tugged on them an inch each day until he managed to uproot them.精选pptLearning Culture through ArtvIn Asian cultures, most

14、 art depicts objects, animals, and landscapes rather than focusing on people.vAmerican and European art, however, often emphasizes people. Whether in portraits of a single person or pictures of an entire family, people are the focus.精选pptLearning Culture through Mass MediavIn the United States, film

15、s, video games, and television glorify violence. The language we use in sports mirrors and sanctions violence. Watching a sporting event on television, youll hear statements like “he has that killer instinct,” “he is a headhunter,” “its war on that court,” “they are out for blood,” and “they are pla

16、ying smash-mouth defense.”精选pptCharacteristics of CulturevCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.vCulture Is Based on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integrated System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.精选pptCulture Is Transmitted from G

17、eneration to GenerationvIf a culture is to endure, it must make certain that its crucial messages and elements are not only shared, but are passed on to future generations. In this way, the past becomes the present and helps prepare for the future.精选pptCharacteristics of CulturevCulture Is Not Innat

18、e; It Is Learned.vCulture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.vCulture Is Based on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integrated System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.精选pptCulture Is Based on SymbolsvThe mind, books, pictures, films, religious writings, videos, computer accessor

19、ies, and the like enable a culture to preserve what it deems to be important and worthy of transmission.vThe most important symbolic aspect of culture is language.精选pptCharacteristics of CulturevCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.vCulture Is Ba

20、sed on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integrated System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.精选pptCulture Is Subject to ChangevCultures are highly adaptive.vAlthough many aspects of culture are subject to change, the deep structure of a culture resists major alterations.精选pptCharacteristic

21、s of CulturevCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.vCulture Is Based on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integrated System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.精选pptCulture Is an Integrated SystemvThe civil rights movement in the United St

22、ates, which began in the 1960s has brought about changes in housing patterns, discrimination practices, educational opportunities, the legal system, career opportunities, and even communication. This one aspect of culture has altered American attitudes, values, and behaviors.精选pptCharacteristics of

23、CulturevCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.vCulture Is Based on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integrated System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.精选pptCulture Is EthnocentricvSumner defined ethnocentrism as the technical name for the view of things