英语句子结构、成分及分析举例

1、华有大信润泽万家英语句子结构、成分及分析举例一、英语语句基本结构分析：（一）主谓宾结构：1、 主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），数词，动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！Eg: The boy comes from America.He made a speech.Tow and tow is four.To be a teacher is my dream.Doing a research is a n ecessary step of coveri ng a story.2、谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一

2、般在主语之后。谓语可 以是不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，Eg:We come.Ma ny cha nges took place in my home tow n.注（以下这些词是不及物动词：表发生、出现的，女如： take place,即pear, happen, break out;表来、去，如： come, go 等）3、宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必 须是,代词宾格？，如：me，him，them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外，名词，动名词，不 定式等可以作宾语。Eg: I will do it tomorrow.The boy n

3、eeds a pen.I like swimmi ng.I like to swim this after noon.（二）主系表结构：1、主语：同,主谓宾？吉构。2、谓语：联系动词（Link verb） : be 动词（am,is,are,was,were,have been）;其他联系动词如： become成为，turn变成,go变和感官动词如：feel, touch, hear, see等。其特点是联系动词与 其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词或副词，既，不可能是宾语。3、表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、畐恫、名词、代词、不定式、分词。（1）当联系动词不是be,而其后是名

4、词和代词时，多表达,转变为？之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。Eg: He became a teacher at last.His face tur ned red.（2）感官动词多可用作联系动词Eg: He looks well.他面色好。It sounds n ice.这个听起来不错。I feel good.我感觉好。The egg smells bad.这个鸡蛋难闻。例：Tom is a boy.（Tom是个男孩）主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is,表语为a boy（三）There be 结构：There be表示,存在有？。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词,there那

5、里？昆淆。此结构后跟名词，表示,（存在）有某事物？试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。”前一个there无实意，后一个there为 副词，那里？。二、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用，的?表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,a ny,every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如:something、nothing）;或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用 作定语时须放在名词之后。（一）形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。（

6、二）数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys n eed two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。（三）形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Toms pen.他的男孩需要 Tom的钢笔。There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有 Tom 家的两个男孩。（四）介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 1

7、0.有两个 9 岁的，三个 10 岁的男孩。（五）名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pe n.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这圭寸信的男孩需要一支钢笔。（六）分词（短语）作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢 笔。（七）定语从句：The boy who is readi ng needs a pen.

8、那个在阅读的男孩需要一支钢笔。三、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、畐恫或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、 让步、方向、程度、目的等状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放 在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位 于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in theclassroom.一

9、般理解成，男孩喊教室里的女孩,（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为，男孩在教室里喊女 孩？（此时 in the classroom 为地点状语），最好写作，ln the classroom,the boy calls the girl.（一）副词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy n eeds very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）The boy needs a pen now.

10、/Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./ 男孩现在需 要一支钢笔。（时间状语）（二）介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前，汤姆总是一个男孩子 .（条件状语） On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天，教室里没有学生.（时间状语）（三）分词（短语）作状语：He sits there,asking

11、for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homework,the boy n eeds a pen.因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）（四）不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）（五）名词作状语：Come this way!走这条路!（方向状语）（六）状语从句：时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，目的状语从句，比较状 语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句，方式状语从句四、直接宾语和间接宾语：（一）特殊的同源宾语现象

12、 ：fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.（二） 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之、八刖。一般的顺序为：动词 +间接宾语+直接宾语。Eg:Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+直接宾语 + to +间接宾语。eg:Show this house toMr.Smith.Mr.五、宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。（一）

13、名词/代词宾格+名词The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士 .（二）名词/代词宾格+形容词New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.（三）名词/代词宾格+介词短语I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.（四）名词/代词宾格+动词不定式The teacher ask the stude nts to close the win dows.老师让学生们关上窗户 .（五）名词/代词宾格+分词I saw a cat running acroter road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路 .六、同位语

14、：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. （students 是 we 的同位语，都是指同一批 ，学生？）We all are students. （all是we的同位语，都指同样的 ，我们？）七、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分（注 意：区别于分词独立结构）。感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一 些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如：The story,I think,

15、has never come to the end./ 我相信,这个故事还远没结束 .情态词，表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概actual y实 际上,certainly当然等。八、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致！否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。例： 错句： Study ing hard,your score will go up.正确：（1） Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或（2）lf you study hard,your score will go up

16、.解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语， 则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既yourscore .显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）.正确句（1）更正了句子的主语，使其与 分词逻辑主语一致（同为you ）;正确句（2）则使用条件分句带出study的主语，（不过已经不是分词结构了 ）.分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过,There being.?的场合不能省略.如：Game （be ing） over,he went home.He sta nds there,book （be ing） in hand.独立结构还可用with、witho

17、ut引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如：With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.无事可做，他很快就睡着了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句 onhis nose不可省略!）定语从句【知识简介】名词或代词由一个从句来修饰，该从句即定语从句。定语从句一般后置，但as引导的修饰全句的定语从句可以前置。引导定语从句的词有关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等以及关系副词

18、 when, where, why等。关系代词或关系副词放在被修饰的名词或代词（又叫做先行词） 和定语从句之间起联系作用，同时又作定语从句中的一个成份。【要点难点】1）that和which的用法区别只用that的情况： 先行词由最高级修饰时，如the best work that I can do。 先行词由序数词修饰时，如the seco nd book that I bought o 先行词由 the last, the only, the same, the very 等修饰时。 先行词是不定代词 all, anything, everyth ing, little, much, no

19、body, no thi ng 等时，女口 anything that he does; all that I can do now 等。 先行词有 any, no, all 等限定词时，如 all the words that I?ve learned。 先行词为词组，该词组既含人又含物时，如the city and the people that I visited。只用which的情况： 在非限定性定语从句中（定语从句前有逗号）。 介词后。请看that和which的使用例句：lt?s the best film that?s ever bee n made on the subject

20、of madn ess. 这是以精神病为题材而 拍摄的影片中最好的一段。Shakespeare is the greatest poet that En gla nd has ever had.莎士比亚是英国最伟大的诗人。 （本句中先行词虽是人，但由于前面也有形容词最高级修饰，仍用that较好）Take the first opportu nity that offers. 抓住第一个出现的机会。He is the last person that one would suspect. 人们最不可能怀疑他。Man is the only creature that is gifted with

21、 speech. 只有人类具有语言的天赋。A fool sees not the same tree that a wise man sees.一个傻瓜看至 U的树和一个聪明人看至 U的树不一样。Those were the very words that he said at the meeting. 这些就是他在会上说的原话。All that glitters is n ot gold.闪光的并不都是金子。Anything that you have to say had better be said in each other?s prese nee. 有话最好当面说。 There?s

22、still much that is to be done.仍然有很多事要做。I have cha nged my mind. Noth ing that you say will cha nge it.我已经改变了主意，无论你说什么也无法改变它。Nobody that was there could convince her of her mistake.这那儿没有一个人能使她明白她的错误。Every paper that you read gives the same story.你看的每份报纸都报道同样的新闻。I still can?t forge t the places and th

23、e people that I visited during last summer vacation.我仍然难以忘怀去年暑假我见到的地方和人。2）关系代词（that, which, who, whom 等）和关系副词（when, where等）的用法区别 关系代词在定语从句作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。 分析时主要从动词的及物性或有无介词来考虑。看如下对比例句： This is the factory where my father once worked. 这是我父亲曾工作过的工厂。（worked是不及物动词，不接宾语，所以不用which/that。where相当于in

24、 the factory ）This is the factory which/that my father once worked in.（worked in 的宾语是 factory ,故用关系代词which/that ） I will n ever forget the days which/that I spe nt in the wood n ear our village.我忘不了我在我村边小树林里度过的日子。（the days是spent的宾语）I will n ever forget the days whe n I spe nt my holidays with my gra

25、 ndpare nts.我忘不了我禾口我的祖父母一起度假的日子。（spent的宾语是holidays，不是the days）I will n ever forget the small village where I spe nt my holidays.我忘不了我度假的小村庄。（与上句一样，spent的宾语是 my holidays） Is this the school which/that you visited the other day 这是你几天前参观过的学校 吗？ （ the schooI 作 visited 的宾语）Is this the school where you vi

26、sited your teacher the other day这是你几天前拜访你老师的学校吗？（ visited在定语从句中有自己的宾语your teacher，所以不用that/which ）3）those who 和 he who 句型两个常用句型。He who常用于谚语中。请看例句：He who doesn?t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。God helps those who help themselves.上帝帮助自强的人。He who in sists on see ing with perfect clear n

27、ess before he decides n ever decides.坚持一切看清楚之后才做决定的人永远也做不了决定。He was a bold man who first ate an oyster.第一个吃牡蛎的人是勇敢的人。4）whose的用法whose是关系限定词，既可以指人也可以指物，即既可以说某人的”，也可以说 某物的”。Fortune never helps the man whose courage fails. 运气永远不会帮助丧失勇气的人。Thats the man whose house has burned down.那就是那位房屋烧毁的人。Have you no

28、ticed the house whose win dows are closed now 你注意到 了 那家窗户关着的房 子吗？He?s writte n a book whose n ame I have completely forgotte n.他写了一本书，书名我完全忘记了。Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificenee the river faithfully reflects on the surface.在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。注：在正式文体中，指物时，whose往往用of which表示。of

29、 which可放在被修饰的名词之前或之后，而 whose只能放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：The house whose windows/ofwhich the win dows/the win dows of which are broke n is un occupied.（那间窗户破了的房屋没人居住。）whose前有时有介词。The teacher in whose class my daughter is study ing is a kin dhearted man.我女儿所在的那位老师心地善良。Michel Croz, with whose help, Woolworth climb

30、ed to the mountain top, was one of the prefessional guides.米歇尔克罗兹是职业向导之一，在他的帮助下伍德沃斯攀登到了山顶。The n we had a cha nee to talk with that tall man, from whose acce nt we at once knew that he came from Hu nan Province.后来我们有机会和那个高个子说话，我们从他的口音迅速知道他是个湖南人。5）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：限制性定语从句是先行词（即被修

31、饰词） 不可缺少的定语，限制性定语从句前不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，先行词所述对象仍很清楚，非限制性定语从句前常用逗号隔开。这里有两个例句及分析：Those who want to go camp ing please tell the mon itor. 想去野营的人请告诉班长。（定语从句who want to go camping在句中不可少，否则先行词those不知道指谁，也就变得无意义，因此它是限制性定语从句。）Football, which is a very in terest ing game, is played all over the w

32、orld.足球风靡全世界， 它是一项很有趣的运动。（定语从句 which is a very interesting game只是对意义已很明确的football作一个补充说明，因此它是非限制性定语从句。）注意，非限制性定语从句可以用关系代词 which, who, whom, whose, as及介词 +which/whom 等引导，也可以用关系副词 when, where引导，但不能用that引导。另外，非 限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词是不能省略的。6）whom的用法只有作定语从句中的宾语时才能用whom ;介词后用whom不用who。口语中whom前无介词时可用that或who代

33、替。My brother, whom you met the other day, has gone abroad.前几天你遇见过的我的那个兄弟，出国去了。I have a few friends whom I could ring to see if they are free.我有几个朋友，我可以打电话去联系，看看他们是不是有时间。You have many people around you who are kind to you but whom you will soon forget. 你周 围有许多对你好的人，但你都会很快忘记他们。There came a lot of chil

34、dren , most of whom I didn?t know.来了许多孩子，大多数我都不认 识。7) 介词+ which/whom 引导的定语从句如果关系代词which/whom本身在定语从句中充当一个介词或介词短语的宾语的时候， 有时可以将介词直接放在which/whom的前面，这样就产生了介词+关系代词及名词或代词+介词+ which/whom或 复合介词+ which/whom等的结构。I kn ow the man to whom you talked just now.我认识你刚才与之说话的那个人。Life is a flower of which love is hon ey

35、. 人生是花朵，爱情是花蜜。He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge. 当在当 地的一所中学上学，此后就去上了剑桥大学。It?s a family of five childre n, all of whom are study ing music.这一家有五个孩子，他们者 E在学音乐。In the attic we found some apples, none of which was fit to eat.在阁楼里我们发现了一些苹果，其中没有一个能吃的。I have t

36、hree brothers, all of whom have gone abroad. 我有三个兄弟，他们都出国了。Soon they spotted a mountain, on top of which stood a temple. 不久他们发现了一座山，山 顶上有一座庙宇。8) why引导的定语从句关系副词why用在reason之后，只引导限制性定语从句，why在从句中作状语，表示原因。Give me the reason why you should be in terested in his affairs.告诉我你为什么竟对他的事这样感兴趣。The reason why she

37、 was ill was that she had eate n bad meat.她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。That is the reason why he raised the question.这就是他所以提出问题的原因。注意：有时reason后不一定是why引导的定语从句。如下列句子中，reason后接的是which/that引导的定语从句，这是因为，reason在定语从句中作主语或宾语。Is this the reason which/that the chairma n gave at the meeti ng 这就是主席在会上所给的理 由吗？I really can?t u

38、nderstand the reason that/which he explained.我实在无法理解他所解释的 理由。9) where引导定语从句有时修饰一些具有抽象意义的表示地点的名词，如situation,point, position 等等。If you are ever in a situati on where some one starts shoot ing, drop to the ground.女口果你遇至 U有人要射击的情况就摔倒在地上。But after a few days? stay they got to the point where they could r

39、ead each others thoughts. 不过呆了几天之后，他们到了一个彼此能理解相互想法的阶段。It got to the point where I could nt remember any of the reasons I loved him.至 U那时候，我 无法记起我爱他的任何理由了。10) the way后的定语从句The way后的定语从句用in which引导，in which可以用that代替，而that又可以省略。 所以，表达 某人做某事的方法 有三种形式：1. the way in which somebody does somethi ng 2. the w

40、ay that somebody does someth ing 3. the way somebody does someth ing.11) which指代前面的句中的内容which的这一用法只能以非限定性定语从句出现。Jenny was late for school a third time duri ng the week, which made her teacher very an gry. 詹妮一周内第三次迟到了，这使得她老师很生气。He left early, which was wise.他早早地离开，那是很明智的。He sudde nly became wealthy,

41、which cha nged his whole mode of life.他忽然变得富有了，这改变了他整个的生活方式。He ofte n helps me with my lesso ns, which is kind of him.他经常在功课方面帮助我，真是感谢他。12) which作关系限定词的情况which作为关系限定词时，其本身代替前面所陈述的内容。She asked me to see the doctor, which advice I took at once.她要我去看医生，我立即采纳 了她的建议。He is study ing economics, which kno w

42、ledge is very importa nt today.他正在攻读经济学，这门知识在今天是非常重要的。He believes in stude nts? doing more homework, which idea I am quite opposed to. 他相信要 让学生做更多的家庭作业，我非常反对这个观点。which的这种用法常伴随介词而用。常见的词组形式有 by which means, during which time,in which case, for which mistake, for which reason 等等。She may have missed the

43、 train, in which case (=if this happe ns) she wont arrive for ano ther hour.她也许没赶上火车，如果那样的话，她一小时是到不了的。I called him by the wrong n ame, for which mistake I apologize.我叫错了他的名字，为此我道歉。He did n?t feel well that morning, for which reason he did n?t atte nd school.那天早晨他感至 U不舒服，因此，他没去上学。Tom spe nt four year

44、s in college, duri ng which time he lear ned Fren ch.汤姆在大学上了四年学，在这段时间里，他学会了法语。13) as用法关系代词as引导定语从句有两种形式。(1) as引导一个非限制性定语从句修饰一个分句，as代表该分句所表达的整个概念或其中一部分的概念。as定语从句可置于句首、句中或句尾；as本身在从句中充当主语、宾语及表语。(2)用于asas, the same as, so as,such a等结构中。as用法的第一种情况：As is known to all, the earth moves around the su n. 众所周知

45、，地球围绕太阳旋转。He must be an Africa n, as may be see n from the colour of his ski n.他准是个非洲人，这可以从他的肤色看得出来。If he comes late, as is usual, for ano ther time, we?ll not receive him.女口果他再一次像以往那样迟到，我们就不接待他了。She is a fine singer, as her mother used to be.她是个很出色的歌唱家，像她的母亲当年一样。As you will find out, all is now set

46、tled. 你会发现，现在一切都解决了。Hele n is somewhat crazy, as every one could see. 海伦有些神经错乱，这种情况每个人都看 得出。注意这一类的as表面上看好像和 which代替全句时的用法相似，但 as引导的定语从句 的最大特点是它的意思多侧重于表达“（正）像、（正）女口”及类似的意思。一般说来，当关系代词在从句中作 be动词的主语或一般动词的宾语时，which和as可交替使用；当关系代词在从句中作一般动词（非 be动词）的主语时，只能用 which ； as可置于句首、 句中，而which则不能。例如：He was late for sc

47、hool, as/which was usual with him. 他上学迟至U了，他经常这样。He saw the girl, as/which he had hoped （he would）. 他见到了那位姑娘姑娘，正像他希望 的那样。He saw the girl, which delighted him.他见到了那位姑娘，这使得他很开心。（句中的which不能用as代替，因为从句中的delighted是非be动词）As has bee n said before, grammar is not a set of dead rules. 正如上面所说的那样，语法不 是一套死的规则。（句

48、中的As不能用Which代替，因为此定语从句置于句首）as用法的第二种情况：There?s as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.海里有的是鱼；天涯处处有芳草。Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. 这是一块没人能搬动的大石头。Her manner and attitude toward him were quite the same as they had always bee n. 她对他的 举止和态度和往常是完全相同的。He does not possess such a mind as

49、 is necessary to a scientist. 他缺乏科学家所必须具备的 头脑。Such food as they gave us was scarcely fit to eat.他们给我们的食物很不适合吃。A man such as he will surely succeed.像他这样的人是肯定会成功的。I have n?t much mo ney but you can use such as I have.我钱不多，可你能用我所有的钱。Such as you see is all we have.你所见到的就是我们所有的东西。14）介词+whom/which + to do

50、的类定语从句结构的不定式用法This is a useful tool with which to cut steel.这是可以用来切割钢材的工具。Can you recomme nd some one from whom to lear n how to use the software你能推荐一个可以向他讨教使用这一软件的人吗？It?s not a room in which to live comfortably.这不是可以舒适居住的房间。这一结构的介词位置固定，不可移到动词之后，如第一句中的with which to cut steel不可改成 which to cut stell w

51、ith 。15）嵌入式定语从句有一种定语从句，在其从句中的主语和谓语之间有一个插入语如I think。这一种定语从句叫做嵌入式定语从句。嵌入的分句的谓语动词常常是think, believe, guess, imagine, say,suppose, be sure, doubt 等等。She offered a suggesti on which she said would in terest you. 她提出一个她说一定会弓丨起你 兴趣的建议。He wrote letters to every pers on and orga ni zati on that he believed might be able to help. 他 写信给每个人和每个组织，他相信可能有帮助。That is t