教科版高一必修二短语和难句注释及语法项目 word版

1、.短语和难句注释Unit 1HEALTHY FOOD DOES A BODY GOOD短 语1. send sb. off 送别某人2. break down 分解3. in the form of 以形式4. be associated with 与联络在一起5. have difficulty doing sth. 做某事有困难6. pay attention to 注意，关注7. tend to do 有做某事的倾向，往往会做某事8. take in 吸收9. compensate for 弥补，补偿10. set an example 树立典范11. at least 至少难 句 注

2、释1. You wouldnt think of driving your car to work in the morning on an empty tank of gas, yet thousands of parents send their children off to school without any breakfast. 早上，您是不会油箱空空就想要开车去上班的，但是，却有千万家长在孩子没吃早餐的情况下就让他们去上学了。这句话中有一个类比，作者把汽车的空油箱比作孩子的空胃肠，我们知道油箱里 没有汽油，汽车就没有动力，无法开动；同样，孩子空着肚子去上学，肯定也学不进去什么知识

3、。2. The body breaks down food to produce this fuel in the form of glucose. 人体会分解食物，产生这种燃料，而这种燃料以葡萄糖的形式呈现出来。介词短语 in the form of glucose 修饰前面的名词 this fuel，直译为“以葡萄糖形式呈现的燃料，但不符合中文表达的习惯， 所以需要另用一个句子帮助。3. Because glucose levels are associated with memory function, children can have difficulty concentrating

4、 when they skip breakfast. 因为葡萄糖的程度与人的记忆功能严密关联，所以假如孩子们不吃早餐，就很难集中精力学习。havedifficulty doing sth. 表示 “ 做某事有困难 ，concentrating 后面虽然没有接详细内容，但根据上下文，我们能轻易猜出省略的内容，这里应该是 “ 集中精力学习 。4. Research shows that breakfast eaters tend to pay more attention to their teacher in class than those who rarely eat breakfast.

5、研究说明，吃早餐的学生往往比不怎么吃早餐的学生在课堂上更能集中注意力，听老师讲课。这里 pay attention to their teacher 不能仅仅理解为 “ 注意老师 ，而应该理解为 “ 注意老师讲课的内容 。5. Children who are hungry can be slow or nervous during classroom activities or can appear disinterested when they have a difficult task to perform.*;第 16 页肚子饿的孩子在参与课堂活动时，反响比较缓慢，或者容易变得紧张。或

6、者，当他们要完成一项难 度较高的任务时，会表现出兴趣索然。连词 or 在句中出现了两次，第一次并列的是两个形容词 slow 和 nervous；第二次并列的是两个述谓部分 can be slow or nervous during classroom activities 和 can appear disinterested when they have a difficult task to perform。6. They take in more vitamins and minerals, consume less fat and cholesterol, and may even ha

7、ve less chance of becoming overweight than breakfast-skippers. 比起不吃早餐的人，他们吸收的维生素和矿物质更多，消耗的脂肪和胆固醇较少，而且，他们体重超标的概率甚至更低。本句有三个述谓部分并列，同时在与 than 后面的 breakfast-skippers 进展比较。7. You cant run out the door without eating breakfast, yet insist that your kids sit down and eat something. 假如您自己不吃早餐就出门上班，就不可能要求自己的孩

8、子坐下来吃点儿早餐。注意本句中的否 定表达 cant 实际上修饰的不是其后的 run out，而是另一个动词 insist，这种现象称为 “ 否认转移 。8. A nutritious breakfast also provides the sugar, starch, protein and fat they need because they are continuously growing and changing. 一顿营养丰富的早餐也会给孩子们提供他们不断生长和身体变化所需要的糖、淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪。这里的 changing 根据上下文，应该是指 “ 身体的变化 ，而不是 “ 思想的

9、变化 。Because 引导的 原因状语从句附属于其前面的定语从句。Unit 2 HEALTH IN CRISIS短 语1. blow up 爆炸2. manage to do sth. 设法做到某事3. keep doing sth. 不停地做某事4. with the help of 在的帮助下5. look back on 回忆6. go around to somewhere 绕行到某处7. put ones mind to 用心于，认真去做8. be capable of 能做得到难 句 注 释1. His sister, who was unhurt, managed to pul

10、l him away from the fire while his mom dialed for an ambulance.姐姐当时没受伤，她设法把弟弟拽到了远离火源的地方，与此同时，妈妈拨打急救 ，要救护车。这里的非限定性定语从句 who was unhurt 不能理解成定语，而是一个独立完好的句子。2. The ambulance soon arrived and rushed him to the Childrens Hospital where he was operated on immediately. 很快，救护车就赶到了，迅速将安德鲁送到了儿童医院，医生立即给他做了手术。句中

11、的限定性定语从句 where he was operated on immediately，用的是被动构造，而且 where 表示 “in the Childrens Hospital, 假如直译，就成了 “ 在儿童医院他被立即做了手术 ，这不太符合中文的表达，而且前句 已经告诉我们安德鲁被送到了儿童医院，翻译时应该省略这里的 “ 儿童医院 。3. The damage to his body was so bad and the cuts in his legs were so deep that the operation took 11 hours.由于他身体受伤严重，双腿也有多处较深的

12、切割伤，手术持续了整整 11 个小时。本句的 sothat 构造表示 “ 如此以致 ，强调程度很大导致某一结果，that 引导结果状语从句。所以翻译 11hours 时， 前面需要加上 “ 整整 ，说明其受伤严重。4. Andrew had 42 stitches in his stomach, and wires were put in both his legs to help rebuild his knees. 安德鲁肚子上缝了 42 针，两条腿里面都植入了金属线，以帮助恢复他膝盖的功能。had 不能翻译 成 “ 有 ，不符合中文表达；rebuild his knees 字面意思是 “

13、 重建他的膝盖 ，这显然不是作者要表达 的真实意思，根据常识，翻译成 “ 恢复他膝盖的功能 ，更显自然。5. He tried not to be discouraged by the condition of his legs or by the regular nightmares he was having. 他常做噩梦，但是他尽量让自己不因为双腿的现状或这些噩梦而消沉。句中的定语从句 he was having 最好视为单独一个句子来翻译。6. Looking back on the accident, Andrew says it has helped him to decide w

14、hat he wants to do with his life. 回想这场意外时，安德鲁说，是这场事故帮他决定了自己到底想要一个什么样的人生。本句中的 分词短语做时间状语。7. He believes children can do whatever they want if they put their minds to it. 他坚信，孩子只要认真用心，就能做成自己想做的任何事情。这里 whatever 引导 do 的宾语从句， 表示 “ 任何事情 Unit 3 THE SUPERMARKET短 语1. carry out 实行；执行2. all but 除了之外都3. be locat

15、ed 位于，坐落在4. not onlybut also 不仅而且5. in addition 此外6. focus on 聚焦于，致力于7. such as 诸如难 句 注 释1. He saw an opportunity to put his money in smaller towns and rural areas throughout North and South Carolina that were not being served by large grocery chains. 当时，南北卡罗来纳州规模比较小的城镇和乡村地区还没有大型食品杂货连锁效劳，他看到了这个商机，那就

16、是投资整个南北卡罗来纳州的这种地区。本句较长，不能按原句顺序理解和翻译，需 要重新梳理逻辑关系。2. Early on, Ingles successfully carried out a plan to buy land and buildings in the places served by his grocery stores. 早些时候，英格尔斯将本来自己的食品杂货店所效劳的地区的土地和建筑成功买下，这是他先前规划的一步。句中的不定式短语 to buy land and building in the places served by his grocery stores 是 a p

17、lan 的同位语，解释说明 a plan 的内容。3. This was accomplished by buying the land and buildings his stores had originally been renting.通过购置他商铺起初租用的土地和建筑，才实现了这一步。by 引出的介词短语做方式状语。4. Ingles self-supplies 64% of the goods it sells from its center in Asheville, North Carolina, where its head office is also located. 英

18、格尔斯公司的总部设在北卡罗来纳州的阿什维尔。从位于阿什维尔的销售中心售出的商品，其中有 64% 是由公司自己供给的。where 引导的非限定性定语从句起补充说明的作用，需要视为单句 翻译。5. All of Ingles stores are located within 250 miles of the center in order to ensure high standards of quality and freshness.英格尔斯公司的所有店铺都位于离其销售中心方圆 250 英里的范围内，这样就能保证其商品的质量水准和新颖程度。动词不定式表示目的，虽然 quality 和 fre

19、shness 没有明指对象，但上下文给了我 们明确的提示。6. In 1982, Ingles bought Milkco Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary that now not only supplies Ingles stores with the freshest dairy products, fruit juices, and bottled waters, but also sells two thirds of its products to other stores.1982 年，英格尔斯买下了米尔克公司，这是一家全资子公司，目前不仅为英

20、格尔斯旗下的店铺提供最新颖的奶制品、果汁和瓶装水，而且其三分之二的商品是出售给其他店家的。a wholly-owned subsidiary 是 Milkco Company 的同位语，后面紧跟着它的定语从句，需要作单句处理。“not only but also 表示 “ 不仅而且 ，引出并列关系。7. In addition, the company focuses on customer convenience by selling products to its customers through the development of new departments such as bo

21、oks, flowers, bakery, and prepared foods. 此外，公司关注顾客便利，创立了一些新的商品经营部，例如图书部、花卉部、烘烤食品部和预制食品部。通过这些经营部，把商品直接销售给顾客。注意本句中 by 引导的介词短语做方式状语， 但该介词短语中又包含一个 through 引导的介词短语，也做方式状语。8. The same customer focus and commitment to quality and convenience on which Bob Ingles founded the business in 1963 continues today

22、 throughout the chain.1963 年，鲍勃 · 英格尔斯在创立公司初始，立足关注顾客便利和商品质量承诺。如今这种顾客便利和质量承诺普及其所有连锁业务。短语 foundon 表示 “ 创立在根底之上 ，引申为 “ 立足 于。WHATS IN?短 语1. give off 散发2. stand for 代表，象征3. in the middle of 在中间4. be recognized as 被公认为5. as well as 不但而且6. be likely to do 很可能做7. out and about 外出走动难 句 注 释1. Look in the

23、 bedrooms of teenagers throughout the world and youll probably find a pair of blue jeans. 假如你关注一下全世界青少年的卧室，很可能会发现他们的卧室里都有一条牛仔裤。注意 “Do and + 句子 构成一个特殊主从复合句，前面是条件状语从句，后面是主句。2. Jeans give off a feeling of independence, youth, and adventure and have long been favored by both men and women.牛仔裤散发出一种独立、青春和

24、探究冒险的感觉，长期以来，受到人们的青睐。men and women不需要直译。3. “Levis have stood for everything from hard labor to trendy fashion and from rebellion to mainstream American culture. 李维斯牌牛仔裤象征太多意义，既象征辛勤劳作，又象征新潮时尚；既象征思想叛逆，又象征美国主流文化。短语 everything fromto 强调涉及范围很广。4. Twenty years later, he made the first pair of blue jeans a

25、nd, in doing so, created work pants for the cowboys of the wild American West.20 年后，他制作出第一条蓝色牛仔裤，这一举动为生活在美国西部原野上的牛仔创造出了他们的工作裤。注意，the wild American West 不能直译。in 引导的介词短语做原因状语。5. Deng Hao, who was recognized as one of Chinas Top Ten fashion designers in 2019 is a big fan of jeans. 邓皓在 2019 年被评为中国十大顶尖时装

26、设计师，她对牛仔裤就情有独钟。who 引导的非限定性定 语从句必须作为单句翻译。6. Americans are more likely to wear simple, single-colored pairs, for instance, while many Chinese like to cover their jeans with decorations and wear lots of different colors. 比方，美国人更喜欢穿造型简约、颜色单一的牛仔裤，而许多中国人那么喜欢给牛仔裤配以装饰物，还喜欢穿不同颜色的牛仔裤。连词 while 引出比照状语从句，强调前后句内容

27、上的反差。7. No matter how good they may look, or what color they may be, its often not proper to wear jeans at formal events. 无论看上去多漂亮的牛仔裤，或者无论是什么颜色的牛仔裤，通常都不合适在正式场合穿。句中的 no matter how 和 no matter what 引导让步状语从句。8. But, when youre out and about, relaxing and having fun, jeans make a comfortable top choice

28、.但是，当你外出走动，去放松寻开心时，穿牛仔裤不失为最正确选择。注意句中的分词短语做目的状语。LEISURE TIME短 语1. a series of 一系列的，一连串的2. react to 对做出反响3. up to 多达4. at a time 一次5. give up 放弃难 句 注 释1. Scientists report that young adults who play action games several times a week for at least six months can follow more moving objects than non-game

29、players. 科学家研究报告说，假如年轻成人每周打七次动作游戏，并连续至少六个月，比起从不玩电游的人，他们能跟踪更多挪动中的物体。report 不能直接理解为 “ 报道，报告，汇报 ；who 引导的限定性 定语从句假如直译，显得很不自然。2. This means that children playing computer games may not be damaging their brain, but rather improving attention skills such as being able to track and focus on objects for a lo

30、nger period of time. 这意味着，打电脑游戏并不会损伤孩子的大脑，相反，会进步孩子的注意力，比方，延长孩子跟踪或关注事物的时间。分词短语 playing computer games 是 children 的后置定语，但翻译时我们有意 把 children 拿掉，更符合中文表达的习惯。3. To test the effects of playing video games, Bavelier and her research assistant, Shawn Green, asked both non- players and some male game players

31、they could only find one female player to focus on and count a series of shapes and letters flashed on a computer screen. 为了检测玩视频游戏的效果，巴韦利埃和她的研究助手肖恩 · 格林要求不玩电游者和一些玩电游的 男孩他们只找到一位玩电游的女性集中关注并数一数电脑屏幕上闪现出的一系列形状图和字母。句子较长，但难度不大，过去分词短语 flashed on a computer screen 做后置定语。4. They found that the gamers re

32、acted to the fast-moving objects more efficiently and could track up to five objects on the screen at a timeabout 30% more than the other group. 他们发现，玩电游者对屏幕上快速挪动物体的反响效率很高，他们一次能跟踪多达五个物体，比起另一组实验对象，其效率高出约 30%。注意最后用 “ 高出约 30% 已经说明比较关系，前面可以 省去比较表达。5. The skills of non-players could be improved by asking

33、 them to train on a game for an hour a day over a period of 10 days, but the type of game was very important. 假如我们对不玩电游者进展训练，让他们每天玩一小时游戏，连续进展 10 天，他们的注意力集中能力是可以得到改善的，但是训练他们的游戏种类非常重要。注意本句 by 引导的介词短语看似方式状语，其实，语义上更接近条件状语。6. The results are not an excuse for teenagers all over the world to give up homew

34、ork for game playing. 实验结果绝不能成为世界各地青少年不写作业而去玩电游的借口。for 引导的介词短语用作 excuse 的定语。7. Just having great ability in paying attention will not help you to be successful in your life.只具备专注才能缺乏以帮助人们在将来的生活中获得成功的。本句中的动名词短语用作主语。FREE TIME AT HOME短 语1. be proud of 对感到骄傲2. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事3. look for 找寻4. cal

35、l one names 辱骂某人5. put down 放下6. be aware of 意识到7. get sb. through 帮助某人通过难 句 注 释1. I used to hear the word a lot, but it never bothered me as it might have bothered others. 我过去常听人叫我书呆子，不过，我从不觉得烦恼，别人听到这个词可能真的会烦恼。注意，句 中的两个 it 指的都是 the word, 而 the word 又表示课文标题中的 bookworm。hear the word 不能理解为 “ 听到书呆子这个词

36、，而应该理解为 “ 听到别人把自己叫作书呆子 。as 引导方式状语从句。2. The only items I looked for were books: picture, fairy tale, and hardcover books that I would have to wait a few years to read. 我一心只想着买各种各样的图书，包括图画书、童话故事书和精装图书，而精装图书都是我几年之后才会去读的。句中的第一个 books 是复数名词，翻译时必须用增词的方式表达出来。而 look for假如直译为 “ 寻找 ，听上去不自然。3. When I got to hi

37、gh school with my large collection, maybe large enough to be called my own library, my parents began fighting frequently. 当我升入高中时，我的存书量已经很大了，大到足以建一个我自己的图书室。这时，父母的争吵开始变得非常频繁。library 可以表示图书馆或图书室，这里 large enough to be called my own library不能直译，否那么不符合中文逻辑。4. For some reason, I never seemed to hear the f

38、ighting that was worsening each day or the names they called each other while I was reading. 父母的争吵每天都在晋级，但由于某些原因，我在看书的时候，似乎从来听不到他们的争吵或他们之间的互相辱骂。句中 that 引导的限定性定语从句需要视作单句翻译。5. Since I am beyond the most difficult of my teen years, I dont need reading as an escape anymore. 由于我已经过了青少年心里最糟糕的阶段，因此，就不再需要用读

39、书的方式来逃避了。句中的 difficult 表示 “ 不易相处的，难对付的 。我们知道，青春期的孩子性情乖戾，不易相处。6. Ive learned so much from reading, and I feel really lucky, as though I had an advantage that others havent. 我从阅读中学到了许多，感到自己真的很幸运，感觉好似自己具有别人没有的一个优势。as though 引导方式状语从句，该从句中又包含一个 that 引导的限定性定语从句。7. Literature is what got me through my pare

40、nts divorce, so I wholeheartedly give my thanks to the authors of the wonderful literature I enjoy every day. 是文学陪伴我经受住了父母的离异，所以我要真诚感谢那些让我每天享受他们美妙文学作品的作者。what 引导表语从句，在从句中做主语。GOING ON VACATIOH短 语1. because of 因为2. set off 出发3. turn out to be 结果证明是4. be struck with 患了病5. a birds eye view 鸟瞰图6. return

41、to normal 恢复正常7. adjust to 适应8. that way 那样难 句 注 释1. Although the plane left late, we soon forgot our irritation with the excitement of the first sight of magnificent Himalayas below us. 当我们第一眼看到脚下宏伟壮观的喜马拉雅山时，内心冲动难耐，把飞机晚点起飞给我们带来的烦恼一下抛到九霄云外去了。注意，句中 although 引导的让步状语从句不必按照原句顺序翻译，把 它与 irritation 结合，表示造成

42、 irritation 的原因，更符合中文表达习惯。2. When we arrived four hours later at Lhasa Airport, we felt as if we had landed on another planet that was very strange and different.四个小时之后，当我们到达拉萨机场时，感觉自己好似降落在另一个星球上了，这个星球非常陌生，与地球不一样。as if 引导方式状语从句，虽然没有指出 different 的比较对象，但前面的 another planet 显然告诉我们，这是在跟地球比较，所以翻译时必须表达出来。3

43、. For me, however, that first possible opportunity turned out to be one week later, a few days before we had to leave. 然而，对我而言，这第一次可能的时机结果是在一周后出现的，也就是在我们出发前的几天。短语 turn out to be 表示 “ 后来证明是，结果证明是 ，通常强调意想不到之意。4. But it was worth it to see a place that told of such different stories and experiences, wh

44、ose colors, smells, and sounds were of another time. 但是，造访一个表达着迥然不同的故事和经历的地方，而这些故事和经历能带给我们另外一个时代的色彩、气味和声音，这简直太值了。第一个 it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式构造， 不定式中带有一个 that 引导的限定性定语从句，而该限定性定语从句中又包含一个 which 引导的非 限定性定语从句。5. Most fascinating about the Potala Palace were the Buddhist statues of various sizes made of cop

45、per, gold, or silver. 布达拉宫里有用金、银或铜制成的各种大小的佛像，这是最引人入胜的景象。本句的主语是 theBuddhist statues of various sizes made of copper, gold, or silver, 而 Most fascinating about the Potala Palace是句中的表语，所以原句用了倒装构造，因为主语太长。另外，在翻译 copper, gold, or silver 的时候， 为了符合中文习惯，就不保持原有的英文顺序了。6. On the top of the Potala Palace, we had

46、 a birds eye view of the distant surrounding mountains with rivers flowing through and the ancient Lhasa City. 站在布达拉宫最高处，我们可以鸟瞰周遥远处的山脉、流经山脉的河流，以及古老的拉萨市。with引导的介词短语做后置定语，修饰前面的 the distant surrounding mountains，但不能直译，否那么，中文显得不自然。7. But I certainly would advise all people considering such an interestin

47、g trip to go there slowly by bus so that their body can slowly adjust to the lack of oxygen. 但是，我一定要劝告所有正在打算做一次这样有趣出行的人，你们应该乘坐公交车慢悠悠地去拉萨，目的是让身体能渐渐适应缺氧环境。分词短语 considering such an interesting trip 做后置定语，so that 引导目的状语从句。WHAT INTERESTS YOU?短 语1. be good at 擅长2. be fond of 喜欢3. down and out 落魄潦倒；惨不忍睹4.

48、all along 一直，始终5. catch sight of 看见6. cant help doing sth. 禁不住做某事7. give in 让步；屈从8. believe in 相信9. keep to 遵守10. fail to do sth. 没能做到某事难 句 注 释1. Im not very good at playing soccer, but Im fond of watching the game.我不是很擅长踢足球，但非常喜欢看足球赛。这里 the game 指的是足球比赛2. I watched the 14th World Cup in Italy, the

49、15th in the USA, the 16th in France, and a great many other tournaments, big and small.我去意大利看了第 14 届世界杯，去美国看了第 15 届，去法国看了第 16 届。我还看了许许多多其他大大小小的足球锦标赛。句子中的 big and small 其实是 tournaments 的后置定语。3. As we catch sight of Batistuta, Caniggia, and Balbo, we cant help thinking of the wind because of the way t

50、hey run and the way their long hair flies. 当我们看到巴蒂斯图塔、坎尼吉亚和巴尔博时，就会因为他们奔跑的样子和他们的长发飘起的样子禁不住去想当时起风的方向。本句理解的难点是 the wind，需要根据上下文判断其详细含义。4. The Argentine life is colored with blue skies, green grass, white sheep, brown horses, and a long, never- ending horizon. 阿根廷人的生活绚丽多彩，因为他们有蓝蓝的天、绿绿的草、雪白的绵羊、棕色的骏马还有那无边

51、无际的地平线。介词 with 在句中引出原因。5. They all have a dream of flying and touching the sky, never believing in fate. 因为他们从不相信命运，所以都梦想着展翅高飞，触碰蓝天。本句中的分词短语 never believing in fate 做原因状语，翻译时需要提早，符合中文习惯。6. Because of these qualities, the German soccer team was and still is one of the best in the world.因为德国人具有这些素养，所以

52、德国足球队过去是如今仍然是世界最优秀的球队之一。these qualities指的是前面句子中提到的德国人的素养；另外，当两个紧挨着的谓语动词有时态差异，翻译时必须靠 增词来表达。本句中的系动词 was 和 is 在翻译时必须增加 “ 过去 和 “ 如今 两个词，以表达时态差异。7. Their games may not always be enjoyable, but they never fail to delight their fans with exciting goals. 他们的比赛可能并非总是有趣，但却总能因为他们令人兴奋的射门进球给其粉丝带来欣喜。本句 中的 never f

53、ail 是双重否认，强调肯定意义。语法Unit 1HEALTHY FOOD DOES A BODY GOOD1. 限定性定语从句 : who，that 省略课 文 例 句1Research shows that breakfast eaters tend to pay more attention to their teachers in class than thosewho rarely eat breakfast.2Children who are hungry can be slow or nervous during classroom activities or can appea

54、r disinterested when they have a difficult task to perform.3Researchers have also discovered that students who eat breakfast regularly tend to have better health overall.4Without breakfast, its difficult for children to get the nutrients they need throughout the day.5A nutritious breakfast also prov

55、ides the sugar, starch, protein and fat they need because they are continuously growing and changing.解 释1假如限定性定语从句修饰的是人，而且关系代词在从句中做主语，通常用 who 引导，而且必须保存who。补 充 例 句1When I was about 12, I had an enemy, a girl who liked to point out my shortcomings.2After the accident, the man who was hurt was rushed t

56、o hospital.解 释 2假如限定性定语从句修饰的是物，可以用关系代词 that 引导；假如 that 代表的先行词在从句中做宾 语，通常省略。补 充 例 句1I remember the wall I helped to build there with my own hands.1I cannot find the book I borrowed from the library last Friday.2. it形式主语+ 不定式复合构造做主语课 文 例 句Without breakfast, its difficult for children to get the nutrie

57、nts they need throughout the day.解 释不定式复合构造做主语时，需要借用 it 做形式主语，构成 It is/was for sb. to do sth. 句型。补 充 例 句1It is not necessary for you to worry about my health at all.2It is impossible for us to persuade him to change his mind.Unit 2 HEALTH IN CRISIS1. 限定性定语从句：all+ 省略 that, where课 文 例 句1All I could move was my upper body.2The ambulance soon arrived