综合英语4,unit 2

1、1 Space Invader23On the subway, open spaces create a zone of comfort. 4Armrests on a long bench in Central Park allow for ample breathing room.5In Union Square, a few feet between women goes a long way toward easing tensions about being in a busy area.6SPACE INVADERSPre-reading questions What is the

2、 definition of “personal space”?Is personal space important to you? Why or why not?Are there any examples when you have felt that your personal space was being invaded. Can you describe these? How did you feel when this happened?7What is personal space?Personal space can be viewed as an extension of

3、 the human body. Therere different types/zones of personal space. What are them?There are four distinct zones of personal space: the intimate zone, for whispering and embracing; the personal zone, for conversing with close friends; the social zone, for conversing with acquaintances; and the public z

4、one, for interacting with strangers. 8Personal space can be imagined as a kind of bubble surrounding a person that protects his or her privacy and which other people may not normally enter. Allowing somebody to get very close and enter your personal space may be a sign of trust or love. On the other

5、 hand, intruding others personal space can be rather offensive.The amount of space people need to feel around them varies with various factors, such as culture, sex, familiarity between people, crowdedness of the situation, etc. For example:Audiovisual supplementCultural information9 people from cul

6、tures that like a lot of personal space feel awkward and embarrassed when somebody comes too close to them; people of the same sex may sit or stand closer to each other than to somebody of the opposite sex; strangers and casual acquaintances usually need more space than friends and members of the sa

7、me family who know each other well; in a noisy street people may need to stand closer than they would normally, simply in order to hear each other. Audiovisual supplementCultural information10 Is “personal space” a term of the seventies? Is it out of date nowadays? Can you think of any other trouble

8、 we have nowadays?11Structural analysisPart I (Paragraphs 1 2): The writer calls the readers attention to the invasion of personal space by relating an experience of how his personal space was invaded.Part II (Paragraphs 3 7): The writer analyzes some likely causes of the shrinkage of personal space

9、, and attributes the invasion of personal space to the general decline of good manners.Part III (Paragraph 8 9): The author presents his view about the essence of personal space, i.e. it is psychological, rather than physical, and urges people to “expand the contracting boundaries of personal space”

10、.12 1. until we were all hugger-mugger . like a Slinky. (Paragraph 1) 2. The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, . (Paragraph 2) 3. . Ive wondered if its the season: , much less). (Paragraph 4) 4. Or perhaps the proliferation . keep to themselves. (Paragraph 4) 5. we allow all kinds . without them

11、.) (Paragraph 5) 6. “Dont tread on me” . with a spread. (Paragraph 5)13 7. The logistics of it vary according to geography. (Paragraph 5) 8. The decline of manners has been widely lamented. (Paragraph 6) 9. Ive also noticed an. manifest destiny. (Paragraph 7) 10. . individuals routinely commandeer b

12、ooths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes. (Paragraph 7) 11. personal space is psychological, not physical: . inner space. (Paragraph 8) 12. In the same way that the breeze .boundaries of personal space. (Paragraph 9)141. until we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy

13、 line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky. (Paragraph 1)Paraphrase: until we were all pushing against each other, leaving the line in disorder.Detailed reading2. The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it . (Paragraph 2)The phrase “personal space” sounds old-fashioned and

14、 reminds one of the seventies .Paraphrase:153. . Ive wondered if its the season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less). (Paragraph 4)Paraphrase:. it has passed through my mind that maybe the cause (of the space invasion) is the season: summer may make people want to b

15、e closer to those whose physical attraction is revealed by light summer clothing (though it may also make them wish to move further away from those smelling unpleasantly of perspiration).Detailed reading164. Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan is infusing so much caffeine into t

16、he already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves. (Paragraph 4)Paraphrase:Or perhaps the increasing coffee bars in Manhattan . attract more and more people, who are stimulated and excited by the caffeine they take in, so that they become eager to meet others and no longer want

17、 to remain in private.Detailed reading175. we allow all kinds of invasions of personal space in private. (Humanity wouldnt exist without them.) (Paragraph 5)Paraphrase: privately we allow people with whom we have close relationships to enter our personal space in a variety of ways. (Indeed, in the a

18、bsence of sexual intimacy, none of us would be here.) Detailed reading187. The logistics of it vary according to geography. (Paragraph 5)Paraphrase:People in different regions are given different sizes of personal space.Detailed reading6. “Dont tread on me” could have been coined only by someone wit

19、h a spread. (Paragraph 5)“Dont step into my space.” This could only have been invented by people who have a farm and thus a large space all their own. Paraphrase:198. The decline of manners has been widely lamented. (Paragraph 6)Paraphrase:Many have expressed regret at the deterioration of manners.D

20、etailed reading209. Ive also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders, mini-territorial expansionists who seize public space with a sense of manifest destiny. (Paragraph 7)Paraphrase:Ive also noticed that the problem of space invasion has become more and more serious, an

21、d that space invaders, acting in the way territorial expansionists usually do, take it for granted that they have the right to seize public space. Detailed reading2110. . individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes. (Paragraph 7) Paraphrase:. individuals, as

22、usual, occupy the booths and seats which are designed for four people.Detailed reading2211. personal space is psychological, not physical: it has less to do with the space outside us than with our inner space. (Paragraph 8)Paraphrase:. personal space is more a psychological matter than a physical on

23、e. As far as we feel comfortable in our mind, it does not matter whether our physical personal space is large or small. Detailed reading2312. In the same way that the breeze from a butterflys wings in Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand the contracting b

24、oundaries of personal space. (Paragraph 9)Paraphrase:The author hopes that his own stand against the shrinking of personal space, while small in itself, will nonetheless eventually have a dramatic effect in the same way as the breeze from a butterflys wings in Japan, if it initiates a chain of waves

25、, may eventually produce a tidal wave in California.Detailed reading24Detailed study - Para.1 The author is very careful with his choice of words in his description. Describe the actions in words. A series of verb phrases and adverbs are used to vividly describe the process.Text Analysis -Part25I wa

26、s at the bank I was standing in a line snaking around some tired velvet rope.drooping, loosened or slackened26 A murderous knife Those purposeless days Carrie leads quite a busy life. 西雅图不眠夜 Sleepless Seatle Transferred epithet: in which an adj. properly modifying one noun is shifted to an other nou

27、n in the same sentence. Eg: the workers are repairing the building on a dizzy height. He was ashamed of his humble scores an the examination.27移位修饰移位修饰(transferred epithet) 将本应该用来修饰某一类名词的修饰语用来修饰另一类名词。例如： There was a short, thoughtful silence. 出现了一阵短暂的、令人沉思的寂静。 The old man put a reassuring hand on my

28、 shoulder. 老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。 He closed his busy life at the age of sixty. 在六十岁时他结束了他那忙碌的一生。 This is the cheapest market in this country. 这是这个国家最便宜的市场了。28Vivid description1. a man in a sweat-suit;2. me;3. the woman reading the Wall Street Journal;4. the man scribbling a check;5. white-haired ladyin

29、ching towardadvanced towardsidle up toshuffled towardin his eagernessminutelyin mild annoyanceabsent-mindedly29We were so hugger-mugger. “the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky.”slow & relaxed; a line that is not straight and ordered原本松松垮垮的队伍早已挤做一团，跟压缩的弹原本松松垮垮的队伍早已挤做一

30、团，跟压缩的弹簧似簧似的。的。30Slinky as a toy“机灵鬼机灵鬼”，一种用软弹簧做成的会翻跟头的玩，一种用软弹簧做成的会翻跟头的玩具具31slinky as adj.Sextually attractive32Self-learning -inch, sidleinch forward, past, through: v. move slowly and carefully in a specified direction He inched his way through a narrow passage.sidle over/up to sb. sidle along, pa

31、st, away: v. walk in a quiet or cautious way, as if you dont want anyone to notice you A man sidled up to me and asked if I wanted a ticket for the match.33shuffle v. walk without lifting your feet properly off the ground He slipped on his shoes and shuffled out of the room.shuffle around: v. move y

32、our feet about while standing or move your bottom around while sitting, often because you feel uncomfortable or embarrassed. She shuffled around in her chair. He shuffled the question off and changed the topic. She shuffled out of the chores by saying that she was ill.34Translation 囚犯们沿着走廊拖着脚步进入牢房。

33、The prisoners shuffled along the corridor and into their cells. 他一向总是能狡猾地摆脱任何困难，我们不知道他这回又要耍什么花招。 Hes always been able to shuffle out of any difficulty. We dont know how he will do this time. 物价在缓慢下降. Prices are inching down.35Para.2 -personal space What is the writers personal space? 18/1 foot/10/”i

34、mpossible to measure” “has a quaint, seventies ring to it.” “Like the tweleve limit around national shores” “our individual border which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy”1 inch=2.54 cm1 foot=30cmAnalogy 类比36What is “ personal space”?“Imaginary bubble” - feel comfortable； “individua

35、l boundary or terrotory”- more phychlogical than phisical; Moveable/changeableProxemics(空间关系学空间关系学)The study of the distance between people as they interactIn close proximity to37Zones for personal space Intimate distance: (0-1.5 feet) between close friends, family members; show affection, give comf

36、ort or protect. Personal distance: (1.5-4 feet) most conversation. Social distance/: (4-10 feet)less personal situations, in business or workshop. Public distance: (10 feet)lecture, churches, public gathering.38ParaphraseThe phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it, but it is one o

37、f those gratifying expressions that are intuitively understood by all human beings. The phrase sounds old-fashioned and reminds people of seventies, but it is an expression that will make people feel satisfied and that is instinctively understood.39ring singular a particular quality that something s

38、uch as a statement seems to have:Her account has a ring of authenticity about it.have a ring of truth: His version of events had a ring of truth.have a familiar ring: This story may have a familiar ring to it.40Text Analysis -Part41Para.3-examples of space invasion In our daily life, can you give so

39、me examples of personal space invasion?Funny examples: how close is too close? Examples in the text: In elevators; on the street; on the subway; in lines at the airport Wedge in, zigzag, jostle, no longer carve out zones, press forward 42 Buses, elevators, theatres and many other similar places tend

40、 to reduce personal space. People routinely find themselves in such situations tend to have smaller personal space and more tolerance for space invasion.43wedgev. force into a narrow space; fix sth. in position by using a wedge or sth. else 把门打开，用报纸抵住门让它开着。 Open the door and wedge it open with newsp

41、apers. 用一些纸片塞在桌脚, 那样它就不会摇晃了. Wedge pieces of paper in between the leg and the floor and it wont be shaky any more. 我如果不在的话，把作业塞进门缝吧。 If Im not in, wedge your homework under the door.44 jostle: v. It was so sad the once-intimate brothers now jostled with each other for the legacy left by their father

42、. press: v. 很多人挤在她身边，她进不了门。 So many people pressed around her that she couldnt get into the house. 支持者们围着她，争相要她的签名。 Fans were pressing around her, all trying to get her autograph.45Fidget fidget (about) (with sth) : v. you keep moving your hands or feet slightly or changing your position slightly, f

43、or example because you are nervous, bored, or excited. It is bad manners to fidget about with the knives and forks at table. 她经常为她母亲的健康而烦躁不安。 She is always fidgeting about her mothers health. fidgety: adj. restless or inclined to fidget 46Malthusian Logic 马尔萨斯人马尔萨斯人口论口论 Thomas Robert Malthus: Britis

44、h economist and clergyman.Essay on Population He argued that without the practice of “moral restraint” the population tends to increase at a greater rate than its means of subsistence, unless war, famine, or disease or efforts are made to limit population. 47Paraphrase T-shirt weather can make proxi

45、mity more alluring (or much, much less). Summer may either make people want to be closer to each other or more likely, keep a distance between each other.48ManhattanManhattan Island, an island in New York city surrounded by the Hudson, East, and Harlem rivers49Language work (Sth) is relentless: adj.

46、 sth bad never stops or never becomes less intense. 我快要疯了，邻居的小孩不停在哭。 The relentless crying of a child of the neighbor dries me crazy. (Sb) is relentless: adj. determined to do sth and refuse to give up, even if what is being done is unpleasant or cruel. Relentless in his pursuit of knowledge, he bec

47、ame a well-respected scholar. relent: v. decide to be less strict, determined or harsh The pressure for us to finish the project in time will not relent.50infuse vt. Fill with 注入 Infuse sb with sth Infuse sth into sb His speech infused the men with a desire to win.51Keep to Keep to the point; dont t

48、ry to shuffle off the concerned topic. Things will only work out if we all keep to the plan. She is old and feeble, so that she always keeps to the house. Nobody knows him much for he usually keeps to himself. I will be very grateful if you can keep it to yourself.52Para.5-Geographical differences T

49、he amount of space people need to feel around them varies with various factors, such as culture, sex, familiarity between people, crowdedness of the situation, etc. More PS less PS in Colorado (US) in Calcutta (India) Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Englishmen BraziliansPoint-to-point contra

50、st53 Tread on Tread on sbs toe Tread on air践踏 Someone with a spread54Impudent space invaders Ive also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders, mini-territorial expansionists who seize the public space with a sense of manifest destiny. Ive also noticed that the problem o

51、f space invasion becomes more and more serious, and those space invaders, acting in the same way as the territorial expansionist usually do, seize public space as a matter of course.55Manifest destiny天定命运论天定命运论56ranks the ranks: the people who belong to a particular group or organization The democra

52、ts now face opposition from within their ranks. That summer I left school and joined the ranks of the unemployed. 越来越多党内人士不支持党的领导层. The party leadership is loosing support in the ranks.57 Do you agree with the writers view in this respect, or what do you think can other factors cause it?58Text Analy

53、sis Part 59Language work: lament lament (for/over) sth: v. express sadness, regret, or disappointment about it. (mainly formal or written) Ken began to lament (for) the death of his only son. lament that: v. to express annoyance or disappointment about something you think is unsatisfactory or unfair

54、 He lamented that his boss had expected too much of him.60Exercise 他们把成功归因于老师的鼓励。 They attribute their success to their teachers encouragement. 61Para.4-7（8）What are the possible reasons for the tendency? More people, less space; The season makes proximity more alluring/less; Stimulating effects of

55、caffeine;1. Cultural and geographical difference in personal space;625. The decline of manners;6. Impudent space invaders ( mini-territorial expansionists).7. The shrinkage of our psychological space.63Para.8&9 How do you understand the authors opinion “personal space is psychological, not physi

56、cal”?“I suspect that the shrinking of personal space is directly proportional to the expansion of self-absorption.” The more self-absorbed people become in society, the less they care about others, the smaller personal space left for everyone, the more personal space invasions.64Human Genome Project An attempt to discover all the genetic i