中考冲刺四：阅读理解技巧（基础讲解）

1、 中考冲刺四：阅读理解技巧阅读理解A new study finds that plants communicate with one another to warn of dangerWe often consider plants as the furniture of the natural worldThey dont move；they dont make sounds，they dont seem to act on anythingBut as is often the case，plants talk to each other all the timeAnd the lang

2、uage is chemical.Over the years，scientists have reported that different types of plants，from trees to tomatoes，give out chemicals into the air to help neighboring plantsThese chemical warnings can spread information about one plants disease or infestation(虫害)，so other plants can protect themselvesBu

3、t how plants receive and act on many of the information exactly is still mysterious.In this weeks Science Magazine，researchers in Japan offered some explanationsThey have found out one chemical message and traced it all the way from beginning to end.The scientists looked at tomato plants infested by

4、 a common pest(害虫)To start out，they grew plants in two separate plastic spaces connected by a tube(管子)One plant was infested and placed upwind and the other was uninfested and placed downwindThe downwind plants were later exposed(暴露) to the pestThe results showed that plants near sick neighbors befo

5、re were able to protect themselves better against the pest.They found one chemical appeared more often in the exposed plantsThe chemical is called HexVicThe scientists discovered where HexVic come from，and put it over healthy plantsThose plants were then able to produce HexVicResearchers made sure t

6、hat uninfested plants could fight off bugs and diseasesHow do they know when to protect themselves? They are warned first by their friendly plant neighbors.It is not a simple story，and it may be happening in more plant species than tomatoesIt may also be happening with more chemical signals that are

7、 still unknown to usIn a word，we know that plants not only communicate，but also look out for one another.The underlined “traced” in the fourth paragraph probably means _ here.42Areported Bfollowed Cdoubted Ddeveloped43For scientists，which are the right steps to watch tomato plants infested by a pest

8、?Place the infested plant upwind.Place the uninfested plant downwind.Expose the downwind plants to the pest.Grow plants in two separate plastic spaces connected by a tube.A B C D44You can put the sentence “The researches also studied leaves from exposed plants and unexposed plants.” At the beginning

9、 of _AParagraph 3 BParagraph 4 CParagraph 5 DParagraph 645Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?ACommunicating Plants and Terrible DiseasesBTalking Plants and Friendly WarningsCProtecting Plants and Clear InformationDGrowing Plants and Mysterious Chemicals【14 兰州】 This is a sto

10、ry from a meeting held by some people and two things in natureWe call it the Four-Sided TalkLets “listen to” everyone carefully and find out what they think阅读以上“四方会谈”的内容，回答下列问题。61What doesnt the old tree tell us?AHes afraid to be cut down some dayBHe has fewer and fewer friendsCThe trees have the lo

11、ngest lives in the worldDHe has lived for thousands of years62Whats the meaning of the underlined word “disasters”?A神话 B奇迹 C财富 D灾难63Why do some people get sick after drinking the water from the river?ABecause the river is pollutedBBecause the river makes the earth more beautifulCBecause the river ca

12、n only offer water to animalsDBecause there are too many animals and plants in the river64What have the United Nations made up their minds to do from the passage?ASet an Earth Protecting Day BProtect and love the earthCHold an international meeting DFind out what is making the pollution65What will p

13、eople do according to the passage?Over-use the resources Make good use of the resourcesStart a global group Protect the earthA B C D【答案与解析】42B 43C 44D 45B61C 62D 63A 64B 65D考试要求1. 考查学生理解短文的主旨和主题要义能力；2. 理解短文具体信息（包括图文转换的信息）的能力；3. 根据短文上下情景猜测单词的能力；4. 根据短文的内容判断和推理能力；5. 理解作者的意图和态度的能力。纵观全国各地中考试卷，中考阅读理解考试题的

14、比例在整个试卷占了很大的比例，阅读理解的成绩直接决定学生能否在中考中取得优秀成绩。中考阅读短文的题材除了选一些通俗易懂的文学作品和故事体裁的小短文，还经常选用一些富有时代鲜明特征、实用性比较强的语言材料。例如：报刊杂志的文章、使用说明书、招贴告示、广告和各种各类图表。选择这些材料不仅能够提高测试的真实性，还能展示目标语言在现实生活中的真实运用来激发学生学习英语的兴趣。1. 阅读理解的题型：近几年中考试卷的阅读理解测试题主要有选择型测试题、判断正误型测试题和任务型测试题三种形式。根据阅读理解的题干部分可以分为以下几种测试题型：（1）理解主旨大意题：考查学生对于文章的中心思想或全文梗概的领会、理解

15、和概括能力。我们可以通过“略读skimming”来获取文章或者段落的主题和主旨大意。在略读时要注意寻找主题句（topic sentence）以帮助理解文章的主题和了解文章的大意。有一些同学可能认为没有仔细阅读文章的细节而感觉不太放心，其实没有必要担心，因为我们了解的文章的大意以后，然后对文章做仔细阅读，比较难的短文理解起来就容易多了。略读时应该注意：主题句一般是短文第一个句子或者最后一个句子，偶尔位于段落的中间；每一段的主题句一般也是在每段的第一、二个句子或者最后一个句子。其次作者提供其写作意图，如：提供信息、描述人物、事物或者事件、讨论问题、说服某人、提出建议或者对两种观点或者事件进行比较。

16、而其他的句子是对主题句的进一步发展及说明性的例子，有时是为主题句提供时间、地点或者原因等背景。主旨大意题常见的设问方式如下：1) Whats the main idea of this passage?2) What does the passage mainly tell us?3) The writer means to tell us that _.4) From the passage, we can learn/ conclude _.5) Whats the best title for the passage?（2）具体细节理解题:考查对事实或者细节的理解和辨别，即考查短文中直接

17、或间接提到的具体信息的细节及线索。对于这种阅读理解题，需要仔细比较所给的四个选项，找出语言表达差别的关键词来重点思考。做这种考试题我们一般用“扫读Scanning”来从短文中寻找答案。 扫读是有目的地在短文中为寻找某一个具体的信息或者细节而进行的搜索性阅读。特别是寻找人名、地名、时间或者某一个关键词。找到这个关键词时要进行局部地细心地阅读，以保证所寻找的答案在此处。为了保证扫读的有效性，在扫读之前必须认真审题，因为审题的过程就是明确阅读目的的过程。一般来说，这种阅读理解测试题的答案是比较好找的。只要同学们仔细阅读，认真比较，把握准确的信息，是容易找到准确答案的。（3） 根据上下文猜测词义题：这

18、种阅读理解测试题是对短文中某一个句子中的某一个超纲的单词或者短语画线，让考生猜其汉语意思或者英语解释意义。短文中出现的超纲词或者短语要求学生在读懂短文的内容，理解短文的大概意思的基础上并且根据短文上下文的意思和情景进行猜测和推断。一般来说这些词汇是比较难或者是同学们没有学过的。如果同学们的词汇量比较大，那么解决这种阅读理解测试题就有很大的优势。但是如果能够理解短文的内容和意思，通过上下句子和情景进行合理的猜测，其正确率还是比较高的。猜测单词的一些方法：1）首先要保持冷静，迅速判断。如果是对上下文理解影响不大的词，就不要停留，继续读下去。如果是影响理解的词，尤其是划线的词，就要运用猜测单词的技巧

19、来猜测单词的意思。2）如果是but连接前后两个句子，那么其意思是表示转折，后面句子的画线单词表示的意思可能和前面的句子的意思是相反的。3）如果是and连接前后两个句子，那么后面句子的画线单词的意思可能和前面句子的意思一致。4）注意下文，有时后面的句子或在下文中可能解释这个单词的意义。5）有时即使猜测不出来单词的具体意思也不要紧，只需要了解这个单词是表示积极的还是消极的意思。通过辨认这个单词的位置来确定它是动词、形容词还是副词，然后从选项中选择。实例说明：【2012 福建福州】The Sydney Opera House is a very famous building in the worl

20、d. It has become Sydney's best-known landmark and international symbol. The Opera House with a “sailing roof” was designed by a famous Danish architect(丹麦建筑师), Utzon. The base for the building was started in 1959, years before the designs were finished. Utzon spent four years designing the Opera

21、 House. In 1962, the designs were finalized(定稿) and the construction began. In 1967, they started the decoration inside. It took 14 years in total to build the Opera House. Queen Elizabeth II officially opened it on October 20th, 1973.The Sydney Opera House cost around 100 million and was paid for b

22、y the public. 6,225 square meters of glass was used to build it. The Opera House includes 1,000 rooms. It is 185 meters long and 120 meters wide. The buildings roof sections weigh about 15 tons. Each year, this fantastic building attracts 200,000 tourists to come for a visit or enjoy events in it.Th

23、e Opera House reaches out into the harbour(港湾). It is amazing and unforgettable, offering people a strong sense of beauty.1. The designer of the Sydney Opera House was from_.A. AmericaB. AustraliaC. EnglandD. Denmark2. Building the Sydney Opera House lasted_.A. from 1959 to 1973B. from 1962 to 1973C

24、. from 1959 to 1967D. from 1962 to 19673. The underlined word "construction" means_ in Chinese.A. 创立 B.设计 C. 施工 D. 竣工4. _ paid for the cost of the building of the Sydney Opera House.A. Utzon B. The publicC. Queen Elizabeth II D. The government5. Which is the best title for the passage?A. S

25、ailing RoofB. Travelling in SydneyC. The Sydney Opera HouseD. The Opening of the Opera House【解析】1D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The Opera House with a sailing roof was designed by a famous Danish architect(丹麦建筑师), Utzon”可知，悉尼歌剧院是一个丹麦的建筑师设计的。所以，悉尼歌剧院的设计得来自丹麦。故选D。2A。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The base for the building was starte

26、d in 1959”以及“It took 14 years in total to build the Opera HouseOctober 20th, 1973.”可知，悉尼歌剧院的建设从1959年持续到1973年。故选A。3C。词义猜测题。根据上文可知，设计已经定稿，因此下一步必然是施工，由此“construction”在此处具有“施工”的含义。故选C。4B。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The Sydney Opera House cost around 100 million and was paid for by the public.”可知，悉尼歌剧院的建设费用完全来自于公共开支。5

27、D。主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了悉尼歌剧院的设计、规模等，都是围绕悉尼歌剧院而写的。因此“The Sydney Opera House”是最好的标题。（4） 简单的推理判断题：考查学生根据短文的内容进行简单的判断或推理的能力。中考阅读理解不仅要读懂一个个的句子，而且要理解这些句子之间的内在联系。如果上下文之间存在未充分表达的内容，学生就应该充分激活头脑中的知识和经验，根据字面意思和句子的意思，通过语篇逻辑关系来研究细节的暗示、推敲作者的态度、理解文章的寓意。这就是我们平时所说的深层理解。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠于原文，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知的知识来推断未知的知识

28、，不能凭空想象、随意推测；它要求考生对文章的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，才能有推理的前提和基础。判断推理题常见的设问方式：1) It can be inferred /concluded that .2) Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage? 3 The writer suggests that .4 The writer probably feels that .5 From the passage, we can see .实例说

29、明：Take a class at Dulangkou School, and youll see lots of things different from other schools. You can see the desks are not in rows and students sit in groups. They put their desks together so theyre facing each other. How can they see the blackboard? There are three blackboards on the three walls

30、of the classroom!The school calls the new way of learning “Tuantuanzuo”, meaning sitting in groups. Wei Liying, aJunior teacher, said it was to give students more chance to communicate.Each group has five or six students, according to Wei, and they play different roles (角色). There is a team leader w

31、ho takes care of the whole group. There is a “study leader” who makes sure that everyone finishes their homework. And there is a discipline (纪律) leader who makes sure that nobody chats in class.Wang Lin is a team leader. The 15-year-old said that having to deal with so many things was tiring. “I jus

32、t looked after my own business before,” said Wang. “But now I have to think about my five group members.”But Wang has got used to it and can see the benefits (好处) now.“I used to speak too little. But being a team leader means you have to talk a lot. You could even call me an excellent speaker today.

33、”Zhang Qi, 16, was weak in English. She used to get about 70 in English tests. But in a recent test, Zhang got a grade of more than 80.“I rarely（很少）asked others when I had problems with my English. But now I can ask the team leader or study leader. They are really helpful.”We can tell from the story

34、 that some students _ this new way of learning.A. get benefits from B. are tired of C. cannot get used to D. hate【解析】：A。写作意图推断题。从短文的作者写作意图可以判断作者是告诉人们杜朗口中学的学生从这种新的教学方法中得到益处。所以选择A。2. 阅读理解的解题技巧：（1）事实细节题的方法和技巧：1）详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述题则包含论点

35、、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。2）抓住文章的脉络和每一段中心，后面都是围绕这个中心展开分析，把握了文章的脉络后，相对来说定位就比较方便，解答细节题和主旨题就很方便了。3）学会瞻前顾后和左顾右盼方法来理解细节题目，也就是从短文的上下联系来找到解决问题的关键细节。4）注意引出细节的信息词，如：for example, an example of, the most important example, first, second, ne

36、xt, then, last, finally, to begin with, also, besides等。（2）推理判断题的方法和技巧：阅读理解题中难度最大且出现频率很高的是推理判断题，这种题要求考生根据文章中出现的暗示，抓住内含语义，用逻辑思维的方法加以整理，然后做出合理的判断。推理的方法大致可分为：简单推理和复杂推理。1）简单推理所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提，以具体事实为依据进行推理，做出判断。这种推理方式比较直接，只要弄清事实，即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。2）复杂推理复杂推理不但要以文字为依据，而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。这是一种间接而复杂的逻辑推理方式。考生要推断出文章

37、没有表明但又合乎逻辑的推理，就必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。下面是几种复杂的推理方法： 推测作者的写作目的和意图，此类的设题形式有：The purpose in writing this text is to .The author in this passage intends to . 推测作者的写作目的,必须要先了解文章的主题,然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重点和材料的安排。 推测文章的观点或结论，此类设题形式有 :It can be inferred from the passage that .From the passage we can conclude that .这类问题问的不一

38、定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测出文中的某一观点，仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。3）推断文章的出处，设题形式有 :The passage is most likely to be taken from .The passage is most likely a part of . 这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；广告：因其格式和语言特殊，容易辨认；产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。（3）单词猜测词义的方法和技巧：1） 根据上下文猜测词意2）根据构词法猜测词意 在阅读文章时，总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。例如：前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。后缀- ment表名词，如develop、d