TheOriginsofEnglishSurnames

1、观察内容的选择，我本着先静后动，由近及远的原那么，有目的、有方案的先安排与幼儿生活接近的，能理解的观察内容。随机观察也是不可少的，是相当有趣的，如蜻蜓、蚯蚓、毛毛虫等，孩子一边观察，一边提问，兴趣很浓。我提供的观察对象，注意形象逼真，色彩鲜明，大小适中，引导幼儿多角度多层面地进展观察，保证每个幼儿看得到，看得清。看得清才能说得正确。在观察过程中指导。我注意帮助幼儿学习正确的观察方法，即按顺序观察和抓住事物的不同特征重点观察，观察与说话相结合，在观察中积累词汇，理解词汇，如一次我抓住时机，引导幼儿观察雷雨，雷雨前天空急剧变化，乌云密布，我问幼儿乌云是什么样子的，有的孩子说：乌云像大海的波浪。有的

2、孩子说“乌云跑得飞快。我加以肯定说“这是乌云滚滚。当幼儿看到闪电时，我告诉他“这叫电光闪闪。接着幼儿听到雷声惊叫起来，我抓住时机说：“这就是雷声隆隆。一会儿下起了大雨，我问：“雨下得怎样?幼儿说大极了，我就舀一盆水往下一倒，作比较观察，让幼儿掌握“倾盆大雨这个词。雨后，我又带幼儿观察晴朗的天空，朗读自编的一首儿歌：“蓝天高，白云飘，鸟儿飞，树儿摇，太阳公公咪咪笑。这样抓住特征见景生情，幼儿不仅印象深化，对雷雨前后气象变化的词语学得快，记得牢，而且会应用。我还在观察的根底上，引导幼儿联想，让他们与以往学的词语、生活经历联络起来，在开展想象力中开展语言。如啄木鸟的嘴是长长的，尖尖的，硬硬的，像医生

3、用的手术刀样，给大树开刀治病。通过联想，幼儿可以生动形象地描绘观察对象。宋以后，京师所设小学馆和武学堂中的老师称谓皆称之为“教谕。至元明清之县学一律循之不变。明朝入选翰林院的进士之师称“教习。到清末，学堂兴起，各科老师仍沿用“教习一称。其实“教谕在明清时还有学官一意，即主管县一级的教育生员。而相应府和州掌管教育生员者那么谓“教授和“学正。“教授“学正和“教谕的副手一律称“训导。于民间，特别是汉代以后，对于在“校或“学中传授经学者也称为“经师。在一些特定的讲学场合，比方书院、皇室，也称老师为“院长、西席、讲席等。死记硬背是一种传统的教学方式,在我国有悠久的历史。但随着素质教育的开展,死记硬背被作

4、为一种僵化的、阻碍学生才能开展的教学方式,渐渐为人们所摒弃;而另一方面,老师们又为进步学生的语文素养煞费苦心。其实,只要应用得当,“死记硬背与进步学生素质并不矛盾。相反,它恰是进步学生语文程度的重要前提和根底。要练说，先练胆。说话胆小是幼儿语言开展的障碍。不少幼儿当众说话时显得害怕：有的结巴重复，面红耳赤；有的声音极低，自讲自听；有的低头不语，扯衣服，扭身子。总之，说话时外部表现不自然。我抓住练胆这个关键，面向全体，偏向差生。一是和幼儿建立和谐的语言交流关系。每当和幼儿讲话时，我总是笑脸相迎，声音亲切，动作亲昵，消除幼儿畏惧心理，让他能主动的、无拘无束地和我交谈。二是注重培养幼儿敢于当众说话的

5、习惯。或在课堂教学中，改变过去老师讲学生听的传统的教学形式，取消了先举手后发言的约束，多采取自由讨论和谈话的形式，给每个幼儿较多的当众说话的时机，培养幼儿爱说话敢说话的兴趣，对一些说话有困难的幼儿，我总是认真地耐心地听，热情地帮助和鼓励他把话说完、说好，增强其说话的勇气和把话说好的信心。三是要提明确的说话要求，在说话训练中不断进步，我要求每个幼儿在说话时要仪态大方，口齿清楚，声音响亮，学会用眼神。对说得好的幼儿，即使是某一方面，我都抓住教育，提出表扬，并要其他幼儿模拟。长期坚持，不断训练，幼儿说话胆量也在不断进步。The Origins of English SurnamesThe Chine

6、se were the first nation of people to use surnames about 2,500 years ago. Western countries did not start to use them until about 1,000 years ago. Until that time, people were simply known only by their given names.In England, this was not a problem until the French invaded in the 11th century. Duri

7、ng this period, most English names became unpopular and only a few popular names were available, such as William, Henry, John, Robert, Richard and Thomas. Eventually, people had to start taking a surname to distinguish themselves from each other. Today, everyone in English-speaking countries has a s

8、urname, but where did they come from?第 3 页Fathers nameOften a son got his surname from his father by adding “s or “son to his fathers given name. Robertson, Williamson, Jackson, Thomson, Richardson, Roberts, Williams and Richards are all common surnames.OccupationOther surnames were formed from a pe

9、rsons job such as Cook, Smith, Gardener, Baker, Shepherd, Taylor, Butcher or Carpenter. So, the local baker may have been called Henry Baker, the local carpenter William Carpenter and the local smith Henry Smith.LocationSometimes people took place names, perhaps the name of their village, for exampl

10、e, for a surname. Often people were given the name of a physical feature near their home such as Hill, Field, Wood, Brown or Green. The man who lived by the wood might be called Jack Wood and the man who lived on the top of a nearby hill might be called John Hill.CharacteristicsOften, the other peop

11、le in the village gave a person his surname. If a person had an unusual physical characteristic, it became part of his name. So, a man who was unusually short might be called John Short or John Little. If he was tall, he may have been called William Tall or William Long. Other common nicknames were

12、White for grey hair, Red for red hair and Stout meaning fat. A son or daughter might inherit a nickname as a surname even if they themselves did not share the particular characteristic. They probably didnt like it but they just had to put up with it! Of course, over the years many of these surnames

13、have changed slightly but many are still used today even though most people have forgotten their meanings.Notes:surname /s:nem/ n. 姓 baker /bekr/ n. 面包师invade /nved/ vt. 侵略，进犯 nickname /nknem/ n. 绰号，外号occupation /kjupen/ n. 职业，工作 inherit /nhert/ vt. 继承Reading task 1: Read the text quickly and and an

14、swer the questions.1. When did people in England first start using surnames?2. Why did people start using surnames?3. What are the different types of English surnames?Reading task 2: Explain the four main types of English surnames.1. Father's given nameRobert _ William _2. OccupationHenry BakerH

15、enry SmithWilliam Carpenter3. Location1. A man who lived by the wood might be called Jack _.2. A man living on the top of a nearby hill might be called John _.4. Characteristics1. A man who was unusually short might be called John_ or John _.2. A man with red hair might be called _.3. A man who was

16、quite fat might be called _.Reading task 3: Complete the summary.Chinese people were the first _use surnames about 2500 years ago. Western countries did not start to use surnames _ about 1000 years ago to distinguish themselves _ each other. There are four main _type of English surnames. Some men got their surnames from their fathers by _add “s or “son to their fathers given name. Some surnames _form from a persons job. Sometimes people took place names for a surname. Some people got surnames because of _ unusual physical characteristics. Over the years many of these su