10定语从句 (2)

1、The Attributive Clause10 10 定语从句定语从句定语从句考点定语从句考点 1、关系代词、关系代词 that which; whose; which as 的用法比较；的用法比较；2、关系代词和关系副词的用法比较；、关系代词和关系副词的用法比较；3、介词加关系代词引导的定语从句；、介词加关系代词引导的定语从句；4、定语从句与并列句的区别。、定语从句与并列句的区别。定义：在复合句中，定义：在复合句中， 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。如：句。如： 1) Do you know the man who/that is standing

2、over there?2) The girl that/who/whom we were talking about is Joan.3) Did you see the pen that/which I lost yesterday?4) He told me the date when/on which he joined the League.5) The place where/in which he lives is far away from here.先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，例先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，例1)中的中的man 就是就是先行词。先行词。1) Do

3、 you know the man who/that is standing over there?2) The girl that/who/whom we were talking about is Joan.3) Did you see the pen that/which I lost yesterday?关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。分为关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。分为关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词1.引导定语从句。引导定语从句。2.代替先行词。代替先行词。3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。在定语从句中担当一个成分。关系词的关系词的3个作用：个作用：关系代词和关系副

4、词放在先行词关系代词和关系副词放在先行词与定语从句中间起联系的作用，与定语从句中间起联系的作用，同时作定语从句的一个成分。同时作定语从句的一个成分。关系词关系词关系副词关系副词关系代词关系代词that,which,who,whom,whosewhen, where, why分析关系词在定语从句中的作用分析关系词在定语从句中的作用1) Do you know the man who/that is standing over there?2) The girl (that/who/whom) we were talking about is Joan.3) Did you see the pen

5、 (that/which) I lost yesterday?4) He told me the date when/on which he joined the League.5) The place where/in which he lives is far away from here. 指人指人 作主语作主语 注意谓语动词注意谓语动词指人指人 作宾语作宾语 可省略可省略指物指物 作宾语作宾语 可省略可省略指时间指时间 作状语作状语 指地点指地点 作状语作状语6) Can you tell me the reason why/for which you are late?7) Who

6、is the person whose handwriting is the best of you?8) The book that/which is about the USA has been lost.指原因指原因 作状语作状语指人指人 作定语作定语指物指物 作主语作主语 注意谓语动词注意谓语动词主语主语宾语宾语定语定语that/whothat/who(m)whosethat/which关系代词的用法小结关系代词的用法小结whose指人的关系代词指人的关系代词指物的关系代词指物的关系代词可可省略省略主语主语宾语宾语定语定语that/which可可省略省略主谓主谓一致一致主谓主谓一致一致

7、关系副词的用法小结关系副词的用法小结when wherewhy表示地点，在从表示地点，在从句中作地点状语句中作地点状语表示原因，在从表示原因，在从句中作原因状语句中作原因状语表示时间，在表示时间，在从句中作时间从句中作时间状语状语介词加关系代词引导定语从句的用法介词加关系代词引导定语从句的用法 关系代词关系代词which和和whom 除了在定语从句中作及物动词的宾语除了在定语从句中作及物动词的宾语外，还可以作介词的宾语。在作介词的宾语时，可以跟介词一外，还可以作介词的宾语。在作介词的宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在整个定语从句的前面（此时关系代词不能省略起放在整个定语从句的前面（此时关系代词不能省略

8、),为了使为了使关系代词紧跟先行词也可以把介词放在相关动词的后面，这种关系代词紧跟先行词也可以把介词放在相关动词的后面，这种从句叫做带介词的定语从句。如从句叫做带介词的定语从句。如:1) That is the room in which I live. (or: That is the room which /that I live in.)2) I met the man to whom you talked yesterday. (or: I met the man whom /that/ who you talked to yesterday.)注意：注意：当先行词是表示地点或时间的名

9、词时，关系词的选用当先行词是表示地点或时间的名词时，关系词的选用要根据其在从句中的作用而决定，如果关系词在从句中作状要根据其在从句中的作用而决定，如果关系词在从句中作状语，则需选用关系副词；如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语，语，则需选用关系副词；如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语，则应选用关系代词。如：则应选用关系代词。如：1)This is the school that /which I visited last year. 宾语宾语2) We didnt accept the reason that/which he gave . 宾语宾语 3) I shall never forget the

10、days that /which we spent in the countryside. 宾语宾语4) He told me the date that /which was the most important to him in his life. 主语主语注注1： 当介词放在相关动词后面时，当介词放在相关动词后面时，which 可用可用that 来替换；来替换；whom可用可用that 或或 who 来替换。此时关系代词可以省略。如：来替换。此时关系代词可以省略。如：1) That is the room (that ) I live in. 2) I met the man (tha

11、t) you talked to yesterday.注注2： 如果关系代词作含有介词的动词短语的宾语，此时动词如果关系代词作含有介词的动词短语的宾语，此时动词短语不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。如：短语不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。如：Wrong:This is the pen for which I am looking.Right:This is the pen which I am looking for.注注3： 当先行词是当先行词是way（方式、方法）时，根据英语的习惯常用（方式、方法）时，根据英语的习惯常用that来代替来代替in which 来引导定语从句，来引导定语从句， 而且

12、也常常省略；另外而且也常常省略；另外当先行词是当先行词是time（次，其前面用序数词修饰）时，根据英语的（次，其前面用序数词修饰）时，根据英语的习惯常用习惯常用that来代替来代替for which 来引导定语从句。如：来引导定语从句。如：1) The way (that) we did it was very simple.2) This is the first time (that) we shall see an English film. 关系代词指物时，多数情况下既可以用关系代词指物时，多数情况下既可以用that 又可以用又可以用which。如：。如：1) This is the

13、book that (which) I bought yesterday.2) Dont read in light that (which) is too bright. 在下列情况下，一般习惯用在下列情况下，一般习惯用that 而不用而不用which。先行词为先行词为all, little, nothing, anything, something , everything, much, a few 等不定代词时。等不定代词时。当先行词被当先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, a few等不定代等不定代词修饰时。词修饰时。当先行词被序数词

14、或形容词最高级修饰时。当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。当先行词被当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时。修饰时。当定语从句修饰用两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词的时当定语从句修饰用两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词的时候。候。当主句是以当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，为了避免重复，一般开头的特殊疑问句时，为了避免重复，一般用用that 来引导定语从句。来引导定语从句。 在下列情况下，一般习惯用在下列情况下，一般习惯用that 而不用而不用which。当一个句子有两个定语从句，其中一个已用当一个句子有两个定语从句，其

15、中一个已用which，另一，另一个则用个则用that。如：。如：We bought a present which they made themselves that had never been seen before.在在here be或或there be结构开头的句子中，多用结构开头的句子中，多用that。如：。如：Heres the book that you want. 注意，先行词是人时一般不受上述情况的限制。注意，先行词是人时一般不受上述情况的限制。 但是：但是：a.当主句是以当主句是以who 开头的特殊疑问句时，为了避免重复，最好开头的特殊疑问句时，为了避免重复，最好不用不用w

16、ho来引导定语从句，而用来引导定语从句，而用that(宾格可以用宾格可以用whom)来引导。来引导。b.当先行词是当先行词是those时宜用时宜用who。c.当先行词和定语从句相隔离时宜用当先行词和定语从句相隔离时宜用who。如：。如：I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions in Chinese.d.当一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个用当一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个用that，另一个，另一个宜用宜用who。如：。如： The man that you met in the stre

17、et yesterday is the one who stole your wallet.只能用只能用which的情况：的情况：1.介词提到关系代词前介词提到关系代词前The city in which she lives is far away.The city which/that she lives in is far away.2.引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句I am reading Harry Porter, which is an interesting book.3.整个句子是先行词，从句前面往往有逗号。整个句子是先行词，从句前面往往有逗号。He failed in

18、 the exam, which made his parents angry.as引导的限制性定语从句引导的限制性定语从句as 在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。as 常用于常用于the same.as, such. as , as. as和和so.as 结构中。结构中。as 引导的定语从句常采用引导的定语从句常采用省略形式。如：省略形式。如：1）I have never seen such a lazy man as you (are ).我从来没有见过像你这样懒的人。（作表语）我从来没有见过像你这样懒的人。（作表语）2) Let children read

19、such books as will make them better and wiser.让孩子们读使他们变得更好、更聪明的书。（作主语）让孩子们读使他们变得更好、更聪明的书。（作主语）3) Take as many as you want.你想要多少就拿多少。（作宾你想要多少就拿多少。（作宾语）语）4) Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.这儿有一块没人这儿有一块没人能搬动的大石头。（作宾语）能搬动的大石头。（作宾语）注：注：the same.后既可以用后既可以用that 也可以用也可以用 as 来引导定语从句，来引导定语从句， that“同

20、一的同一的”指同一事物；而后者引导定语从句时，指同一事物；而后者引导定语从句时， as“相似相似”指同类事物。如：指同类事物。如：1) This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. ( This sentence means: This pen is mine. I lost it yesterday.)2) This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. ( This sentence means: This pen is very much like the one that I lost yesterday.

21、In fact, it isnt mine.)非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语， 如果去如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切，十分密切， 写时不用逗号分开。写时不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和主句关系不是很密切，只是对先行词作和主句关系不是很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明，些附加说明， 如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和如果去掉，主句的

22、意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句，写时往往用逗号分开。译法上译成先行词的定语主句，写时往往用逗号分开。译法上译成先行词的定语“的的”，通常译成主句的并列句。，通常译成主句的并列句。1）I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室惟一被邀请的人。（如果把从句部分去掉，我是我们办公室惟一被邀请的人。（如果把从句部分去掉，整个句子的含义就变了）整个句子的含义就变了）2）Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.足球是一项非常有趣

23、的运动，全世界都踢足球。（如果把从足球是一项非常有趣的运动，全世界都踢足球。（如果把从句部分去掉，句子意思仍然清楚）句部分去掉，句子意思仍然清楚）2. 非限制性定语从句中的一些问题：非限制性定语从句中的一些问题：指物时，用指物时，用which而不用而不用that；指人时主格用指人时主格用who，宾格用，宾格用whom，物主格用，物主格用whose（也可指（也可指物）；物）；另外关系副词另外关系副词when（指时间），（指时间），where（指地点）也可以引导（指地点）也可以引导非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句;关系副词关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句；不能引导非限制性定语从句；介词加关系

24、代词常常可以引导非限制性定语从句。介词加关系代词常常可以引导非限制性定语从句。as和和which的区别的区别1. as和和which都可以表示主句在意义上的连贯，在从句中作主都可以表示主句在意义上的连贯，在从句中作主语，或用作及物动词的宾语，如：语，或用作及物动词的宾语，如：He married her， whichas was naturalI was very useful to him， whichas he realized2. as指前面提到过的事实或情况，可以放在句首、句末，也可指前面提到过的事实或情况，可以放在句首、句末，也可以插入主句中，而以插入主句中，而which指前面提到的

25、事实或情况，一般放在指前面提到的事实或情况，一般放在主句之后（有时也可用主句之后（有时也可用as），如：），如：As our teacher points out， that book is of benefit to everyoneHeat is a form of energy， as is known to all of usThis machine， as might be expected， has stopped operating3.as含有正如、按照、正像之意，一般用在肯定句中，而含有正如、按照、正像之意，一般用在肯定句中，而which则可以用于含否定意义的句子中，如：则可以

26、用于含否定意义的句子中，如：He failed in the exam again， as was expected He failed in the exam again， which was unexpected4.当关系代词代表主句引起的结果，又作主谓宾补（当关系代词代表主句引起的结果，又作主谓宾补（svoc）结）结构中的主语时，多用构中的主语时，多用which，如：，如：He saw the girl, which delighted himHe didnt pass the exam, which made his mother angry5.下列固定结构，一般不能用下列固定结构，一

27、般不能用which，如：，如：as has been said before 如前所述如前所述as often happens 正像经常发生的那样正像经常发生的那样as is well known 众所周知众所周知as will be shown in Fig 3 将如图将如图3所示所示as we know 正如我们知道的那样正如我们知道的那样as may be imagined 这可以想像得出来这可以想像得出来as we all can see 正如我们大家看到的那样正如我们大家看到的那样as follows 如下如下定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的谓语动词的人称和数与先

28、行词保持一致。定语从句中的谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致。 例如：例如： 1. Here are such sentences as are often used by the students. ( as指代指代sentences,谓语动词用谓语动词用are)。 2. I, who am a Party member, should work hard for our country.( who指代指代I, 谓语用谓语用am)。 3. He was one of the students who were praised for it. ( who指代指代the students) 他是

29、被表扬的学生之一。他是被表扬的学生之一。 4. He was the only one of the students who was praised for it. ( who 指代指代the only one) 他是惟一被表扬的学生。他是惟一被表扬的学生。定语从句的缩略定语从句的缩略1、 缩略为分词短语缩略为分词短语 有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词who, which,例如：例如： 1) I know the men (who are )sitting in that car. 2) The boys helped the people (th

30、at were )hurt in the accident. 3) The problem (which is) bothering everybody is the lack of money. 4) The book (that has been) given to him is an English novel. 有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为现在有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为现在分词，这类定语从句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时分词，这类定语从句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。例如：

31、例如：5) The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking.The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking.6) Bill, who had taken chemistry in the high school, offered to help him. Bill, having taken chemistry in the high school , offered to help him.7) Now, however, the furniture w

32、hich they are carrying down to the truck feels very heavy. Now, however, the furniture being carried down to the truck feels very heavy.2、缩略为形容词短语、缩略为形容词短语 若定语从句为主系表结构，且表语由形容词短语充当，可若定语从句为主系表结构，且表语由形容词短语充当，可直接略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词，从而使定语从句缩直接略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词，从而使定语从句缩略为形容词短语作后置定语。略为形容词短语作后置定语。 例如：例如： 1) The m

33、en (who were ) responsible for the administration of the school refused to consider the matter .2) We said goodbye to Mrs. Long, (who was) still busy at her chores. 3) The puppy, (which was) too excited to be calmed, barked furiously.3缩略为名词短语缩略为名词短语 由名词短语作表语的非限制性定语从句略去作主语的关系由名词短语作表语的非限制性定语从句略去作主语的关系

34、代词和连系动词便成为名词短语作同位语。例如：代词和连系动词便成为名词短语作同位语。例如：1）The company commander, (who was) Captain Madison, assembled his men and announced their mission.连队指挥官，连队指挥官，墨迪逊上尉，把战士们集合起来宣布他们的战斗任务。墨迪逊上尉，把战士们集合起来宣布他们的战斗任务。 2）You should have a talk with Mr. Worth, (who is ) the adviser to students.你应该和沃斯先生你应该和沃斯先生学生顾问谈一

35、谈。学生顾问谈一谈。 3) We finally reached Rio, (which was) the end of our journey.4缩略为介词短语缩略为介词短语 若定语从句为主系表句型，且表语为介词短语，可略去主语若定语从句为主系表句型，且表语为介词短语，可略去主语关系代词和连系动词，使之缩略为介词短语作后置定语。例关系代词和连系动词，使之缩略为介词短语作后置定语。例如如:He spoke to the girl (who was) from New York. 此外，若定语从句中含此外，若定语从句中含“有有”动词（动词（has, have, had），用介），用介词词with

36、 / without 替代定语从句中主语关系代词和替代定语从句中主语关系代词和“有有”动词，动词，使定语从句缩略为介词使定语从句缩略为介词 with / without 短语作后置定语。短语作后置定语。with 适用于肯定的定语从句；适用于肯定的定语从句；without 适用于否定的定语从句。例适用于否定的定语从句。例如：如： 1)The company wants men who have experience. The company wants men with experience. 2）My father went up to the woman who had a book und

37、er her arm. My father went up to the woman with a book under her arm.5、缩略为动词不定式短语、缩略为动词不定式短语 某些含情态动词或助动词的定语从句可缩略为动词不定式某些含情态动词或助动词的定语从句可缩略为动词不定式短语作后置定语。短语作后置定语。定语从句常见错误分析定语从句常见错误分析1.定语从句中代词或状语与关系词重复。定语从句中代词或状语与关系词重复。1)误：误：The watch which my sister gave it to me as a present was made in Swiss.正：正：The

38、watch which my sister gave to me as a present was made in Swiss. 2)误：误：Thats the hotel where we spent three days there. 正：正：Thats the hotel where we spent three days .2.先行词与定语从句中动词的主谓不一致。先行词与定语从句中动词的主谓不一致。1)误：误：Those who breaks the rule should be punished.正：正：Those who break the rule should be punis

39、hed.2)误：误：She is the only one of the students who are able to play the guitar.正：正：She is the only one of the students who is able to play the guitar.3.介词误用。介词误用。1)误：误：This is the very ruler for which Im looking.正：正：This is the very ruler which Im looking for. 2) 误：误：The stories about the Long March, for which this is an example , are well written. 正：正：The stories about the Long March, of which this is an example , are well written.4.关系词省略错误关系词省略错误1） 误：误：Anyone breaks the law must be punished. 正：正：Any