非谓语动词写作中的运用

1、非谓语动词写作中的运用语法要点精析YUFAYAQDIANJINGXI一、非谓语动词作状语1. 动词不定式作状语 I stopped the car to take a short break asI was feeling tired.（2013 山东高考）由于感到累了，我就停下车稍微休息了一 下。 George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.（2012 山东高考）乔治战后归来，却被告知他的妻子已经离他 而去。 You will n ever know how happy I was to

2、see her yesterday.你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高 This machine is very easy to operate. Any body can lear n to use it in a few minutes.(2012 辽宁高考)这台机器很容易操作。在几分钟内任何人都 能学会使用。规律总结(1) 动词不定式可以用作目的状语。注意其他 非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。(2) only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示 出乎意料的结果。(3) 形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不 定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy, lucky, glad, s

3、orry, an xious, proud, disappo in ted, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, clever, foolish, pleased, fortunate, right 等。在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+ todo”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义该结构中常用的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, importa nt, impossible, i nterest ing, pleasa nt, n ice, comfortable, safe, dangerous 等。2. 分词作状语 One eve

4、ning Harry phoned me, asking me to come to his flat as soon a? possible.（2014 济南模拟）一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他 家。 Having arrived early for his date, Mark spent time reading the newspaper.（2014 济宁一 模）因为约会到的早了些，马克读报纸来打发时 间。 Having bee n asked to work overtime thateve nin g, I missed a won derful film.（2012 重庆

5、高 我那天晚上因为被要求加班而错过了一场 精彩的电影。 Seen from the top of the mountain, the city is very beautiful.从山顶上看，这座城市很漂亮。 Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park eve n more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美 丽。规律总结(1)作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，就用现在分词形式(doing)(3)若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用现在分词的完成形式(ha

6、vingdoing）。4若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生，用现在分词完成时的被动形式(hav ing bee n done)。(5)如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，则要用过去分词(done)。3. 独立成分作状语Judging from his accent, he is from Hong Kong.从口音判断，他是香港人。Con sideri ng your health, you'd better have a rest.考虑到你的健康，你最好休息一下。规律总结有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有:gen eral

7、ly speak ing般来说fran kly speak ing坦白地说judgi ng from/by .根据来判断considering /taking . into consideration考虑到to tell you the truth说实话see ing .鉴于/由于suppos ing假设，如果assum ing假使give n考虑到，鉴于provided (that )如果：、非谓语动词作宾语 She pretended not to see me when I passed by.当我经过时，她假装没看见我。 He got well-prepared for the job

8、 in terview, for he could n't risk los ing the good opport uni ty.他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不 能冒失去这次好机会的风险。 I had great difficulty finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaura nt.（2010 上海 高考）在那个餐馆，我很难从菜单上找到合适的食 物。 I still remember being taken to the Fame n Temple and what I saw there.我仍记得别人带我去

9、过法门寺，并记得在那 里所看到的一切。 I remembered to lock the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.（2012 安徽高考）在离开办公室前我记着去锁门，但是忘记了 关灯。规律总结1. 下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determi ne,lear n,want,expect/hope/wish; refuse, man age, care, prete nd; offer, promis

10、e, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。2. 下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy （想 象，设想）;avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice;

11、deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can't help （禁不住）,mi nd, allow/permit, escapes3. be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get dow n to, pay attention to, can't stand （ 无法忍受）,give up, feel like, insist on, thank . for, apologize for, be

12、 busy （in）, have difficulty/trouble （in）, have agood/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等短语和动词词组后也要用动名词作宾语。4. 下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语， 也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特 别注意：to do sth.忘记要做某事forgetdoi ng sth.忘记已经做过某事regretto do sth.对即将做的事表示遗憾 未做doi ng sth.对做过的事表示后悔已做to do sth.尽力去做某事trydoi ng sth.试着做某事to do sth.继续

13、做另一件事go ondoi ng sth.继续做原来做的事to do sth.记着去做某事 未做 rememberdoing sth.记着做了某事 已做to do sth.打算做某事 mea ndoing sth.意味着做某事三、非谓语动词作宾补 I looked up and no ticed a sn ake windingits way up the tree to catch itsbreakfast.（2012 四川高考）我抬头看，注意到一条蛇正沿树蜿蜒而上，捕捉它的早餐。 I was surprised to find my hometowncha nged so much.发现我

14、的家乡变化如此之大我感到很惊奇。 Let those in n eed un dersta nd that we willgo all out to help them.（2013 陕西高考）让那些需要（帮助）的人明白我们会尽全力去帮他们 Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.（2011 陕西高考）克莱儿在飞机起飞一小时前对行李进行了 安检。 He had the light bur ning all ni ght, which made his pare nts very an gry.他让灯着了整晚，这使他

15、父母很生气。 Alexa nder tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.（2010 辽宁高 考）亚历山大试图使他的工作被医学界认可。规律总结1 感官动词（词组）see, watch, observe, lookat, notice, hear, listen to, feel 的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例：see+宾语+错误！2. 使役动词make, let, have, get后加复合宾语的情况：(1)make + 宾 语 +do让做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系done让被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系let

16、+宾语+do让做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系be done让被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系(3)have +错误!点津have sth. to do有事情要做 have sb. doing若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。（4）get+宾语+错误！四、非谓语动词作定语 Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail waiting for her.（2013 辽宁高考）劳拉去巴黎待了一周多的时间。当她返回家 的时候，有一大堆邮件等着她（处理）。 Tsinghua

17、 University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.（2011 福建高考）建于1911年的清华大学是无数杰出人物的 摇篮。 His first book to be published n ext monthis based on a true story.他下月将要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为依据写的。规律总结1. 现在分词（短语）作定语与所修饰的名词之 间存在着逻辑上的主动关系，表示该动作的主动 和进行。2. 过去分词（短语）作定语与它所修饰的名词 在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作

18、的被动和完 成。点津表示心理状态的动词-ing形式，意 为“令人的”；动词-ed形式，意为“（人）感到的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look,expression, tears, smile, voice 等名词。3. 不定式作定语表示未做的事情。五、非谓语动词作主语和表语 Heari ng how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.（2013 浙江高考）聆听别人对你刚才所读的书的反应会增加 额外的乐趣。 It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。（动

19、名词短语作主语，it作形式 主语） To see is to believe/See ing is believ ing.眼见为实。 His ambitionis to go to HarvardUn iversity.他的梦想就是上哈佛大学。 The quee n's work is lay ing eggs.蚁后的工作就是产卵。规律总结 1.不定式、动名词都可作主语，但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次 的、经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤 其是某一次的动作。2.下列句型中常用动名词作主语:no use/good not any use/goodIt is/wa

20、s + doing sth.of little use/goodworth3 不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。4 动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质或特征。六、with复合结构 John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work fini shed, he gladly accepted it.约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作也干完 了，他就欣然接受了邀请。 With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the n ewly elected preside nt is h

21、av ing a hard time.因为有很多难题要解决，这位新任总统的日 子不好过。 With the little boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the village.有小男孩带路，我们找到这个村庄没费劲。规律总结with复合结构常用形式：withsb./sth. doing表主动且进行，或表特征sth. done表被动且完成，或表状态sth. to do表示将来七、独立主格 Such an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.有

22、这么能干的人来帮你，你迟早会成功的。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble gett ing out of the forest.向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。 Jim was listening attentivelyto thelecture, all his attention fixed upon it.吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集 中在上面了。 He came out of the library, (with)a large book un der his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。规律总结独立主格结构

23、的构成形式：名 词 或 代 词 +不定式表示动作未发生v.-ing形式 表示主动、进行过去分词表示被动、完成形容词/副词/介词短语点津独立主格结构从语法上来讲不是句 子，在句中通常作状语。具有以下特点：1 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语 不同，不指同一个人或同一事物；2 .独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时也置于句中或句末高频考点领悟考点一非谓语动词作状语1 （2013 四川高考） whichuniversity to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.B. Knowing notC. Not known D . Known not解析

24、：选A 句意：由于不知道上哪所大学， 那个女孩向她的老师征求意见。分析句子成分可 知，the girl与know之间是逻辑上的主动关系， 所以用现在分词作原因状语，且分词的否定式是 在分词前加not。2. （2013 湖南高考）warm at night,I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midni ght so I could refill it.A. StayingB. StayedC. To stay D . Stay解析：选C 句意：为了晚上保暖，我往火炉中添了木柴，又设置了午夜的闹钟以便再次添 加。此处“保

25、暖”是“添加木柴”的目的，所以用动词不定式作目的状语3. （2013 安徽高考）in the early20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childre n's love of art.A. To found B. FoundingC. Founded D. Having founded解析：选C 句意：这所学校创建于20世纪初期，它一直激励着孩子们对于艺术的热爱。found与the school之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词。故选C。I考点二非谓语动词作定语4. （2013 北京高考）Volunteering gives y

26、ou acha neelives, i ncludi ng your own.A. changeB. changingC. changedD. to change解析：选D 句意：志愿者活动给了你一个改变人生的机会，包括你自己的。a chanee to do sth. “做某事的机会”。英语中有些名词，如 eha nee, ability, way 等，常用不定式作定语。5. （2013 新课标全国卷 I ）They might justhave a placeon the writi ng course why don't you give it a try?A .leaveB .l

27、eftC. leavingD . to leave解析：选B句意：他们可能只剩下一个写 作课的名额了。你为什么不试试呢？leave与其逻辑主语a place之间为动宾关系，因此此处要 用leave的过去分词left作后置定语。6. （2013 山 东高考）The room is emptyexcept for a bookshelfin one corner.C. stands D. stood解析：选A句意：除了一个书橱在墙角外， 房间里空空荡荡。except for是介词短语，其后 不能接句子，所以排除C、D两项。分析句子结 构可知，此处为非谓语，且 a bookshelf与动词 stan

28、d之间为逻辑上的主动关系，所以选 A。考点三非谓语动词作宾语7. （2013 江苏高考）Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and toruins, the city took on a new look.A. reducingB. reducedC. being reduced D. having reduced解析：选C 分析句子结构可知，空格处与 suffering from 是and连接的两个并列成分，在 形式上应保持一致，又因reduce与the city之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此选 bei ng reduced考点四

29、非谓语动词作主语、表语8. （2013 福建高考）basic first- aidtechniques will help you respond quickly to emerge ncies.A. KnownB. Having knownC. KnowingD . Being known解析：选C 句意：了解基本的急救技巧能够帮助你快速应对紧急情况。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中充当主语，应用动词-ing形式。 having known强调"完成"，不符合句意，可 排除。故选C。9. （2013 重庆高考）The engine just won'tstart.So

30、methi ng seemswrong with it.C. goingD . having gone解析：选B句意：发动机启动不了了，它 好像出问题了。动词seem后常接动词不定式， 因此C、D两项不正确。由句意可知，go这一动 作在start之前发生，故选B。I考点五非谓语动词作宾补10. （2013 北京高考）When we saw the road with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.A. blockB. to blockC. blockingD . blocked解析：选D 句意：当我们看到道路被雪封 住后，我们决定在

31、家过假期。分析句子结构可知， 此处是“ see+宾语+宾语补足语”结构。宾语补足语是do形式时，表示“看见宾语做某事的 全过程"；宾语补足语是doing形式时，表示"看 见宾语正在做某事”；若宾语补足语与宾语是动 宾关系时，则用过去分词done形式作宾语补足 语。road与block之间是被动关系，故选 D。解题技法指导第一步：利用“有无连词”原则确定是谓语还是非谓语分析句子结构，判断出句子的主干一一主语和谓语。如果题线处作谓语，则要用谓语动词，如果题线处不作谓语，则要用非谓语动词。典例（2013湖南高考）Every daya proverb aloud several t

32、imes until you have it memorized.A. readB. readi ngC. to read D. reads分析选A 分析句子结构可知，题干中有连词until , until引导时间状语从句，故“a proverb aloud several times ”为主句，此处应为祈使句，故应用动词原形。本题应选A项。第二步：根据句意和作用确定句子成分根据句意和题线处在句子中的位置和作用， 确定其所充当的句子成分，从而确定空格内所需 填入的非谓语动词的形式。典例（2013新课标全国卷I ）The sun light is white and bli nding, har

33、d- edged shadows on the ground.A. throwingB. being thrownC. to throwD . to be thrown分析根据句意和句子结构可知，题线处应作伴随状语，且the sun light与throw之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。答案应为 A项第三步：根据与逻辑主语的关系确定语态如果非谓语动词表示的动作与其逻辑主语 之间为主谓关系则用v.-ing形式或不定式的主动式；若为动宾关系则用v.-ing形式的被动式、 不定式的被动式或过去分词。典例（2013 湖南高考）You cannot accept an opinion to you uni

34、 ess it is based onfacts.A. offering B. to offerC. having offered D. offered分析offer与逻辑主语an opinion之间为 被动关系，A、B、C三项都表示主动，D项为 过去分词表示被动， 故选D项。第四步：根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定时 态非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表 示的动作之前用过去分词或v.-ing形式/不定式 的完成式；如果同时进行用v.-ing形式或不定式 的进行式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓 语动词表示的动作之后用不定式的一般式。典例（2013新课标全国卷H ）1 got to the o

35、ffice earlier that day,the 7 : 30 trainfrom Paddi ngton.A. caughtB. to have caughtC. to catchD . having caught分析由句意可知catch the 7: 30 train这一动作发生在谓语动词got to the office之前，故用现在分词的完成时。非谓语动词在写作中的运用众所周知，作文中出现过多的简单句会让人觉得单调乏味，句子与句子之间的关系显得松散；而文章中过多地出现复合句又显得累赘，读起来费劲。恰当地运用非谓语动词对简单句和复 合句进行转换，不仅句型多样，句子活泼，而且 读起来结

36、构紧凑，言简意明。一、运用非谓语动词转换简单句写作时，我们可以利用非谓语动词对两个简 单句进行转换，使其成为较高级的表达方式。转 换时可米用三步法。错误！示例第一步：写出两个简单句。 I feel quite sorry for that. I begi n to think about what to do to help.第二步：让句作主句，用非谓语动词改写 句。第三步：句表示原因，其动词feel与主语I之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作原因状 语。Feeling quite sorry for that, I begin to thinkabout what to do to help.

37、（2013陕西高考满分作文）其他几个转换的例子如下：1 另一方面，我将帮着建立英语角，提供 给我们学生一个练习英语口语的平台。On the other hand, I will help set up the English corner. I will provide us students a platform to practice our oral En glish.f On the other han d, I will help set up theEn glish corner, providi ng us stude nts a platform to practice our

38、 oral En glish.（2013 天津高考满分 作文）（现在分词作状语）2这儿的人都喜欢汤姆写的那本小说。All the people here like the novel. It is writte n by Tom.f All the people here like the no vel writte n by Tom.（过去分词作定语）3 我们应该多讲英语。我们认为这是很重要的We should speak more En glish. We thi nk it is very importa nt.f We thi nk it very importa nt to spea

39、k moreEnglish.（it作形式宾语，不定式作真正宾语）即时演练运用非谓语动词转换简单句1. We were touched by the teacher's words. We decided to work hard.（用过去分词作状语）2. I did n't receive her letter. I had to writeagain.（用现在分词作状语）3. The boy came to school late again. Thismade the teacher very angry.（用动名词作主语 ）4. The boys were making

40、the most of time.They wan ted to fin ish the work earlier.（用不定 式作目的状语）5. I saw an old granny. She lay on the ground. I went over to help her.（用现在分词作 状语）二、运用非谓语动词转换复合句用非谓语动词转换复合句比转换简单句要容易一些，因为需转换的一般是从句部分，这时只需要判断用何种非谓语动词，再把握好时态和 语态即可，所以只需两步。示例第一步：写出复合句。After we had practiced playing basketball for alm

41、ost two mon ths, we stro ngly desired to be the winner.第二步：把after引导的时间状语从句转换 为非谓语动词，practice与we之间为主谓关系， 且表示完成，故用现在分词的完成时作状语。f Having practiced playing basketball for almost two mon ths, we str on gly desired to be the winner.（2013湖南高考满分作文）其他几个转换的例子如下：1. 惊诧于他们的熟练程度，我决心要像他 们一样好。Because I was amazed at

42、 how skillful they were, I determ ined to be just as good.f Amazed at how skillful they were, I determined to be just as good.（2013 浙江高考满 分作文）（过去分词作状语）2 看到一辆车朝她而来，我伸出手把她拉 了回来。When I saw a car running towards her, Ireached my hand out and pulled her back.f Seeing a car running towards her, I reached

43、my hand out and pulled her back.（2013安徽高考满分作文）（现在分词作状 语）3.这里曾有一家化肥厂，位于城市的南边。 它每天释放出大量有毒气体，污染环境。There was a large factory, which produced fertilizer. Every day it gave out a lot of pois onous gas, which polluted the en vir onment.f There was a large factory, which produced fertilizer. Every day it ga

44、ve out a lot of pois onous gas, polluti ng the en vir onment.简析：“原句”中分别由which引导两个定 语从句，重复且单调，将第二个定语从句转换为 现在分词短语作状语后，不仅表达多样，而且言 简意明。4 由于老师的帮助，我的英语进步很大。 因为我的英语进步很大，我确信我能考上更好的大学Because my teacher helps me, my Englishhas greatly improved. Because my English has greatly improved, m sure I will go to a be

45、tter uni versity.f With my teacher help ing me, my En glishhas greatly improved. Because my English has greatly improved, I'm sure I will go to a better uni versity.简析：“原句”两处重复出现由because引导的从句，读起来很别扭。换用“ with +现在分 词的复合结构”后，读起来给人的感觉大不一 样。即时演练运用非谓语动词转换复合句1. As soon as they saw a few people still in

46、the burning house, they rushed into it to save them without hesitati on.they rushed into it to save them without hesitati on.2. We think it is necessary that middle school stude nts should lear n a foreig n Ian guage and we also thi nk that it is possible that they can master one.f We think it is ne

47、cessary that middle school stude nts should lear n a foreig n Ian guage and we also think 3. I took part in the meeting, which washeld in Beijinglast Friday. It was veryin structive, which was hosted by a man ager who came to our compa ny yesterday.f Itook part in themeeti ng_ last Friday. It was ve

48、ry in structive,which was hosted by aman ager_yesterday.4. Mother went to work in a hurry, and she did n't have breakfast. She was as busy as a bee these days and came back home very late.f Motherwent to work in ahurry. Shewas as busy as a bee these days,三、运用非谓语动词转换短文（根据一般表 达写出该短文的高级表达）北京市有大量的出租

49、车司机，他们每天全心 全意地为乘客服务，对北京市的交通发挥着重要 作用。他们起早贪黑，赚钱养家糊口。有一次， 我下车时不小心把手机忘在了车上， 但当我和司 机同志联系上之后，他立即开车把手机送到了我 的家门口，让我感动不已。一般表达：There are a large nu mber of taxi drivers in Beijing. They serve passengers heart and soul.They play an important part in the traffic of Beijing.They make some money. They work from dawn till night. One day, I left my cellphone in the taxi I took. I got in touch with the driver. He drove to my home and gave it back to me. I was very excited.高级表达：There are a large n